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We prepared giant magnetoresistance samples comprising of pseudo spin valve structures and measured the current-perpendicular-to-plane magnetoresistance (MR) with applied magnetic field along the easy and hard axes of the samples. When the magnetic field was applied along the easy axis, high and low resistance states representing magnetization parallel and anti-parallel states were observed. However, when the magnetic field was applied along the hard axis, two stochastic MR curves were obtained. The two distinct MR curves correspond to the different magnetizations reversal processes via two kinds of the magnetization orientation states, fully parallel and anti-parallel, at remanence. In our case, the two distinct magnetization reversal processes occurred randomly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilize the inverse proximity effect in superconductor-ferromagnet bilayer to generate lateral Josephson junctions. The weak link is created by a ferromagnetic NiFe strip across a superconductor Nb bridge due to the inverse proximity effect. The critical currents of the junctions were measured at different temperatures and magnetic fields. The junctions exhibit a modulation of the critical current in perpendicular magnetic field similar to a Fraunhofer interference pattern which proves the dc Josephson effect. The weak link region induced by the NiFe in Nb persists down to 2 K. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]