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Higher safety levels for workers, boosted productivity, and improved ergonomics at a reduced operating cost are some of the main benefits of automation. This paper presents how Axiomatic Design methodology can be successfully used to develop both semi- and fully automated robotic workstations. Specifically, two case studies are presented. The first concerns the semi-automation of a wire harness assembly process. The re-design of the assembly panels and the introduction of a collaborative robot contributed to reducing the operator's biomechanical overload and the cycle time. The second case study concerns the automation of three manual assemblies of shower enclosure components. After undertaking a detailed cost/benefits analysis, it was decided to design a single robotic cell where all three products can be assembled. This decision led to an improved investment to the savings ratio and operator's ergonomics. In both case studies, the Axiomatic Design approach was used to compare the different technologies available and to determine the best solutions to meet the operator's wellbeing and business needs.

In this paper, module division was conducted for the pipeline robot system by way of combining axiomatic design method and IDEF functional modeling method, to solve the problem of single function and repeated structure design in the pipeline robot system. This method can extract the general module and customized module in the pipeline robot system via the function-structure mapping and the relation between products and activities. In this way, the compatibility and interchangeability between components can be realized, and resource sharing formed. Different functional modules can be assembled as customized modules according to different task requirements, to realize the multi-functionalization of the pipeline robot and meet market demands.

This paper proposes a method for applying engineering design principles to a type of energy system called a smart local energy system. Axiomatic design theory is used to develop a series of knowledge domains about a demonstrator energy system, the knowledge domains describing the different facets of customer, functional, solution and construction elements that make up the system as a whole. An aspect of axiomatic design theory called large flexible system theory is applied to a small subset of the demonstrator system to create a knowledge base about the operational modes of the system. The knowledge base ensures that an operational schedule for the system can be produced that maintains the integrity of the system design.

In the early phase of product design and development cycle, the customer needs are transformed in terms of functional requirements. At the conceptual design stage, the designers conceive a design concept by developing design parameters to satisfy the given functional requirements. The relationships between the set of functional requirements and the set of design parameters are represented in a design matrix. However, the design concept often has off-diagonal element(s) in the design matrix. These elements consequently create coupling terms that increase the complexity of the design concept. In the Axiomatic Design framework, eliminating an off-diagonal element from a design matrix will increase the flexibility design interaction structure, therefore reducing the design complexity. This paper presents a method to reduce the complexity in engineering design and technical systems. It helps support the designer identifying which coupling term(s) should be eliminated to decouple a coupled design, also to decrease the complexity of a decoupled design.

Although New Product Development and its application has been highly noticed, the New Service Development paradigm has been paid less attention yet. In this research, the new service development concept for Hotel industry is considered, validated and verified in a real hotel case. Axiomatic design theory is used to evaluate the required services. Customer domain is analyzed through a business model Canvas. This is accomplished through functional requirements analysis for a hotel and mapping them to generic services in market by assuring the feasibility and optimality of the system complexity. The required data for completing axiomatic design phases has been obtained through a knowledge based structure, which enable the business owners to manage data around the market. The results indicate the limited focus only on customer segment and also having no systematic approach for knowledge creation from data around business that are expected to be solved by the proposed framework.

In order to realize the compliant active-force control of polishing robots, a novel end effector was designed. According to the characteristics and technical requirements of polishing process, Axiomatic Design was employed to define the function, behavior and structure of the robot end effector, and a novel polishing mechanism was proposed. The response characteristics and frequency domain characteristics of the actuator's electromechanical system were analyzed in detail. The polishing actuator realized the decoupling of the tool force control and the position control. Experiments showed that the designed robotic polishing end effector has an excellent compliance performance.

This paper is aimed to propose a design of the Automatic Workpiece Changer (AWC), which will be redesigned from the existing one to reduce the time on design processes. To redesign AWC, Axiomatic design and design constraints are applied. The process composes of 2 phases, i.e., first to decompose the existing design and to represent the Design Matrix (DM) of the product and second to convert the DM to Design Structure Matrix (DSM). The first phase output is the multiple layers of DSM. Then the new task is clarified and the design constraints are considered with the design solution. Lastly, it is step of identifying the future change in the second phase. The process will help the designer to analyze the elements that affect the change, which helps him determine the propriety of the design in the economic aspect. Finally, the result of the study is the future change of AWC which can be modified to suit modules.

High-speed visual servo systems are used in an increasing number of applications. Yet modeling and optimizing these systems remains a research challenge, largely because these systems consist of tightly-coupled design parameters across multiple domains, including image sensors, vision algorithms, processing systems, mechanical systems, control systems, among others. To overcome such a challenge, this work applies an axiomatic design method to the design of high-speed visual servo systems, such that cross-domain couplings are explicitly modeled and subsequently eliminated when possible. More importantly, methods are proposed to model the sample rate, measurement error, and delay of visual feedback based on design parameters across multiple domains. Lastly, methods to construct a holistic model and to perform cross-domain optimization are proposed. The proposed methods are applied to a representative case study that demonstrates the necessity of cross-domain modeling and optimization, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

The traditional monolithic hospital focused healthcare system organically developed to address acute conditions. In recent years, healthcare needs have shifted from treating acute conditions to meeting an unprecedented chronic disease burden. Chronic disease healthcare is based on continued delivery outside healthcare facilities, deep understanding of individual health state, managing individualized health needs and coordination between many medical specialities. Classic healthcare dynamic models based on production systems and applicable to acute healthcare inadequately address chronic disease. A new dynamic model paradigm is needed to capture the dynamics of providing healthcare for individuals with chronic disease based on clinical need rather than patient throughput. This paper develops a healthcare dynamic model for personalized healthcare delivery and managed individual health outcomes. It utilizes a hetero-functional graph theory rooted in Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and Petri nets. The dynamics of the model builds upon a recently developed systems architecture for healthcare delivery which bears several analogies to the architecture of mass-customized production systems. At its essence, the model consists of two synchronized Petri nets; one for the healthcare delivery system and another for individuals' health state evolution. Such a model allows for the transparent description of health outcomes and links them to the evolution of the healthcare delivery system and its associated costs.

Cascading failures (CFs) in a complex product are the failures of interconnected functions in which the crash of a function can trigger the failure of successive functions. They can affect product function failure probability seriously, and their root causes analysis is a very complicated and challenging task. Therefore, it is significant to develop an applicable analyzing method considering the effects of CFs for complex product failures. In this paper, the domain mapping theory in Axiomatic design is adopted to modeling the effect of cascading failure for the first time, and the latent failure occurrence possibility is computed by the aid of the design matrix. Firstly, the mechanism of cascading failure is expounded, its complexity and analyzing demands are identified. Secondly, the domain mapping theory in Axiomatic design is applied to model the propagation process of cascading failure. Thirdly, the complicated effect of cascading failure is modeled by the design matrix quantitatively, and the occurrence possibility of cascading failure is computed by design matrix. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated through detailed analysis of a wireless temperature measure device component of a complex product.

Nowadays, companies strive to provide products that meet individual customer needs and expectations to achieve high profits. Customers' perceptions play a significant role in the design process. However, they are normally expressed using linguistic words which are hard to interpret, especially when trying to evaluate the best design solution among multiple design alternatives. This paper proposes a rough set based fuzzy axiomatic design (AD) approach to guide the design decision-making process which contains imprecise information. It aims to overcome the subjectivity of fuzzy membership functions selection by using rough method instead, to deal with vagueness. The approach utilizes the information axiom of AD principles and extends it to support customer-centric multi-attribute decision making. A comparative case study on bicycle frameset is conducted to validate the approach. The result shows that it has advantages compared to the fuzzy approach in processing linguistic assessments and is better suited for customized product design decision support.

A poorly designed manufacturing system can foul the quality of even well-designed products, and a robust manufacturing system is the prerequisite to produce the reliable product. Aiming at developing reliability-based robustness analysis in manufacturing system design, this paper proposes a new approach to model the robustness of manufacturing system in design. Firstly, a metric model for the index of manufacturing system robustness is built based on the information axiom and independence axiom of Axiomatic Design. Next, the quantitative computation approach of manufacturing system robustness by means of fuzzy theory is achieved. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by a case study a reliability-based robustness analyzing example of a furniture manufacturing system.

Industrial facilities are devoting ever greater attention to the importance of energy in their operations. Consequently, industrial energy management has advanced to include many activities in both planning and operations. Dynamic energy management has evolved as not just an extension of cost optimal production methods but also in the context of demand side management activities. And yet, the current demand side management literature is inadequate because it does not address the underlying production activities as the existential reason for energy consumption. Therefore, this paper seeks to develop a dynamic production model for industrial systems energy management drawing upon techniques from Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and timed petri-nets. The model is applied to an illustrative example to demonstrate the calculation of energy consumption and energy cost curves. This model may be later integrated into conventional industrial systems energy management techniques or into extended demand side management techniques.

With the increasing requirements of product reliability and complexity of manufacturing system, the limitation of traditional reliability analysis of manufacturing systems neither considered product quality, nor the weight of key stations. Therefore, aiming at improving the product reliability, a reliability modeling of manufacturing systems based on the task network evolved by key quality characteristics is presented. Firstly, to identify the key task nodes of manufacturing system, the relationship between manufacturing system and product reliability was established in view of axiomatic design (AD), and the task network model evolved by product key quality characteristics was proposed based on axiomatic design theory successively. Then the reliability analysis model of manufacturing systems was put forward based on the capacity and failure rate of the key task nodes. Finally, a reliability analysis case of a piston ring machining system is given to verify the availability of the model.

This paper clarifies the basic concepts of ERP system and axiomatic design, ERP system is the system to combine the needs of customers, the management and business activities of the enterprise itself and vendor information together, axiomatic design has two axioms including independent axiom and information axiom, then in order to achieve effective management of the entire supply chain, using independent axiom of axiomatic design to design the ERP system in the function, and reducing design complexity, companies can fully rely on ERP system to manage enterprise, play the characteristics of ERP system in the strategic decision-making and improve their core competitiveness.

Axiomatic Design Theory is a general framework for system design process based on mapping between several domains. In the Axiomatic Design theory, only the functional requirements (systems' functions) are considered in the design process, since the mapping between requirements and design parameters in Axiomatic Design does not include non-functional requirements (systems' attributes). This paper introduce an extended view of system design process based on Axiomatic Design Theory framework to incorporate the non-functional requirements into the mapping between the problem domain and the solution domain. A systematic way of including the non-functional requirements in the design process is presented and an extended design matrix is introduced, which includes the mapping between a complete set of requirements (functional and non-functional) and a corresponding design parameters (physical domain). Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The concept of the “On-site Factory” consists in the temporary use of fully functioning mobile mini-factories or production cells at the site of consumption. This concept of a Mobile Factory is well suitable for situations in the construction industry with long distances and therefore high logistics costs. The advantage of this concept is not only the proximity to customers, but also the economic efficiency combined with a maximum of flexibility. By a high degree of reconfigurability and scalability of the On-site Factory, it can also be adapted to its individual mission and the quantity demand at the construction site. This paper presents the current state of research in the area of distributed manufacturing as well as on-site and off-site manufacturing. It discusses the need for new and innovative JIT solutions for construction industry and addresses the specific requirements for scalable and reconfigurable on-site manufacturing factories. The main content of this research paper consists in the definition of generally applicable Design Parameters for On-site Factories using Axiomatic Design as a methodology for the analysis of functional requirements and the related design solutions. Through practical examples and illustrations, the application of the deduced Design Parameters will be explained.

Recently, the academic and industrial literature has coalesced around an enhanced vision of the electric power grid that is intelligent, responsive, dynamic, adaptive and flexible. One particularly emphasized “smart-grid” property is that of resilience where healthy regions of the grid continue to operate while disrupted and perturbed regions bring themselves back to normal operation. Multi-agent systems have recently been proposed as a key enabling technology for such a resilient control scheme. While the power system literature has often addressed multi-agent systems, many of these works did not have resilience as the central design intention. This paper now has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to identify a set of multi-agent system design principles for resilient coordination and control of future power systems. To that end, it draws upon an axiomatic design for large flexible engineering systems model which was recently used in the development of resilience measures. From this quantitative model, a set of design principles are easily distilled. Second, the paper assesses the adherence of existing multi-agent system implementations with respect to these design principles. The paper concludes that while many multi-agent systems have been developed for power grids, they have been primarily intended as the decentralization of a particular decision-making/control algorithm. Thus many of the works make only limited contributions to power grid resilience.

Due to the inherent complexity and the dynamic coupling between subsystems of mechatronic systems, a systematic and multicriteria design thinking methodology is crucial to replace the traditionally used sequential design approach. In this paper we discuss the various aspects of current approaches within mechatronic system design to point out the most important challenges. Accordingly, a review on the most recent work on design and optimization methods and tools is presented and briefly discussed. A framework for concurrent and integrated design of mechatronic system based on separation of realtime and non-realtime system behaviours is also introduced and developed methods based on this model are presented.

This paper presents a methodology to design interoperable lean, agile, resilient, and green industrial ecosystems based on axiomatic design. The main objective is to develop a systematic approach to support the detailed design of collaborative business platforms that are able to deliver high level of interoperability, as measured by the expanded business interoperability quotient measurement model. To achieve this objective, axiomatic design is employed to develop the “ideal” cooperation configuration by defining and aligning a set of functional requirements necessary to establish an effective and efficient cooperation among networked organizations. The applicability of the developed methodology is tested through an application scenario of implementing reverse logistics among an automaker focal firm and its upstream partners, as well as some external stakeholders.

In recent years, many design approaches have been developed for automated manufacturing systems in the fields of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS), holonic manufacturing systems (HMS), and multi-agent systems (MAS). One of the principle reasons for these developments has been to enhance the recongurability of a manufacturing system, allowing it to readily adapt to changes over time. However, to date, recongurability assessment has been limited. Hence, the efficacy of these design approaches remains quantitatively inconclusive. More recently, a systematic approach to reconfigurability measurement based upon the concepts of reconfiguration "potential" and reconfiguration "ease" has been developed using axiomatic design and design structure matrices respectively. The measures of reconfiguration potential called production degrees of freedom were specifically used to calculate production paths of a product line through a reconfigurable manufacturing system. This paper rearticulates the previous scalar-based calculation in terms of a axiomatic design matrix-based development founded in graph theory for three major benefits. First, this approach establishes a link between the RMS literature and graph theory where path enumeration has long been associated with network reliability and resilience. Second, the approach bases its measures strictly on the evolving system architecture variables in both function and form. In so doing, it roots itself in the established engineering design concept of the axiomatic design knowledge base for large flexible systems. Finally, the formulaic expressions lend themselves to significant computational savings.

Design rationale (DR) explains the product design decision-making process and the reason behind the decision. Capturing and reusing of the DR plays an important role in design thinking guidance and decision support. In order to clearly reflect the essential characteristics of design activities such as design iteration and design evolution in design process, a reconstruction method of the DR model is proposed based on design context. The limitations of the existing DR models in the expression of evolution information and knowledge reuse support are illustrated. And the concept of design context is put forward and two new DR element interaction relationships are defined to reconstruct FGDR model to eliminate redundant information. So the method contributes to optimize the DR model in its knowledge expression form and knowledge expression ability. This can further strengthen the DR model's support to design reuse. A prototype system is developed for DR modeling and reconstruction. Partial design process of the POGO mechanical system design is taken as an example to validate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

Global Software Development projects could be best understood as intrinsically complex adaptive living systems: they can not purely be considered as 'designed systems', as deliberate design/ control episodes and processes (using 'software engineering' models) are intermixed with emergent change episodes and processes (that may perhaps be explained by models). Therefore the evolution of GSD projects includes the emergent as well as the deliberate aspects of system change. So to study GSD projects as complex systems we need to focus on both the state of the art of GSD research, as addressed in the software engineering discipline, as well as other disciplines that studied complexity such as Enterprise Architecture, Complexity and Information Theory, Axiomatic Design theory, for example. In this paper we study the complexity of GSD projects and propose the application of Extended Axiomatic Design (EAD) theory to reduce the complexity of GSD projects and to increase their probability of success. We also demonstrate that by satisfying all design axioms this 'structural' complexity could be minimised. By satisfying all three axioms of EAD, GSD management could make the life cycle activities of GSD planning and development projects as independent, controlled and uncoupled as possible so that the designer can predict the next relevant states of the life history and avoid a chaotic change in such projects.

Canıaz, Emre Selman, This research proposes a rule-based approach to system development with Axiomatic Design Theory. The basic complexity is the resolution of the constraints across the Feature Model and the Design parameters addressed through the Axiomatic Design such as the design matrix and associated components. A rule based approach effectively can support the development process during the configuration of the variability, hence the development of the product. This work can be classified as a product engineering method within Software Product Line Engineering. Axiomatic Design Theory suggests a simultaneous decomposition in different modeling spaces. Incorporating Axiomatic Design principles in Software Product Line Engineering, this research aims to provide a conforming set of development models that co-evolve for an efficient software production., IEEE,IEEE Computer Society

Design theories and methodologies (DTM) have been developed extensively for the last three decades. However, the industrial awareness of DTM is very limited according to our investigation of nearly 30 manufacturing firms over a period of ten years. There is a huge gap between academic research and industrial application in DTM. Typical questions arise from practicing designers are: what are DTMs and why and how should they be applied to an industrial design problem? In this paper, we attempt to classify DTMs and develop a mapping between DTMs and design problems. As such, we believe that industrial application of DTMs can be facilitated.

The customers' need promotes the innovation of products, function innovation essentially, so analyzing functions of product first and recombining them can help us design new products. Axiomatic design theory provides a method for the design of products, it makes it possible to design structure and decompose function at the same time. This paper proposes one method that improves existing products based on axiomatic design, and takes bicycle for example, verifies the feasibility of this method in detail.

In order to develop reasonable modular product architecture with physically detachable modules, a new systematic method for product modularization is proposed based on axiomatic design (AD). In the proposed method, the product is decomposed hierarchically in its functional, physical and process domains according to AD. After the transformation from design matrices to design structure matrices, the correlation design structure matrices of design parameters about function, structure and manufacturing process are constructed. Finally, a genetic algorithm combined with the minimal description length is introduced to solve the modularization optimization problem. To illustrate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, an indoor air conditioner unit is presented as a demonstrative example.

Novel manufacturing processes and machine designs can be developed by means of mechatronic modules and their adaptation to the specific manufacturing case. The complexity of these modules must be carefully chosen so that a reuse for different application processes becomes possible. If a mechatronic module is too specific or complex, it cannot be engaged for other machine designs, as it is made only for that specific case. The methodology of axiomatic design is introduced and adapted towards the engineering of mechatronic modules in machine development for special manufacturing processes. The presented approach of systematic modular design allows for the engineering of mechatronic modules and the identification of the required links between modules.

In order to find the appropriate IS/IT outsourcing service vendor, this paper researches the evaluation and selection problem in outsourcing service. The purpose of this study is to investigate a fuzzy multiple criteria decision-making method for evaluating and selecting outsourcing service vendor. The IS/IT outsourcing service vendor selection procedure and related criteria are presented. Then, a novel fuzzy method based on axiomatic design (AD) and fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) is proposed. The linguistic evaluation information given by the decision makers are transformed into the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. Based on the fuzzy axiomatic design, the information content can be obtained. The evaluation results of the IS/IT outsourcing service vendors can be obtained through the proposed fuzzy method based on the FAD. Finally, an illustrating example is given to show the feasibility and practicability of the proposed approach.

This paper developed a vibration data acquisition and analysis system based on axiomatic design. Based on axiomatic design theory and the knowledge of traditional design theory, it firstly introduced the hardware structure of the system, then presented functions of the system software, which was mainly focusing on drawing method of signal time-domain waveforms. Finally, this system was tested by the signal generator and QPZZ-II rotating machinery fault test system. Experiment shows that this method not only meets the functional requirements of the system, but also ensures the independence between the functions. The program is clear and modularity, which has high portability and reusability.

Relational oriented systems engineering (ROSE) is a viewpoint on systems engineering that is based on domains and mathematical relations. It is a model-based formalism that integrates and extends the work of Yi Lin and George Klir on relational structures and relational homomorphism in systems engineering. It is also appropriate from the viewpoint of universal algebra. The mathematical formalism also admits a graphical interpretation. The mathematical foundation for ROSE supports the rigorous development of structures for the design of systems and the assemblage of systems of systems that extend the methods of Nam Suh on axiomatic design theory. The ROSE formalism is rooted in the Tarski theory of models in mathematical logic but has been adapted to the practice of engineering. The various mathematical viewpoints that comprise ROSE are seen to comprise a coherent foundation for a relational orientation on systems and system of systems engineering.