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We outline the possibilities of 3D direct write dispensing and brush-painting in the manufacturing of copper UHF RFID tags on textile and cardboard materials and present considerations regarding the process parameters to achieve high-performance tags when the copper antenna is deposited directly on these rough and porous materials. Our measurement results confirm that the additively-manufactured copper RFID tags on environmental-friendly substrates achieve high performance with the attainable theoretical read ranges of 3.5-to-8.5 meters in air.

Cotton fiber is the most used natural fiber among all other fibers as its application is not bound to the restriction. Cotton cellulose is a linear biopolymer and cotton is the most abundant as well as the most popular natural fiber for preparing natural human apparel that directly produces from nature. In the process of apparel manufacturing, each year huge amount of cotton fiber turns into waste. This paper aims to evaluate the preparation of nano-cellulose or nanocrystal cellulose from this waste cotton. Therefore, the waste cotton scenario of the spinning industry, statistics of waste cotton, and nanofiber in the spinning industry studied elaborately. Besides, this review describes the nano-cellulose materials preparation techniques, cotton waste source, nano-cellulose physical structure. Nanocellulose is prepared using a variety of methods, including biological, mechanical, organic mechanical, bacterial, and enzyme processes, as well as a variety of chemicals. Nano-cellulose preparation processes with a high proportion aspect and strong thermal efficiency in this phase pave the way for alternative cotton reuse. Nano-cellulose has become commercially popular, but it cannot be used across the market at a high price, but waste cotton is the solution for the cheap end price for food supply, drug supply, army dress, and textiles. Due to the availability of waste cotton in very cheap in market and conversion to valuable product it will be a value added product.

A considerable contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases is the textile industry’s production of synthetic fibers due to their use of petroleum products (Laitala, Klepp, & Henry, 2018). Thus, there is a need to discover more cellulosic fibers to help lessen the environmental impact of those synthetic fibers (van Dam, 2008; Laitala, et al., 2018). However, there seems to be a lack of cellulosic fibers and natural yarns in the market, only Agave sisalana (Sisal), Ananas comosus (Pineapple) and commercially available (e.g. Cotton) to be able to replace synthetic fibers (Chadramothan & Marimuthu, 2011). Thus, this research aims to study Saccharum spontaneum Linn., locally known in the Philippines as “Talahib” and internationally as “Wild Cane Grass” as an alternative to commercially available synthetic fiber. The researchers produced yarn blends that consist of 30% Saccharum spontaneum (300 g) with 70% pure cotton (700 g) by cutting, drying, blending, and spinning the fibers from the leaves and stalks onto bobbins. In spinning, the fibers passed through four machines — namely: blending machine, draw frame machine, speed frame machine, and ring frame machine. Pure commercial (100%) cotton yarns were obtained from the Philippine Textile Research Institute. Tensile Strength Testing was used in order to determine the strength of the grass prototype yarn compared to pure cotton yarn. The mean breaking strength of the blended yarns were recorded at 3.99 N while the pure cotton yarns were recorded at 2.99 N. Furthermore, using statistical t-test for two sample means assuming unequal variances of the recorded breaking strength of the yarns, a t-critical value of −2.13 and a t stat value of −12.13 were noted. Thus, the researchers concluded that there was probably a significant difference in the strength of the Saccharum spontaneum - cotton blended yarn to the pure cotton yarn. The study tends to suggest that Saccharum spontaneum Linn. may be a likely viable substitute in terms of the strength of the yarn. The researchers recommend that further research should be done to study the feasibility of having a varied percentage blend of Saccharum spontaneum Linn. - Cotton yarns and testing its tensile strength.

This paper presents aspects regarding human health impact that could have functionalized textile by using plasma nanotechnology. The usage of plasma for textile pretreatment is done for removing the natural impurities and oil residues, which are added during woven structure manufacturing process, and for improving material wettability which is necessary for dyeing, printing, hydrophobization or deposition of medical substances. The textile surface preparations by using plasma nanotechnology is a clean and safety process and improve the washing cycles because by using plasma activation the substance used for treatment is fixed deeper in the textile structure. For preparation of textile structure by using traditional finishing method it is occurring the problem of the residues from wet finishing process which harmful for environment. For example for cotton fiber, conventional wet pretreatment processes include scouring, bleaching and mercerization [1]. These pretreatments remove impurities such as pectin, wax and oil, cotton seed residues, sizing materials [1]. The pretreatment processes require a long treatment time, more chemicals and high treatment temperature, resulting in low production efficiency, high energy consumption and heavy loading in effluent [1]. By using plasma treatment we can obtain chemicals economy, reducing the time necessary for finishing process and the harmful substances. The treatment which could follow to low temperature plasma treatment it is mild and can improve the antimicrobial fabric properties by pretreating the material with colloidal silver or chitosan solutions. The chemical treatment used on textile surfaces functionalized in plasma is energy-saving pretreatment processes. For our work we obtain cotton fabric functionalization by using oxygen plasma treatment for 10 minutes. After this time limit, we observe that the cotton fibers is in accelerated aging process, practically from 20 minutes to 90 minutes plasma treatment the cotton suffer a depolymerization which affect the textile structure resistances (traction, abrasion) [2]. In the case of polyester fabric we observed a good functionalization of the structure after 20 minutes plasma treatment, but after this limit to the interval of 90 minutes plasma treatment the polyester knows an accelerated polymerization [2].

In this paper authors presented the research of textile electroconductive materials, which can be used to construction sensory textronic shirt to breath frequency measurement. The paper describes a method of measuring resistance of contact point and contact line of two electro conductive threads in textile knitted structures, which is known as transition resistance. This resistance is the input value to the modeling. The full paper also will be present some results of measurements carried out on unique measuring stands. The model of resistance connection in knitted structure in Matlab program will been also describe.

Indigenous people of the past as well as of the present have an intimate and direct relationship with the renewable natural resources of their environment. Looking back to those past times it is apparent that a few plant families played a prominent role as a source of edible and no edible raw materials. Lemba or know with its scientific names as Curculigo capitulata or Curculigo latifolia mainly found in the swampy area in tropical Asia and in Australia. In Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia the lemba leaf fibers are made into fishing net, ropes and twines. In Lahu, northern of Thailand use the leaves of Curculigo capitulata like banana leaves for wrapping. In Japan, curculigo latifolia from Malaysia also had been identified as a natural sweetener that gives a very sweet taste/sensation when its seeds or parts of the plant are chewed. The plants grow about 1 meter tall and the petiole up to 1 meter long that consist of blade elliptical leaf, 30-100 cm times5-10 cm, subglabrous. The leafstalks are one-third the length of the leaves and they overlap one another at their bases to form a thick stem. Lemba fibers are very strong, durable, lightweight and thin. The species found in Sarawak area mainly from the Curculigo litfolia, which grows in great abundance on old cultivated fields near longhouse in Sarawak area. These fibers had been used by the indigenous people in Sarawak area as strings to for tie and dye process for dyeing weaving fabrics. The waste from these fibers has not been properly utilized after those processes. This research is looking into processing the raw fibers that carded from the lemba leaf and making them as yarns for the fabric and natural dyes. With these elements, it is to develop the lemba leaf as new materials for textile purposes

A Textile industries are critical to India's economy, thus innovation in this sector would aid the country's continued growth. Our project will be offered at the cloth manufacturing stage, when they will be involved with shed works in the textile industry, which are conventional steps in the process from processing thread to fully sewn garments. This paper will take the place of the shed work that is currently being done by people. To automate the entire operation, we'll utilize an Arduino UNO and sensors in this paper. Before moving on to the next stage, this automated equipment will perfectly arrange the wet cloth in the shed. It would be a total replacement for people, saving time and allowing us to work in more areas.

For the textile inspection industry, the relevant detection technology and the used detection equipment are still too traditional, and the existing detection methods of spinning yarn breakage have shortcomings such as low detection efficiency, poor versatility, and high price. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes a scheme of breaking yarn detection based on image processing. Using image processing technology in yarn nondestructive testing can improve the accuracy, real-time performance and reduce the cost of testing. In this paper, image processing is applied to yarn breaking detection, image filtering, morphological processing, image segmentation, and contour extraction. The number of yarns in the image is calculated to detect whether there is a broken thread.

The paper deals with the design, fabrication and testing of the textile pressure sensors that operate on the principle of capacity change. The sensors, which are based on a multi-layer sandwich arrangement of textile layers, are intended for healthcare applications. The article describes the production of these pressure sensors and the test results in their sensitivity after repeated pressure loading-unloading cycles and their resistance to washing cycles. The paper deals with the design, fabrication and testing of the textile pressure sensors that operate on the principle of capacity change. The sensors, which are based on a multi-layer sandwich arrangement of textile layers, are intended for healthcare applications. The article describes the production of these pressure sensors and the test results in their sensitivity after repeated pressure loading-unloading cycles and their resistance to washing cycles.

Swelling of the upper limbs is a widespread problem after breast cancer surgery. It has already been shown that providing relevant feedback on the swelling phase can make treatment and subsequent rehabilitation more effective. This paper is focused on monitoring the swelling of the upper limbs using textile sensors. Two monitoring methods are compared here: a resistive strain sensor and an inductive strain sensor. This paper is focused on the design and implementation of sensors to the textiles, and there is comparison of sensors based on the results of experiments. This work's main goal is to compare resistive and inductive textile sensors for measuring swelling of the upper limbs in the form of a compression sleeve. The first variant is a sleeve with a sensor for monitoring changes in electrical resistance during stretching. The sensor is made by knitting the electrically conductive yarn SilveR.STAT (110 dtex f 24) into a non-conductive knitted structure. The electrically conductive yarn is in the form of a spiral around the entire circumference. The second variant is a sleeve made of a knitted textile substrate with a flat embroidered electrically conductive yarn (a hybrid conductive yarn containing 8 silver-plated copper microwires).

This paper is focused on the interconnection and joining of electronic modules by conductive textile ribbons. There was done basic research on the interconnection types. The main focus is on the detachable interconnection between conductive ribbons and smart textiles blocks. Two interconnection solutions were selected from the basic research. These interconnection solutions are two types of crimp connectors. These crimp connectors were tested by the automatic domestic washing procedure according to the ISO 6330 standard. From he testing, there was get information about the reliability of the interconnection during the multiple washing cycles. The results show that the Amphenol crimp connector is more stable than the other (Nicomatic). This paper is focused on the interconnection and joining of electronic modules by conductive textile ribbons. There was done basic research on the interconnection types. The main focus is on the detachable interconnection between conductive ribbons and smart textiles blocks. Two interconnection solutions were selected from the basic research. These interconnection solutions are two types of crimp connectors. These crimp connectors were tested by the automatic domestic washing procedure according to the ISO 6330 standard. From he testing, there was get information about the reliability of the interconnection during the multiple washing cycles. The results show that the Amphenol crimp connector is more stable than the other (Nicomatic).

With the increasing use of Smart Textile products, there is currently a great deal of effort to increase the quality (mechanical, chemical and electrical) of electrical interconnection of hybrid conductive threads. This paper focuses on two techniques of the interconnection of hybrid conductive threads, which are both based on welding. The first one is resistance spot welding, and the second one is ultrasonic welding. Both these techniques are compared in the paper, and the results of the electrical resistance values of the hybrid threads interconnections after the welding process and after the dry heat, temperature shock, bend tests and washing tests are discussed.

In this paper, a wearable textile-based electrode array that is capable of both functional electrical stimulation (FES) and surface electromyography (EMG) recording was proposed. The electrode array was fabricated with a screen-printing method by printing multi-layer functional stretchable pastes on polyester/cotton textile base. During the FES and sEMG recording tests, the fabricated electrode array showed the capability of realizing electrical stimulation and sEMG recording. This research aims at providing a new multifunctional tool for rehabilitation purpose. In this paper, a wearable textile-based electrode array that is capable of both functional electrical stimulation (FES) and surface electromyography (EMG) recording was proposed. The electrode array was fabricated with a screen-printing method by printing 4 layers functional stretchable pastes, which were stretchable insulating paste, stretchable conductive silver paste, and stretchable conductive carbon paste, on polyester/cotton textile base. For tests, the fabricated electrode array was connected to a customized connector, through the connector the fabricated electrode array was connected to FES stimulator and sEMG recording device for tests. During the FES and sEMG recording tests, the fabricated electrode array showed the capability of realizing electrical stimulation and sEMG recording, while the sEMG recording quality was not very stable and needs to be improved. This research aims at providing a new multifunctional tool for rehabilitation purpose.

This paper is highlighting the importance of textile waste management nowadays, and clarifying the current status of textile waste recycling in different countries by explaining two successful benchmarks. As well as, it is proposing a prototype that includes solutions for textile waste by circular economy knowledge -using a material recovery approach, the applied processes in Mei Chin, Queenstown, Singapore, which can be implemented in reality. Throughout these paper authors proposing an organization that is responsible for applying all material recovery phases after using the circular economy- in the textile sector which are the collection, sorting, recycling phases. As well as identifying the needed material flows for all textile management processes which are generally included in a one business model that can be applied in any city with simple modifications according to the city identity, conditions, and applicable laws in the city.

In order to help track and disclose environmental performance across the textile and apparel supply chain, DLT is proposed as an ideal tool for information storage and communication in a highly transparent network. Every participant in the network can get access to the information for supply chain process, and eventually build a high level of trust on suppliers' environmental governance. This paper aims to bring out the potential of DLT technology on the textile and apparel supply chain. We discuss how to utilize the unique characteristics of DLT for achieving low carbon emissions during textile and apparel manufacturing through better supply chain transparency. In details, an overview of DLT technology is provided in this paper by showing the design, business implications and opportunities in the textile and apparel supply chain. In addition, a case study is illustrated on DLT technology in the textile and apparel supply chain transparency for World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)'s Low Carbon Manufacturing Programme (LCMP).

Wearables are a fast evolving field and consists among other things of electronic parts as well as smart textiles such as conductive or light emitting yarns.The common approach of creating a smart textile sensor is using a piece of conductive or piezo resistive fabric and sew or iron it onto an existing garment, or process the fabric during manufacturing. In this work we develop a novel process that uses a commercially available 3D printer with an electrical conductive and flexible plastic, to print the sensor directly onto the textile and eliminate the sewing process or the use of prefabricated clothing.This paper covers not only the tweaking and printing process of the sensor, but also the test definition and execution to evaluate and characterise the sensor. The novelty of this paper is the imparting of the sensors behaviour, and the way how the properties are measured. The further planned application of this sensor is, e.g., the measurement of the breath rate without an extra pulse belt.

With the growing Smart Textile industry, there is currently increasing interest in mapping the possibilities and quality of contacting embroidered conductive patterns. This paper deals with one of the contacting options currently in use, the method of resistance welding. Furthermore, the paper deals with the testing of these realized samples. All created specimens went through a dry heat test, thermal cycling test and washing test. Tests were designed to determine the resistivity of each pattern against both thermal and mechanical stresses.

Sweat rate measurements can be used for healthcare purposes as well as for helping in exercising. In this paper, the suitability of passive UHF (ultra high frequency) RFID (radiofrequency identification) technology for sweat rate sensing is investigated. The technology has a great potential in wearable, comfortable, and wireless sweat sensing systems, although it is not originally used for sensing purposes. Two types of textile sensing tag prototypes are presented, their performance is evaluated by wireless measurements, and the prospects and concerns of these are discussed in this paper. The achieved results indicate high potential of textile RFID tags in perspiration sensing.

Technical textile materials can be successfully used also as a protection against external electromagnetic field. There are available technologies to improve the material surface - with use of different (galvanize, plate, etc.) technologies. The paper deals with woven textiles - compound of cotton, polyester and conductive fibers. The paper presents the impact of electromagnetic field on special woven textile materials and describes the shielding principles. The measurement technique used at FEL CTU in Prague is also described and the base measuring technologies are discussed. Nevertheless, the major part of the paper is dedicated to experience of authors with numerical (FE) modeling of shielding textiles and to description of designed and used methodology of FE model evaluation. The numerical results are compared to measurement and to mathematical (Matlab) model results.

This paper presents a research focused on embroidered temperature and humidity sensor elements for smart textile applications in health and medical care. Smart textile products face desirable textile properties for health care use include durability, “launderability” (washing resistance), flexibility and non-toxicity and the comfort aspect of clothing is also very important. For these reasons, the presented research was concentrated on the development of sensor elements based on specially prepared conductive yarns which are integrated into textile fabric with the familiar textile technique - embroidery and connected to control unit through snap fasteners. All the sensor element manufacturing steps are fully compatible with textile processing techniques. The preliminary investigation into the design, manufacturing and testing of the textile based temperature and humidity sensor elements are described in the paper.

This paper focuses on the development of a textile-based electrode for electrocardiography (ECG). The development of a textile-based electrode is becoming more significant in the modern society since it provides comfort to the wearer while continuously monitor the specific biosignal of the wearer. Currently, the silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode is mainly used for ECG recording purposes. However, conducted researches show that there are some drawbacks of using the conventional electrode. Therefore, researches are actively carried out to invent new methods of recording ECG signal in order to replace the conventional electrode. In this paper, a flexible textile-based electrode using cotton fabric as the substrate material and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as the conductive material is proposed. Cotton fabric is readily available, flexible and lightweight while the MWCNT could be purchased at relatively low cost. Simple method of fabricating the sensor was used by applying the the MWCNT on the surface of cotton fabric using tapioca starch paste as adhesive. Initial result from the experiments shows that the performance of MWCNT/cotton-based flexible electrode fabricated is better than the performance of conventional electrode.

Advances in polymers, soft-electronics, biosensors and mobile communication, have led to a growing interest in wireless Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors. A wide variety of textile-based wireless ECG sensors and systems have been developed [1, 2]. Typically, such wireless ECG systems rely on miniature ECG sensor/electrode that can be worn as badges, patches, or jewelry to measure and show advance reactions. Smart textile and non-contact electrodes have also been reported recently. The earlier stage of smart clothing usually tether conventional electrode sensors or devices attached to the textile. Such approaches have their limitations such as discomfort and integration with the fabric. In this paper, a wireless ECG system using smart textiles sensor is presented. Non-contact ECG electrode, developed with intelligent materials and different textile technologies, is an integral part of wireless ECG system. Such electrodes with integrated nanostructure conformal antenna can use a wireless transmitter to send data to any external device for remote health monitoring, telemedicine and health delivery. The paper will also present the design of the textile based integrated conformal patch antenna as well as system level radio design that could be integrated with the textile based conformable antenna and proposed ECG electrode

Wearable electronics is a natural application field of miniaturized sensors, low-power analog and digital devices, microcontrollers and efficient power conversion components, that are able to manage battery power in an optimal way. In the wearable electronics field for biomedical applications, smart textiles are very attractive as sensing devices. They can be fixed with dedicated indicators in order to detect physical quantities which could otherwise be difficult to measure with standard methods. This paper presents the development of a novel platform that using smart textiles, retrieves the information about the pH value by measuring color, which is easily manageable by a readout electronic system. The pH meter consists of a cotton fabric, with a color indicator sol gel fixed on it, in association with an extremely low-power and high-sensitivity electronic system. The device main blocks were fabricated and characterized, with the aim to obtain a wearable sweat pH-meter. The paper discusses the electronic readout innovative features, from the standpoints of performance and sensing properties.

With this paper we present AmbiKraf, a none missive fast color changing fabric display. Our main motivation is to investigate the possibility of an actual fabric technology that can change the color in the form of a display. The core novelty of this paper addresses in presenting a base line technology that enables such a ubiquitous fabric display that lets the user interact with the actual fabric itself. Here, we use thermo chromic inks and Peltier semiconductor elements to achieve a rapid color changing display. The implemented controller is able to control the temperature with a high accuracy and thereby accurately control the color of the thermo chromic ink display. In addition the controller has fast heating/cooling ability which presents the ability for a relatively high speed display on the fabric. The calming nature of this animated fabric display is presented through few prototypes that ubiquitously combine the technology with daily fabrics. The paper describes the complete implementation of the system and presents a detailed analysis of the technical results.

It has a positive significance for central regions to accept the eastern coastal region textile and garment industry transfer, such as optimizing investment and industrial structure of coastal region, reducing regional development disparities and promoting the regional coordination in harmonious society. However, because of the existence of uncertainties in industry transfer, transferred region and accepted region both have the possibility to bring out losses. Based on the identification of risk factors of textile and clothing industry, the paper establishes the ISM of risk factors to confirm the relationship and influence levels of them. Meanwhile, the paper also puts forward the risk countermeasures of textile and garment industry accepting the international industry transfer in the point of view of place where industry transfer is received. Keywords-industry transfer; risk analysis; textile and clothing industry; Interpretative Structural Modeling(ISM)

This paper presents the charge sensing device approach for sensors in textile machines. A wide range of sensor application in textile machinery can use a charge sensing device for instance to detect the presence of yarn or the speed of yarn. The charge sensing device approach offers important advantages compared to the state of the art sensor principles and additional cost reducing effects can be expected. In this paper the charge sensing principle is presented and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Two examples of “charge sensors” in prototyping and preliminary state for textile machine application are demonstrated.

In the paper, A total of 40 pure or two-mixed textile weaves were prepared and classification of these samples was introduced using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), all textile samples are selected among four classes, which are Cotton-Terylene, Cotton-Polyurethane, Cotton and Terylene, according to theirs components. Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of the samples were collected, Mahalanobis distance was used to discriminate the samples coupled with principle components analysis (PCA), the results showed that near infrared spectroscopy could determine which class one textile weave belongs to easily comparing with traditional methods. In addition, the expectation of the further research on qualitative determination of textile products by NIR technology was discussed in the end of this paper.

First, based on the standard international trade classification, this paper analyzed the characteristics of China's textile imports, and pointed out the importance of studying on China's textile imports. Second, this paper systematically reviewed the theory and practice achievements of trade gravity model, in order to settle a foundation for introducing the model into the paper. Finally, the paper made a moderate amendment on the original trade gravity model according to the features of China's textile industry, mainly increased some explanation variables reflecting industrial characteristics and imports trade. Besides, the paper in detail analyzed and discussed the affecting factors which influenced on China's textile imports trade. These studies would provide some guiding ideas for the overall development of China's textile industry.

The skills of the decorative design of Household textile products have developed to the current varied methods and rich sorts. This paper analyzed skills and forms like the embroidery, nail beads, art of knot weaving, lace decoration, decorative sewing, shirring, split joint and inlay in terms of traditional skills and widely used ways nowadays. This paper discussed the specific application and aesthetic effects of different decoration skills in modern textile in order to enhance the added design value of textile products.

From the international trade situation of Chinapsilas textile and garment, this paper expounded the necessity and urgency for Chinapsilas textile industry to accelerate its brands building, with a review on the process and the present status of its brands development and analysis on the favorable conditions and unfavorable factors for speeding up the brands construction in detail. Finally, this paper put forward the corresponding policies and recommendations.