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To repair leaking pipelines for oil, natural gas and other dangerous media, a kind of pipeline sealing robot is proposed. The device is mainly divided into a robot drive unit, connection unit, and blocking unit. The robot drive unit is used to pull the blocking unit, allowing it to move in the pipeline. The connection unit is used to connect the robot drive unit and the blocking unit. The blocking unit is used to complete the repair at the leakage point. When the robot operates, the drive unit drags the blocking device to the pipeline leakage location, and the front camera can detect the size and shape of the leakage hole. The sealing unit is located at the leakage point, an airbag is inflated, and the adhesive in it is used to seal and repair the leak. Two performance indices (climbing performance and curve passing performance) are evaluated when the robot drive unit is walking. A 3D model of the robot is established, and the performance index of the robot is simulated and analyzed using virtual prototype technology. An experimental platform is built for verification. The conclusions are as follows: (1) A spring with a 13 N/mm rigidity yielded the best performance, and the robot could crawl up a 37° slope. (2) When the deflection angle of the driving wheel was set to 30°, the robot could smoothly pass a bend with a radius of curvature of 500 mm. Thus, the robot performance met the design requirements.

The train accidents are happening due to unmanned railway crossing. Also people with suicidal tendency are sitting on the train track, which causes instant death. These incidents cause immediate disruption of the railway traffic on the track. This paper introduced a novel concept to pre vent such accidents, The Airbag Robot instantaneously inflate with the impact of human object using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology and prevent injury to the human beings due to sudden impact on them. In addition, it prevents damage to the tracks and avoid late running of the train. The simulation on Matlab about the position of train, its velocity in coordination with the sensed object and the airbag Robotic instantaneous inflation due to an impact on MEMS device has given the satisfactory result on Matlab.In addition, the inflated Airbag Robot will assist in creating an Air drag to stop the running train earlier.

With the advancement in the surrounding sensing technologies for autonomous driving systems, the immense potential is yet to be explored in vehicle safety. A robust binary decision (Yes/No) about the requirement of any irreversible safety action such as the deployment of airbags in the pre-crash phase is a big step. In this work, we investigate different machine learning approaches for determining the severity of occupant injury in two classes: Safe Zone and Injury Zone. One of the essential outcomes of this paper is the selection of the input features through feature engineering. Five machine learning models are investigated and compared based on different evaluation criteria to find the best classification model for the application. XGBoost, Catboost, Random Forest, Kernel SVM, K-nearest neighbors, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were trained on data collected through FEM simulations. XGBoost was found to be the best performing model. If the predicted severity lies in the Injury Zone during pre-crash, airbag activation is required. Hence, this prediction can be used in pre-crash for steering an inevitable crash in a crash with low severity.

It is easy for human body to contact with objects for a long time to cause fatigue of corresponding parts. How to use robot technology to reduce or eliminate this fatigue in order to improve work efficiency, ensure human health and improve comfort is an important problem in the field of robot. In this paper, combined with the characteristics of animal tissues (puffer’s air bag, etc.), through the application of soft robot related technology, a set of program-controlled active flexible massage system is made. The system is mainly composed of support frame, air bag placement module and electrical system. The system can be freely deformed and combined, soft and comfortable, and has strong expansibility. In addition, we propose a control method to calculate the relationship between the air pressure inside the airbag and the surface tension of the airbag, set four working modes for the system, and measure the air pressure inside the airbag under the four modes. The results show that the proposed control method is feasible and will have a very broad application prospect in medical rehabilitation.

The traditional image processing method has a low detection rate for various kinds of automobile airbag surface defects in the production process, which is difficult to meet the actual demand of industrial production. In order to improve the detection rate of automobile airbag surface defects and meet the real-time requirements of industrial detection, this paper proposes an improved Faster RCNN deep learning algorithm. Firstly, the method adopts the E-FPN to enhance the feature extraction ability of the network for multi-scale targets. Then, ROI Align algorithm is introduced instead of ROI Pooling algorithm to improve the detection ability of small targets. Finally, the designed Light Head is used to improve the running speed of the network. The experimental results show that the average precision of the improved Faster RCNN algorithm for automobile airbag defect detection reaches 97.2%, and the detection time is 23.73 milliseconds, which is obviously superior to the original algorithm and has higher detection accuracy and practicability.

Human fall is the second leading cause of death by accidental or unintentional injury which leads to coma, paralysis, and brain trauma. The existing method has a hip protection airbag suit which prevents to get an injury in the trochanteric region and prevent to get fractures. The drawback of this methodology, it protects only the hip region of patients, without protecting important parts like the head, thoracic cavity. After a fall - related accident, senior patients mentally, emotionally week and getting ‘fear of repeated fall'. To rectify those problems, our innovation presents the use of an airbag suit with a certain sensor to protect the life of elders and also gives an alarm message to care-takers. After identifying hazardous slant, the micro controller must start a sign which can enact the engine driver to expand an airbag consciously positioned kind of a suit. The airbag garment is stretchable fabric that is made up of nylon or polyamide cloth filled with nitrogen or argon gas which will inflate in case of sudden fall, to avoid severe injury in the head, thoracic region, vertebrate column, and pelvic region. With help of tri-axis accelerometer sensor and through GSM the emergency notification sends to the care-taker.

In this paper, the application of Support Vector Machine (SVM) on multiple car crash situations for improved decision of saftey applications, e.g. airbag control systems is presented. In general, we should argue from a different perspective: we don’t want to show the latest and greatest Machine Learing (ML) results. The intention of the paper is to show how state of the art products use ML for safety critical applications. It is the goal to avoid the deployment of an airbag. Today, saftey applications depend on various detection algorithms and sensor systems. The challenge for these kind of decision problems depend on crucial constraints named decision time and sensor signals which are complicated to distinguish. The system has to decide whether to fire or not to fire an airbag within a few milliseconds. We use a (Multiclass) Support Vector Machine to account for an improved classification with the given constraints. Various multiclass classification methods are rated and the two methods One-Versus-Rest and One-Versus-One are benchmarked in terms of quantities as test error, training time, memory consumption and misclassified crashes. All methods are applied to real measurement data of car crashes for the type of full frontal crashes in various conditions. We will show that One-Versus-One performs best. The method is able to classify car crash situations and improve the detection possibility. This allows for active and passive occupant safety components in the automotive area.

An airbag automatic inflator was designed, which consists of a column pressure vessel, a bidirectional solenoid valve and a spherical airbag, etc. By introducing a thermodynamic model, its key parameters were analyzed and calculated according to the mass flow formula equation system. The numerical analysis models of the airbag with folding modes such as planar direct folding, symmetrical folding and roll folding were established to study the dynamic characteristics of the airbag inflating and unfolding, and the effects of the folding modes, the inflating rate and the inflating amount on the change of the curves of the volume and internal pressure of the airbag in the unfolding process were discussed respectively.

Squib Driver Unit deploys the airbag for passenger safety by igniting the squibs. The High Side (HS) driver provides regulated current for defined dwell times in order to ignite the squib with energy of 8mJ. This energy should be delivered only when the driver is powered. However dynamic shorts with slew rates of 100V/µs on the drain of the HS driver in its unpowered state can also provide 8mJ energy to the squib and inadvertently deploy the airbag if proper gate discharge is not present to ensure fast turn OFF of the HS driver. The HS driver proposed here regulates the current to 1.37A for 2.1ms and 2A for 0.75ms in the powered state with 0.4µJ energy limitation to prevent inadvertent deployment using passive and active discharge paths in the unpowered state. The leakage current from the drain of HS driver is 1µA at 35V when compared to prior Art of 50µA. This design is implemented and verified on a 4 loop squib driver in 0.35µm, 85V BiCMOS process.

Motorcycles are an important part of daily transportation. They are specially used to avoid traffic congestions downtown and most of the individuals tend to use a motorcycle because it takes less time to get to the destination. The rapid increase of motorcycle usage has led to a significant increase in the number of motorcycle-related accidents and fatalities. The reasons for accidents which were considered are speeding, collision with objects, lack of focus or drowsiness where only the rider's head is protected but not the body. And accidents may lead to death when help is not called immediately. By considering these, author introduces a Motorcyclists Safety Assistant Application (MSAA). This research tries to address four major factors that caused most road accidents and fatalities in Sri Lanka. They are excess speed, 360-degree threat detection, motorcyclist safety balloons, and emergency alert system. Here, MSAA can detect the vehicle's real-time speed and inform the user when a certain speed limit has been exceeded. Also, it has proposed a system which automatically detects threats that occur in each collision and alerts the rider via visual and audio cues. Moreover, the next system will be focusing on safeguarding the rider's body by inflating an airbag which will be connected to the rider's jacket. An automatic alert system is also introduced where the main objective is to mitigate the consequences of accidents by sending a message to the registered mobile using wireless communication techniques and checks whether an accident has occurred using vibration frequency limits. Location will be sent through the tracking system to cover the geographical coordinates over the area. The proposed domain successfully contributes to a drastic reduction in road accidents. The ultimate objective is to create a better future for everybody through road safety. The survey conducted to test the user satisfactory level, demonstrated high user satisfaction.

Vehicle safety is an enabler of Automated Driving. The combination of active and passive vehicle safety can further increase the safety level of vehicle occupants. With integrated safety systems predicting inevitable crashes and the corresponding crash constellation, the activation of irreversible restraint systems like airbags will allow better crash mitigation and new interior concepts. One requirement is a comprehensive methodology to ensure the correct detection of the current traffic situation, the involved vehicles, and the collision inevitability. This paper presents a novel approach for crash evaluation in the pre-crash phase based on sensor fusion using camera and LiDAR for bullet vehicle detection in combination with physical motion-model-based collision detection. Urban intersection scenarios with typically severe side crashes are investigated using this methodology. The presented method can also be applied to investigate other traffic scenarios. One focus of this paper is the effect of sensor tolerances, which lead to inaccurate object data on the prediction of the inevitability of the crash. The analysis proves the potential of preemptive activation of airbag systems.

An airbag is a crucial passive safety system that protects an occupant in the event of severe vehicle collisions. Its restraint effect can be controlled only when the occupant’s contact data with the airbag is available. A new capacitive tactile sensor is developed and installed on the airbag surface to provide the occupant’s first contact time, contact area and position on the airbag. Based on this feedback, the airbag pressure can be controlled. An airbag deployment is associated with different phases from trigger to full deployment. Before detecting the occupant, it is important to know the effect of these phases on the sensor. In this paper, the phase effects of dynamic airbag deployment on the contact sensor during the simplified static deployment tests are analyzed and discussed. Time-to-first-gas, unfolding of the textile, inflation, and cable capacitance effects are the key points brought to discussion. The results reveal, no effects of time-to-first-gas and inflation on the contact sensor. While the unfolding and cable capacitance have significant effects on the sensor which should be accounted for the occupant detection algorithm.

Airbag is technology in the automotive sector which was created to save the passenger from fatal risks in vehicle accident. Airbag are placed at the point of risk of passenger collision so that the impact load generated from this impact will be muted by airbags of the passenger. This research is designed to be able to perform rescue function not only for passenger, but also for vehicle itself. Because the placement of the airbags was placed on the bumper of vehicle, this part is installed with a high sensitivity sensor to be able to provide information to the system. So the airbags can expand before a impact occurs and the vehicle and its contents will be protected. ECU will send a signal to the squib inflator or also known as an igniter which is an electrical device in the form of a thin bridge cable, igniter will generate heat to burn propylene airbags which will produce nitrogen gas.

Occupancy detection is a difficult problem. There are several mechanisms exists for occupancy detection in vehicles, particularly in Automobiles. Now, safety has become an important and necessary aspect of the automobile industry. Airbag became a basic and important safety measure in cars. Even though airbag is a vehicle safety device, it can kill children below 12 years due to its rapid action by the exerting lot of force. This project explains about detecting the number of passengers sitting in the car and then classifying each person whether he/she is a child or an adult by processing the image taken from the camera. So that the deployment of airbags can be avoided near children. Each time car speeds from 0 Kmph to 20 Kmph, occupancy of the car is determined and each one is classified again. We are using widely used technique Haar Cascades, for detection. First, we detect faces and then classify each occupant adult or child.

By studying the working principle of constant current source circuit for airbag ignition test, a pulse constant current source with negative feedback of base current and voltage is designed. The key parameters in the analysis period include: the influence of the voltage swing rate of the operational amplifier, the parasitic capacitance of the MOS tube and the on-off resistance on the establishment time of the output current of the pulse constant current source. The experiment shows that the selection of appropriate devices can meet the requirements of airbag ignition test, the output characteristics of constant current source circuit can meet the requirements of 0-10A adjustable, the frequency 0-5khz adjustable, and the establishment time is less than 50 µ s

The development and evaluation of security solutions for autonomous vehicles is a challenging task. Many researchers have no access to real vehicles to implement and test their solutions. In addition, vehicle E/E architectures of different brands or even model series of one car manufacturer differ significantly. Also, vehicles may be the source of physical hazards, e.g., an exploding airbag. To enable researchers to develop, implement, and evaluate new security solutions for autonomous vehicles, we propose a new security evaluation platform called SEPAD and a dedicated development process for testing security mechanisms with it. SEPAD allows to model realistic E/E architectures where the developed security solutions can be integrated and evaluated without causing safety risks for the researcher or other road users.

Research on the Event Data Recorder (EDR) and Crash Data Retrieval (CDR) at the University of Malta was extended to also cover a deployment event, i.e. a crash of enough severity that an airbag deployment is commanded. The experimental campaign was based on emulation of vehicle and engine parameters (wheel speeds, vehicle speeds, engine speed) such that experiments were performed in the laboratory while the Electronic Control Units (ECUs) sensed the vehicle as if being driven under various conditions. Over hundred non- deployment events were performed on a single Airbag Control Module (ACM). However the deployment event freezes the ACM, i.e. the ACM cannot be reused. Data of the only one deployment event performed was captured by the EDR, LabViewand a CAN bus sniffer simultaneously. Synchronization of these three different data acquisition platforms was thus required and is discussed in this publication. The synchronization of EDR to CAN bus data was implemented by using an Inertial Measuring Unit transmitting onto the CAN bus. Synchronization of LabViewanalog input data was synchronized by means of a circuit that silenced a purposely injected CAN message.

Better human-exoskeleton interaction is always a challenge for traditional rigid exoskeleton. However, soft exosuit offers great possibilities for solving this problem. In this paper, a lower limb soft exosuit was designed and driven by McKibben pneumatic artificial muscles(PAMs). The fixator of the soft exosuit was fixed by inflation of the inner airbag. The experiment selected Festo VQ110U high-speed on/off valve to control the air path on/off. Three MPU9250 9-axis sensors were used to obtain wearer’s attitude information. To adjust the control strategy in real time, a fuzzy Self-Tuning PID algorithm is proposed for changing PID parameters online. The integrated value of the EMG signal of the rectus femoris and the biceps femoris was used as a metric. The experimental results proved that this system can relieve the fatigue of the muscle, and reduce the amount of the body's metabolism while walking.

Electronic component is increasing in Automotive applications spanning from power train, connectivity, airbag, driver assistance, braking and more. Most of these components are Integrated Circuits that have to fulfill system safety requirements in sophisticated safety applications. A functional safety review and assessment are used to confirm whether integrated circuit component fulfills hardware safety and functional requirements derived from system safety goals. One such automotive safety system is the Airbag Control Unit with integrated Squib Drivers that deploys driver and passenger airbags when a valid car crash event is detected. Airbags are passive safety application, critical for driver and passenger safety that can be fatal if not deployed properly. Therefore, components used in airbag applications have to fulfill the highest system Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL), ASIL-D. The safety critical part of Squib Driver Integrated Circuits is the High Side and Low Side powerFETs with its pre-drivers, control, monitoring, protection and diagnostics. This paper describes design Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) as one part of the systematic design methodology flow by using the low side current regulating driver as an example. This systematic approach resulted in a unique safety architecture that prevents inadvertent activation of the low side powerFET in the unpowered state of the driver. In the powered state, the current is regulated to 3A and is stable for inductances up to 3mH, a 30x higher inductive load than a traditional squib driver.

Energy management in electric vehicles is one prominent aspect in terms of enhancing mileage and economy. Airbag Control Units (ACUs) are ECUs (Electronic Control Units) which decide on the deployment of airbags by processing the information (crash input) from peripheral and internal sensors in the scenario of an unavoidable crash. The energy reserve capacitors used in the ACU (Airbag Control Unit) are provided so that once a crash event occurs and Loss of Battery (LOB) occurs in turn, the airbags can still be powered with their help as an emergency supply system. The disadvantage of limited time availability of the ERC as a power source makes it defective in cases of delayed deployment needs. These needs are cases which are further discussed in the introduction. This work is intended to research on a novel algorithm which coordinates between three alternative power sources, namely the main battery, ERC and a backup battery, to make the system more compatible to various unattended crash scenarios and in systems which utilize manual input as determining factor for deployment loops. Another parallel objective of this work resides in the application and analysis of fuzzy-logic based crash classification for enhanced performance and speed.

In this paper, we present an airbag fabrication machine and its process to make airbags which can be utilized for human-machine interaction. The proposed machine uses a CNC-style gantry with XYZ axes to seal layers of thermoplastic sheets in intricate patterns. A custom designed ball transfer is mounted on this machine to control temperature to press, heat, and fuse the thermoplastic sheets. We also implemented a path planning algorithm for heat sealing based on user's drawing. Using the developed machine and process, we demonstrate fabricated airbags can be pressed more than our target pressure and durable to be used in multiple applications over time.

At present, death rate due to drowning has been increased since there is no ailment and precautions for saving lives. According to a survey by NCRB, about 80 people drown every day, or more than 29,000 every year. The report of World Health Organization reveals that about 1008 people leads to injury and death due to drowning where most of them are men and children. Most of the children ages from 9-14, who doesn’t know to swim at the time of emergency becomes the prey for this natural calamities. Drowning can happen quickly and quietly anywhere there is water, and even in the presence of lifeguards. In order to overcome this, a device that can save the life of a person can be brought up. An automatic opening of airbag system in the hand by the detection of the motion of the person’s body by the sensor is sent to trigger the inflator system of the airbag. This automatic opening of the airbag in the hand of the person who is drowning helps him to get help from the neighbour. The opening of airbag also happens in microseconds and it is similar to the principle use in the car airbag opening system.

Aiming at the state estimation problem of a class of nonlinear systems, a method of Unknown Input Observers which complies with a robust sliding mode control law and an adaptation law is designed in this paper considering that the time delay that may lead to the instability of the system performance is inevitable in the process of modern networked control. Then the convergence of the designed observer is verified by Lyapunov stability criterion. Finally, the observer is applied to realize the estimation of the roll diameter and tension of the bagging station of the automobile airbag production line. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Now a day's many companies are doing many researches on airbag system because airbag system has become an essential safety device for guaranteeing the physical well-being of drivers and their passengers. Unlike other safety devices, airbags are used as the last resort in an accident, as they are directly linked to the safety of the driver and passengers, the proper functioning of the system is an issue of emergency. Airbag deployment has been responsible for death, incidental injuries and broken bones due to low crash severity and wrong deployment decision. This has led the authorities and the industries to pursue uniquely designed airbags incorporating crash-sensing technologies. To overcome such problem a novel design of crash sensor is proposed and analysed the performance of airbag system by crash sensor for automobiles. When a vehicle collides with the obstacle or other vehicle the sensor that was placed at the front portion of the vehicle used to detect the force hit by vehicle. This analysis run through Comsol multi-physics tool, taken the dimensions of the sensor for analysing the force, load, frequency and capacitance to know how much minimum voltage required to deploy the air bags. Using these design parameters, there are two circular shaped cylinders. One of them is outer cylinder and inner cylinder. Inner cylinder is also known as proof mass. The parameters are, for outer cylinder radius of $100\ {\mu} \mathrm{m}$ and thickness is $5\ {\mu} \mathrm{m}$ . coming to proof mass its radius of $20\ {\mu} \mathrm{m}$ and its thickness is $5\ {\mu} \mathrm{m}$ . And we have to check for different materials.

Riding motorcycles or bikes have nowadays become a nightmare for both the riders and their family members. A major cause of this problem is rash driving practices accompanied with lack of control while travelling at high speed leading to life-threatning accidents. This project, is simple but a feasible and efficient solution to this problem. Using arduino and a pair of high-quality airbags, a vest has been constructed which will reduce the chances of injury. The airbag inflation mechanism includes a vibration sensing module that will sense the shockwave recieved by the body as soon as the person faces any kind of accident, which will in turn, rotate a motor attached to the string thus pulling the lever and finally inflating the air bag. In addition to this, we have used a gyroscope module which will again send positive signals to the arduino whenever the angle between the biker’s vest and the horizontal plane reduces to less than 45 degrees. Again the same procedure will be repeated as described earlier. This mechanism is vividly described in the system description section. Moreover it will also send an SMS alert to his/her family members specifying the location where the accident has occurred. In addition to this, an internal cooling mechanism has been embeded inside the vest which will help the commuter to feel comfortable while riding for long distances even in hot and humid climatic conditions. This mechanism has an additional advantage of sensing the body heat to detect the zones where the probability of injuries are high, which enables the nearby people to help the victim with the first aid and also the medical team to initialise their primary treatment.

Inspired by the mechanism of the predatory action of the flytrap, a single soft airbag shape-driven manipulator is proposed. Base on the analysis of the movement mechanism of the flytrap and the geometric structure of the manipulator, through the expansion control of a single sphere elastic airbag and the passive contraction of elastic tendons, the opening action and closing action of different angles of the manipulator is achieved. As a further extension, through the control of the elastic airbag with different shapes, the shape actuators with different action trajectories is completed. By combining a long elastic airbag with a soft flexible spring, a soft bionic arm is completed, which can achieve contractile motion on a linear path. The experimental system was built, and the grabbing experiments of two-claw soft manipulator and three-claw soft manipulator were completed by low cost common industrial materials, which verified the feasibility of the scheme. The 3D printing technique has been used to implement the spiny bionic structure of the flytrap, which further improves the grabbing ability of the soft manipulator to different shape objects. The soft manipulator can achieve the grasping and lifting of an object with 10-15 times the weight of its own.

An Epileptic Seizure is a sudden and uncontrolled symptom originated in brain. They could be due to abnormal electrical activity start in brain for very brief period and also recurring seizures due to a brain disorder. Therefore during the event there is an effect due to bumps, cuts /bruises are commonly observed occurrences. The effect of injuries are seriously caused due to falling and losing alertness or realization during or after a seizure, for instance a broken bone or injury. This project used an Arduino based airbag protection system for the people suffering from seizures by using an accelerometer, which will detect the fall of the person and triggers the airbag. A push pull solenoid is used to puncture a canister that is present in the airbag. A relay is used to operate the solenoid. When the fall is detected, the Arduino will trigger the airbag. This project helps the people who are suffering from epilepsy and protect them from injuries. This project objectives to design and development of precise system for fall detection based on Arduino technology through noticeable perfection in accuracy and specificity of system. Initial phase a close approximation and selection of its relevant threshold values and prototype design. Later Phase consist of application on test subjects to visualise the accuracy in system design.

The article concerns problems of electromagnetic compatibility. The article focuses on the creation of electromagnetic pulses during liberation airbags in cars. The article describes airbag systems in car and presents the laboratory stand for measuring the electromagnetic pulse associated with the liberation airbags. It presents the results of measurements of pulses associated with the liberation airbags and frequency spectrum for registered pulses.

In the current evergrowing traffic, security is one of the biggest concerns during travel. From airbags and ABS to EBD and automatic braking, work is on to make road travel more secure by the day. This project describes a design and implementation of an effective alert system to monitor an automobile's condition during travel. It is designed to send out an alert in case the vehicle has met with an accident. Our design of the system uses the in-built vibration sensor in the Airbag Electronic Control Unit to detect the abrupt vibrations from the occurrence of an accident. This detection and messaging system is composed of a GPS receiver, a microcontroller and a GSM modem. This enables the monitoring of the vehicle and in the event of an accident; it can immediately be intimated to the emergency services.

Due to the nature of MEMS sensor, the signal characteristics of the impact sensor are strongly influenced by the module packaging type. In this paper, performances of MEMS airbag sensors were analyzed under side impact using two different module packaging types. The first type was a new sensor packaging on the flexible circuit board was introduced to attach directly on the frame surface using adhesive. The second sensor type was a conventional packaging structure, and composed of the accelerometer MEMS sensor mounted on a printed circuit board, which is assembled inside a plastic housing. And the entire module is mechanically installed by bolts on the automobile frame. For the signal characterizations, impact tests were performed on the center pillar, a.k.a. b-pillar, where the sensors were installed for the pendulum test. It was found that the housing module had great effects on the signal generation due to the vibration interaction with the automobileframe. Numerical analyses were also carried out for the detail investigation. The results indicated that the system of the airbag sensor packaging requires the comprehensive engineering consideration.

Falls are common among the older people. Fall cause major injuries like broken hip, which are very serious. Elder people who fall once are more likely to fall again. Hence a wearable airbag which incorporates a fall detection system which uses acceleration and angular velocity signals to trigger the inflation of the airbag. Here Gyro sensor and Tri-axial accelerometer sensors are used to detect acceleration and angular velocity. The fall detection algorithm was devised using the thresholding technique. When the value of acceleration and angular velocity signals reaches the fixed threshold value (±3m/s2, 0.5rad/s), the fall will be detected, the relay gets switched ON and the solenoid valve opens and activates the compressor, which will send the compressed air to inflate the airbag and finally the relay is switched OFF soon after the inflation of the airbag.

In the Mars exploration mission, the lander's buffer landing task is a key step. Because of the characteristics of discrete element theory, it is not only widely used in geotechnical analysis, pharmaceutical and other fields, but also in the field of aerospace, especially in the simulation of the surface of the planet such as Stardust and other discrete surface. In this paper, a particle — spring model based on discrete element theory is proposed, which is used to model the Martian airbag by using the EDEM of discrete element simulation software. Then, the simulation and analysis of the special environment such as hard ground and desert surface of Mars are carried out to verify the necessity of the model in the simulation of the landing characteristics of the airbag.

Now a days the road transport facilities are increasing with respect to the number of users and proportionally the possibility of accidents as well. Probability of death is also increasing eventually. One of the reasons being inadequate safety tools present in the vehicle especially in low budget cars. In these type of cars neither airbag system available for protecting the drivers nor notification system available to show actual position of car after an accident. Due to this problem there isn't any communication between relatives and injured persons after accident. It is possible to increases the survival after accident only when the medical services reach to the place of accident immediately after occurrence of accident. This is done by making an automatic indicator which detects traffic accidents automatically. In this paper such system is designed which automatically detects accident spot and send a text message to the family members of injured person, which send coordinates of actual position of accident spot. All this job is done by ARM7 controller.

The most common problem for traditional bipedal robots walking on uneven terrain is that the contact area between the soles and ground might reduce because of rigid foot soles, which will force the pose been changed and eventually cause the robots to fall. The pneumatic stiffness-adjustable foot is designed to make the walking more adaptive on uneven terrain. This foot contains a soft sole integrating new supporting airbag units underneath. The stiffness of the airbag units can be changed by internal air pressure and all the units are controlled separately. In the experiment, the interferences are added during the adaptability tests to simulate the uneven terrain and the experimental data shows that the adaptability of the foot can be improved by control of the airbag units' internal pressure.

In the process of reconstruction of traffic accident, it is very necessary to have a analysis of human body's biomechanics simulation. Starting from the traffic case, the injury caused by the airbag to the human head is discovered. Establish the finite element model of airbag and use the human head model established by team to have a simulation and analyze. The simulation results are basically consistent with the real head injury, and verified the speed of the car and the degree of head injury. The important role of the human body biomechanics research in traffic accident reconstruction and its application are expounded.

Vehicle safety airbags can protect occupants from vehicle collisions, but there are still some shortcomings, thus need to be constantly improved. In occupant restraint system simulation, the establishment of a reasonable airbag model determines whether the simulation results are consistent with the actual test results. The aim of this study is to establish a precise airbag model for vehicle occupant restraint system by using MADYMO. The study is based on two parts, Firstly, the linear impact component test and correlation study were investigated. In this part, the effect of airbag parameters on correlation results were discussed, a suitable airbag model was built, the correlation results were compared to test data. Secondly, a full frontal sled test model correlation was conducted and compared to the test data to verify the airbag model which is precise for security simulation research of the occupant restraint system. The validation of this methodology was performed through comparing the simulation results with test results of various test setups and airbag designs. The results indicate that the airbag parameters have a good consistency with the actual test results, thus improve the accuracy of the test results. The study provides a method for the development of the restraint system and simulation of engineering practice.

The main goal of this research work consists of compatibility assessment of Radiated Emission from Music Infotainment System. As the technology advances, there is a need to place large number of electrical and electronic systems into automobile vehicle. Few of these systems include Airbag inflator, Power Steering module, ECU with other module connector, Tire Pressure monitoring, Infotainment system, DC Motors, Ignition System and Electronic Braking System. Installing a large number of electrical and electronic systems into a very confined space poses the problem of EMI through Radiated and Conducted Emissions. This paper discusses about the investigation of Radiated Emission from Music infotainment System and mitigation techniques to reduce the radiations. Music Infotainment System has been investigated for Radiated Emission in ARAI Lab, Pune in the frequency range of 150 KHz to 3 GHz as per CISPR 25 Automotive standards. After investigation, the radiation level was found to be exceeded by around 8–10 dB at different frequencies. To mitigate the radiations, the Music Infotainment System has been shielded with specially designed Aluminum Enclosure and re-tested for Radiated Emission. It was found that the radiation level was reduced by around 10 to 12 dB. Hence with Aluminum Enclosure, Music Infotainment System was found to be Compatible with CISPR 25 EMI/EMC standards.

Airbags are primarily designed to supplement the protection provided by seat belts. Their non-deployment results into severe injuries. Preliminary measures are to be adopted to reduce the possibility of non-deployment. Regardless low traffic volume, most fatal accidents happen at night due to low visibility and ineffectiveness of drivers. In this paper, a redundant mechanism is purposed to deploy airbags at night. Distance of proceeding vehicle is measured using visual sensor. If the speed of vehicle is such that collision is inevitable for measured distance, airbag is purposed to deploy beforehand.

This paper describes about the lifetime improvement of the rubberless artificial muscle(RLAM). The RLAM is one of the pneumatic actuators, and the drive mechanism is same as McKibben type rubber artificial muscle. The RLAM includes an airbag which is made by an inelastic material instead of a rubber tube. In this paper, we improve outer sleeve and airbag of this actuator for a long lifetime. We confirmed the effect of an improvement of the RLAM for a long lifetime experimentally.

A cloud platform prototype for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation is developed for the large-scale parallel CAE simulation application. We propose the architecture of the platform. In the architecture, we propose a technology called CAE Application Packaging Template (CAE-APT) for integrating heterogeneous CAE softwares based on "Tianhe No.1". We discuss the design ideas and the key technologies in the architecture, and demonstrate an application for CAE simulation to Mars exploration airbag.

This paper provides mechanism and apparatus for safety using inflated cloths. These inflated cloths are internally associated with airbag along with some computer readable history which is used to start filling the bags and to detect the fall. In this paper, the mechanism of smart cloths is proposed with internally sense the fall and smart circuitry will fill the bags to save the sport person. The smart cloths having inflated bags are also being useful for old age people to whom a small drop can also lead to a big damage to body.

An airbag device is disclosed. The airbag device is applied to the field of preventing foreign material in the pipelines and is based on composite structure. In comparison to the normal filter situations, filter units in vertical pipelines should not only bear a certain rate of water flow but also hold the dropped parts from the aloft place. For example, the condensate water from the nuclear power plant may comprise some small parts. With the high-speed development of nuclear power, to speed up the development of the water filter in this area, the airbag device in this paper provides a simple but effective method to meet the filtration needs.

Generally falls may occur from moving or resting postures. This may include slipping from bed and fall from a sitting, or from running or walking. The pre-fall is a non-equilibrium state of human position that may lead to serious injuries, and may negatively impact the quality life condition, particularly for elders. Physical disabilities resulting from the fall incidences may lead to high costs involved with the healing process. In this work, an embedded sensor system using Arduino micro-controller was utilized to coordinate the data received from accelerometer and gyroscope. For a given threshold voltage and fall pattern, the fall decision is made by the microcontroller, citing an incoming fall. The study addresses the number of sensors to be coordinated for enhancing probability of receiving a real fall. Sensors are suggested to be placed on the human body within a belt, and safety devices at human body as well as incorporated in a smart room will be coordinated with the processor commands. Near 150 ms time frame was detected from the simulation results, suggesting a safety device to be triggered and activated for protection within this time frame. This paper discusses the research parameters such as response time for the device activation and interfacing the microcontroller to airbag switch, and means of activating the safety devices within the sharp edges in the smart unit care to minimize the impact of the fall injuries.