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In drug delivery, there is a need for precision in reporting particles parameters. Studies have shown that absorbency of drugs in the blood stream depends on the size of the nanoparticle. The shape and size of nanoparticles (NPs) matter the most, hence the distribution of NP depends on the size and shape of NPs. By synthesizing and characterizing the NPs, we are able to cluster and get the amount of a certain type of morphology and accurate size determination. Moreover, the size distribution of a particle plays a more important goal as it possesses an increase in the usability of a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine. The shape and size distribution of NPs is important for the delivery of drugs and for the cure or treatment of several chronic diseases such as cancer. Hence it is important to get the accurate size distribution of NPs for better results. Gold nano particles (AuNPs) where measured manually by the use of transmission electron microscope, hence, in most cases human error could play part in terms of inaccurate measurements. The digital images of AnNPs contain noise, making it difficult to get accurate measurements using the transmission microscope. AuNPs were measured in terms of their width and length. This study focused on the characterization of AuNPs collected by the transmission electron microscope using machine learning approaches. Image preprocessing and processing techniques are used for extracting the features (length and width) of AuNPs. In this study, filtering techniques such as Gaussian blur, Median and Mean filtering techniques are employed for noise removal to increase the precision in estimating the size of NPs. Unsupervised machine learning algorithm such as K-means and Otsu are used to perform image segmentation of the filtered nano images for the accurate extraction of particles' features such as length and width. The size measurements obtained using the machine learning approaches are compared with the measurements taken by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) for error estimation in the size distributions of NPs. The results showed that machine learning approaches provided accurate measurements of most of the NPs as compared to TEM. Therefore, it is recommended that machine learning approaches can be used to estimate the size of NPs so that the shapes can be described better and classified during the synthesis process.

This work explores metal-dielectric colloidal crystal (MDCC) structures as SERS sensing layer. The MDCCs are fabricated directly onto optical fiber tip surface by successive depositions of PS Colloidal Crystal (CC) and Au NanoParticles. The fiber device is explored as remote SERS probe in optrode configuration. The MDCC permits to combine localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metallic nanoparticles and photonic bandgap (PBG) of colloidal type photonic crystals (PhCs). For the sensing test, the fiber probes were immersed in a 100μM aqueous solution of Rhodamine (R6G). Then, preliminary SERS results were retrieved by a Labspec Aramis confocal Raman spectrometer.

Information extraction from images is a key problem. In this paper, a fast, high-precision, multi-target image processing method based on machine vision is proposed to detect nanoparticles. The proposed methods include the following steps: image pre-processing, feature extraction, and result output. An auxiliary-Calibration plate is used as the auxiliary need to determine the measurement accuracy. Through the analysis and calculation of the characteristic scales of nanoparticles, our results are highly consistent with the experiment, indicating the accuracy of our method and algorithm. From the input test images to the output results, the algorithm only takes less than a second. For the image including more complexed structures, it can also be accurately detected. Furthermore, the algorithm is transferable and extensible, and can be applied in wider image processing fields.

In this study, a scheme built by an optical ring-resonator is proposed that has efficient localized trapping functionality and is applicable in the optical manipulation of nanoscale particles. The distribution of the mode field excited in the proposed ring-resonator structure and its relating optical forces on the nanoparticles are calculated numerically. According to the results of the calculations, the sub-wavelength particles as small as 12 nm radius can be trapped with a depth of 10k B T by an input power of 10 mW. We anticipate this structure would be useful for lab-on-a-chip analyzing systems.

Agar-gel based materials are widely used as tissue mimicking materials. Pure agar-gel is stable up to 60° C but exhibits small ultrasound attenuation compared to a soft tissue. To enhance the attenuation of agar-gel we fabricated samples of agar-gel with the adding of graphite micro particles (GMP), magnetic micro particles (MMP) and magnetic nano particles (MNP) with two weight fractions of dry powders added before the formation of the gel to the aqueous agar solution, namely 0.8 % and 1.6 %, respectively. In order to compare the thermal effect caused by the addition of a particles, the samples immersed in a water bath were heated by 2 MHz circular focused transducer (diameter 44 mm), with power of 1, 2, 3 and 4 W. The temperature rise curves were recorded using thermocouples. The temperature change rate (TCR) in the initial point of heating was calculated. For the 0.8 % weight fraction the MMP sample had the highest TCR value at each sound power tested, the smallest value had the MNP sample. For the 1.6 % weight fraction, the highest TCR value had the MNP sample, while the smallest TCR had the GMP sample. We stated that for the higher fraction of particles, the MNP material had the highest TCR value for all powers, and besides the difference between TCR in MMP and GMP samples was less than the difference between TCR in MMP and MNP samples. Besides, the MNP sample exhibited the minimal exposure time to achieve the temperature increment of 5° C for all applied acoustic powers. These facts underline the unique properties of MNP material and its usefulness as a model material for ultrasonic hyperthermia experiments.

Nano-particles active-flux and ultrasonic were utilized to achieve Cu/Cu joint with low temperature and fast soldering (180s). The shear strength of SAC0307 solder joint can reach 22.15MPa. The thickness of IMCs was not more than 2.5μm in all joints. The micromorphology had no obvious change with the change of ultrasound and NPs. The shear strength of SAC0307 solder joint was increased 47.18% and 34.35% with Nano-Ni particles active-flux and Ni-CNT particles active-flux for ultrasonic time at 3s respectively. The shear strength of all joints was increased first and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic time. Ultrasound and NPs can improve the shear strength. Ultrasound had greater effects on active-flux joint and Nano-Ni particles active-flux joint, but Ni-CNT particles active-flux joint was the opposite.

In an era of increasing environmental concern, oil pollution arising either from marine accidents or from routine ship operations (tanker loading and unloading, etc.) is a major threat for the marine environment. The average quantity of ship-generated oil that ends up in the sea exceeds 350,000 tonnes per year. When an oil spill occurs, either in open or confined sea, the ecological damage on the local ecosystem could be huge and irreversible. In view of the above, there is a pressing need for continuous refinement of the existing means and the development and implementation of new technologies with help of Robotics for oil spill combating. To minimize the adverse environmental effects of an oil spill, research should focus to devise technologies that are able to confront the oil, aiming at its actual removal when this is still floating at sea. This paper describe robotic unit of high-power autonomy that adsorb oil over water surface with the help of Nano-particle and are able to recover oil from Nano-material when placed in magnetic field. A prototype model of robot with constraint design of floating and assembly of different parts inside it has been made with the help of 3D printing for above investigation. The robots suck oily water separating clear water to the outside and creating a stream of oil in the center. Oil collected during the process is stored in box, which can later be removed by crew members to recycle in magnetic field. Towards these directions, in this paper we present a novel concept for effective oil spill confrontation which is based on autonomous robotic systems using nanotechnology-based techniques.

Thin film Silicon (Si) solar cells are less efficient compared to thick film solar cells, but cell absorption can be enhanced by the embodiment of metal nano particles into the cell structure. Plasmonic structures, such as metal nano particles, are promising and versatile optical engineering tools, which have the potential to enhance device efficiency and reduce the cost of harvested solar energy. Modeling of arrayed Silver and Aluminum nano spheres, over a 3μm thin film Silicon plate, showed improved optical absorption over the visible spectrum. The developed model investigates the effect of changing the radius of Aluminum (Al) and Silver (Ag) nano sphere located adjacent to the Si thin film, which brings about enhancement of light absorption.

In this paper is remove contamination of new techniques barriers for the utilization of sullage waste water treatment of produce in processing can be high way service of H 2 O at the same moving to waste water is for all disposal in solar still. The solar still has been developed in high efficiency produce in Vel Tech Multitech Engineering College at Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The Experimental analysis of a solar still have been produced in more energy saving to internal heat transfer to high way service with help to nanoparticle (AL 2 O 3 ) to a solar still. It is analyzed of one of the day in system have been given the 24 hr cycle, the total drip production of the proposed Nano — system is found to be 7.978 kg/m2 day and without drip 5.234 kg/m2 day and Overall efficiency in this system is 45%.

Polymer-capped colloidal semiconductor quantum dots [1] offer a robust material system for time-resolved analysis and individual control of ultrafast charge carrier dynamics [2]. This goal necessitates a strong enhancement of light-matter interaction. In this work we demonstrate an efficient coupling of individual CdSe/CdS/PMMA quantum dots (QDs) to plasmonic resonators formed out of multiple concentric rings patterned in a 280-nm thick gold layer. Such a “bullseye” design allows for efficient manipulation of single QDs into the center of the antenna while imposing no polarization selectivity [3]. As a result, we achieve a dramatic increase of the photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity and the radiative decay rates due to the Purcell effect.

In this paper, we propose a new structure that can trap and sort particles with size of micro and nanometers. To investigate its operating principles we calculate the optical forces exerted on a particle using Maxwell's stress tensor. The optical forces are originating from interaction between the particle and the propagating surface plasmons polaritons excited on gold stripes. We evaluate polystyrene sphere radius for which the potential depth reaches its threshold value of 10 k B T. The potential depth is computed from the lateral component of optical force (F x ) for three stripes with widths of 1, 2 and 3µm. It is shown that this structure can sort polystyrene particles in four ranges with different radii. The boundaries of the ranges are 1010, 490 and 280nm. As advantage of this method, it can be tuned with changing illumination power or stripes widths that can be used for biological optical sorting.

In this paper, versatile structures based on dissimilar metallic nano-particles (Ag, Au, Ti, Al) are proposed to enhance the ZnO thin film optical performance for both optoelectronic and environment monitoring applications. An Exhaustive study of the proposed structure including metallic nano-particles has been performed numerically, in order to evaluate the optical behavior of the proposed ZnO thin films against the conventional design for optoelectronic applications. The numerical computations reveal that the proposed design exhibits an outstanding capability in improving the overall device optical parameters. In addition, the proposed device with Al metallic nano-particles offers superior absorbance as well as lower reflectance as compared to the conventional design. These achievements can be attributed essentially to the localized surface plasma resonance phenomenon and the improved light trapping capability resulted from the optical confinement effect. The recorded results signify the crucial role of the proposed feature in improving the ZnO thin films optical performance, which makes it very promising to be used in the future high performance optoelectronic devices.

The improvement of interconnection technology is becoming a top priority for the operation of high power devices such as SiC at higher temperatures. We proposed a interconnection method using Nickel Nano-particles direct bonding to form bonds between the chip electrodes and substrates. SiC devices assembled with the Ni bonding interconnection were confirmed to be operated successfully in a high temperature environment over 300 °C.

A hybrid Q-switched ring laser combining tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) nano-particles and an in-fiber acousto-optical modulator is constructed. Pulses ranging from 35 ns to 8 μs are obtained with this laser.

In this work, we demonstrate the potential of cylindrical active coated nano-particles with certain geometrical asymmetries for the creation of directive near-field radiation. The particles are excited by a near-by magnetic line source, and their performance characteristics are reported in terms of radiated power, near-field and power flow distributions as well as the far-field directivity.

With the advent of nano-particles based metallic inks, inkjet printing emerged as an attractive medium for fast prototyping as well as for low cost and flexible electronics. However, at present, it is limited to printing of metallic inks on conventional microwave substrates. For fully printed designs, ideally, the substrate must also be printed. In this work, we demonstrate a fully printed process utilizing a custom Fe2O3 based magnetic ink for functional substrate printing and a custom silver-organo-complex (SOC) ink for metal traces printing. Due to the magnetic nature of the ink, this process is highly suitable for tunable microwave components. The printed magnetic substrate is characterized for the magnetostatic as well as microwave properties. The measured B(H) curve shows a saturation magnetization and remanence of 1560 and 350 Gauss respectively. As a proof of concept, a patch antenna is implemented in the proposed stack up which shows a tuning range of 4 % around the center frequency.

We examine the excitation of resonant modes inside eccentrically layered cylindrical active nano-particles. The nano-particle is a three-layer structure comprised of a silica core, a free-space middle layer, and an outer shell of silver. It is shown that a concentric configuration, initially designed to excite e.g., a strong dipole mode, induces, at the cost of this mode, a progressively stronger asymmetric quadrupole mode with the increasing eccentricity of the nano-particle. The direction of the main beam of this quadrupole mode, which can be further optimized by proper adjustments of the gain constant, is shown to be controlled by the direction of the core displacement. The present eccentric active nano-particles may provide alternative strategies for directive near-field radiation relative to the existing designs.

We demonstrate a novel method to measure chromatic aberrations of microscope objectives with metallic nano-particles using incoherent white light. Extinction spectra are recorded while scanning a single nano-particle through a lens's focal plane. We show a direct correlation between the focal wavelength and the longitudinal chromatic focal shift through analysis of the variations between scanned extinction spectra at each scan position and peak extinction over the entire scan. The method has been tested on achromat and apochromat objectives using aluminum nano-particles.

We report on the influence of the layer eccentricity on the resonant properties of active coated nano-particles made of a silver core and gain impregnated silica shell illuminated by a near-by magnetic line source. For a fixed over-all size of the particle, designs with small and large cores are analyzed in terms of their far- and near-fields, as well as power flow properties. They demonstrate that the super-resonant states of the concentric particles are significantly influenced by introducing the eccentricity. In particular their amplitude responses are found to diminish significantly, this being more profound for the larger core nano-particles. The present results are useful from a from a practical viewpoint since slight displacements of the centers of the core and shell parts in these configurations are likely to occur in standard fabrication processes.

Layered CdTe nanoparticles were deposited on surfaces of n-on-p crystalline Si solar cells. Their short-circuit current and conversion efficiency were enhanced due to the nanoparticle deposition. Measurements of reflectance and external-quantum-efficiency spectra as well as atomic-force-microscope observations implied that the enhancements in cell performances were attributable to textured structures of the deposited nanoparticle layers.

As continue shrinking of microelectronic device features, removal of nano-particle contaminations is becoming a major challenge in semiconductor manufacturing. After effective wafer cleaning, high particles removal efficiency must be achieved without substrate loss or damage to high aspect ratio structures. In this work, a novel dual-fluid spray nozzle was tested. The cleaning performance with control to normal dispense nozzle was investigated. Also, structural damage tests were carried out on poly-gate-stack line pattern wafers, and compared to the results acquired with megasonic cleaning. The results showed potential applications of such dual-fluid spray nozzle in sub-65nm devices manufacturing.

The area of passive and active nano-antennas has recently attracted great attention due to their potentials in a large variety of applications. Numerous designs were proposed; both the traditional ones, inspired by their microwave counterparts, as well as those making extensive use of metamaterial and plasmonic structures. In regards to the latter, extensive analytical and numerical investigations were conducted on the theoretical designs of nano-antennas by use of passive and active coated nano-particles (CNPs) of various shapes and excitations. It was demonstrated that specifically designed active CNPs possess highly resonant properties making them useful candidates for a variety of nano-antenna designs.

© 2015 IEEE. The plane wave scattering from the cooperated active cylindrical coated nano-particle and inverse active cylindrical coated nano-particle were studied numerically. It was found that the maximum peak of the cooperated active cylindrical coated nano-particle and inverse active cylindrical coated nano-particle, -90.217dBsm, is much larger the value, -106.843dBsm, of active cylindrical coated nano-particle or -100.597dBsm of inverse active cylindrical coated nano-particle. And the whole length of cooperated active cylindrical coated nano-particle and inverse active cylindrical coated nano-particle is 64.43nm, which is larger than the single active cylindrical coated nano-particle or the single inverse active cylindrical coated nano-particle. This give us a method to realize long range active coated nano particles by alternating connection the AC-CNP and IAC-CNP extensively.

Rapid developments of microelectronics technology constantly promote the information technology revolution driving sorts of new electronic products to be produced. With the continuous requirements of light, thin and small for new generation of electronic devices, the traditional rigid substrate electronic products have gradually dissatisfied those demands for mobile products and have promoted the production of electronic products that are fabricated on thin flexible substrates, such as paper substrate due to the features of lightweight, biodegradable and recyclable. In order to achieve a sample of paper-based writing electronics with improved electrical and mechanical performance, a high solid loading of Ag NPs ink to 80 wt % has been presented in this paper, and the related dispensing writing system consisted by an air compressor machine and a dispenser has been configured to dispense the ink to form paper-based electronics. Finally, the writability and applicability also have been validated.

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of realizing millimeter wave coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandpass filters through ink-jetting of conductive inks on commercially available plastic sheets such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (plastic as an RF substrate). A silver nanoparticle colloidal solution was used as the printing ink. The millimeter wave third order CPW bandpass filter, which consists of a cascade of alternating quarter wavelength CPW open end series stubs and quarter wavelength CPW connecting lines, was simulated with Agilent Momentum and printed with a DMP-2800 Series inkjet printing system. The principle of achieving such high-quality circuits is detailed and is also confirmed by theoretical and experimental results, which are in reasonable agreement up to at least 70 GHz. Finally, this work is one step further towards the development of low-cost ink-jet printing of passive microwave and millimeter-wave components for commercial wireless applications.

A method of surface roughening is introduced to the InGaN/GaN LED chip fabrication process by self-assembled Ag nano-particles. 10nm silver film is deposited by E-beam evaporation (EBV) on SiN x passivation layer and the silver nano-scale particles self-assemble after 400°C Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA), which are used as the mask for SiN x Reactive Ion Etching (RIE), and the surface roughness varies with different duration of etching. Test results show that it's easy and effective to achieve the light output promotion; after RTA for 3min and RIE for 3min, the light output (LOP) is increased by 77.6% under 20mA injection current.

Materials based on sintered silver nanoparticles seems to be an effective thermal interface materials for microelectronic packaging, especially in power electronics where the thermal management is a key problem of reliability. The main advantages of such materials is high thermal conductivity of silver, ease of application in integrated circuit production and relatively low temperature of sintering which is comparable with curing temperature of epoxy adhesives. Sintering process depends on such factor as time, temperature and pressure. Within this paper two different materials based on silver nanoparticles was tested and the influence of sintering process on the mechanical strength of joints was analyzed.

This work reports a versatile technique for enhancing charge storage nonvolatile memory device using a direct assembly of gold-Nan particles (AuNPs) as a charge trapping layer and zinc oxide (ZnO) as semiconductor layer. We have used two types of linker to deposit AuNPs, which are 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) followed by gold colloidal. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image showed the surface morphology of the well-separated immobilized AuNPs on a SiO2/p-Si and the thermal annealing for improving nonvolatile memory has been research.

The field enhanced Raman scattering of crystal violet (CV) molecules, excited by localized electromagnetic field of silver (Ag) nano-particles, is elucidated. In the study, a SiO 2 buffer layer with a gradient thickness is employed to prevent the electron-transfer from the Ag nano-particles to the CV molecules. Using a laser beam of 532nm to probe the CV dye, the Raman scattering intensity was a function of the thickness of the SiO 2 buffer layer. The maximum intensity of Raman signal was observed at the thickness of 8.5nm, where revealed a 61% increase of Raman scattering than that on an Ag nano-particles substrate without SiO 2 buffer layer. The field enhanced Raman scattering leads to a potential to improve the sensor sensitivity.

Upconversion (UC) of sub-band-gap photons has the potential to increase solar cell efficiencies. In this paper, we present investigations of silicon solar cell devices with attached upconverter based on NaYF 4 :20% Er3+. Such devices showed peak external quantum efficiencies of 0.64% under monochromatic irradiation at 1523 nm and an irradiance of 2305 Wm−2. Under broad spectrum illumination an average UC efficiency of 1.07±0.13% in the spectral range from 1460 to 1600 nm was achieved. The higher efficiency under broad spectrum illumination is attributed to the parallel resonant excitation of the two most important involved optical transitions. The measured quantum efficiency corresponds to a relative efficiency increase of 0.014% for the used bifacial silicon solar cell with 16.7% overall efficiency. This increase is too small to make upconversion relevant in photovoltaics. Therefore, additional means of increasing the UC efficiency are necessary such as plasmon resonance in metal nano-particles in the proximity of the upconverting material. The higher local field intensities caused by plasmon resonance positively influence upconversion efficiency because of the non-linear nature of UC. Additionally, the metal nano-particles also influence transition probabilities in the upconverter. To investigate the impact of such nano-particles, we used a rate equation model of the up-converting material. It is based on Einstein coefficients of the relevant transitions, which were determined from absorption measurements. The model describes the UC dynamics and considers ground state and excited state absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission, energy transfer, and multi phonon relaxation. The results show good agreement with photoluminescence measurements. The model was coupled with Mie theory calculations of the changes of the electric field and of the transition probabilities. The calculations suggest that metal nano-particles are able to increase UC efficiency significantly by at least a factor of eight.

Strength properties (including flexural, compressive and splitting tensile strengths) of pavement concrete containing nano-particles are experimentally studied and compared with that of plain pavement concrete. Both nano-SiO 2 and nano-TiO 2 are respectively used to be as the additives. The test results show that the flexural, compressive and splitting tensile strengths of pavement concrete containing nano-particles are all enhanced to some extent. Firstly, the strength properties of pavement concrete are enhanced with the increasing amount of nano-particles, and the peak values are achieved at certain amount. Subsequently, the strength properties of pavement concrete are reduced with the increasing amount of nano-particles. The optimum amount of nano-TiO 2 and nano-SiO 2 added into pavement concrete are respectively 1.0% and 2.0%. The linear relationship between flexural and compressive strengths of pavement concrete containing nano-particles is obtained, which shows that the compressive strength of pavement concrete containing nano-particles enhances with increasing flexural strength, and this is favorable to the durability of pavement concrete.

We report a unique optically-triggered nonvolatile memory based on Platinum nano-particles embedded in a dielectric stack. A wide hysteresis at low operating voltages and a large optical response from 220 nm to 900 nm were demonstrated.

We present simulations showing how light scattered by isolated particles increases by a factor 10, when they are placed in photonic crystal membranes. Exploiting this effect, single nano-particles have been detected with an optical microscope.

A fully integrated bio-chip targeting at electrical selective assembly of charged nano-particles is proposed and designed in SMIC 0.18 ?m CMOS mixed signal process. The proposed circuit integrates the electrode array, potentiostat circuit, and logics on a single chip, and provides a rail-to-rail range of assembly voltage, a potential resolution of 9 bit, and a maximal assembly current up to 0.46 mA, biased at a current of 1 ?A. Meanwhile, a novel electrode-reuse scheme is also proposed to further simplify the architecture and save chip area as well, without degrading the functionalities. Experimental results from on-chip selective assembly of 50 nm poly-styrene nano-particles (PS) are included and discussed to verify the feasibility of the proposed circuits.

It is important for laser-induced thermal therapy to exactly destroy all tumor cells within a desired region. In medical practice, it has been demonstrated that nano particles will extravasate and accumulate in tumors and serve to enhance absorptance of near infrared light. However, few efforts have yet been made to evaluate such improvement. This study proposed using infrared images to quantify the nano particles enhanced laser energy deposition effects. Its feasibility was demonstrated through several typical in vitro experiments and digital image analysis. It was shown that the ratio of tissue heating area with nano particles over that without loading nano particles has increased to different extent. Absorptance elevation for the case of nano Ag assisted CO2 laser heating appears the most evident one. Infrared images is expected to serve as a promising method to perform nano thermotherapy in future oncological clinics.

A new-model cyclone reactor was used in the experiment hydrolyzing Zn nano-particles, in which the chemical reaction and gas-solid separation were accomplished simultaneously. The flow-field of the cyclone reactor was analyzed by means of the computational fluid dynamics software (CFD). The results showed that the pressure and velocity distribution of the reactor ware reasonable at a given inlet velocity. The inlets design differing from other designers improved the distribution of gas-flow and kept the continuity and stability of the flow-field. This is a powerful tool for the reactor designer to optimize reactor structure and ascertain the process parameters.

Silver nano particle materials are investigated for use in microelectronics packaging as an innovative lead-free interconnect material. The nano particle materials were evaluated in terms of mechanical, electrical, metallurgical, and reliability performance. The silver nano particles are around 8 nm in diameter and are sintered at a temperature of 230 C to form material nearly indistinguishable from the bulk metal. Sintering behaviors are examined to see how the nano particles form grains with different sintering process conditions; resistivity is measured to estimate the electrical performance of the sintered nano particles; adhesion tests are conducted for measuring the adhesion strength of the processed silver nano particle materials with other packaging materials; leakage current measurement is performed to see the silver electro-migration effect; frequency response is measured for RF applications, and thermal shock tests are conducted to evaluate the electronics packages of electronics packages using the silver nano particle interconnect materials.

The correlations between the properties of an AlGaN/GaN device and the Schottky contact structure with and without nanoparticles (NPs) have been investigated. It has been found that the use of NPs effectively lowers the barrier height of the electrical contacts to AlGaN/GaN 2-DEG heterostructures. The Schottky barrier height of the Ni contact with embedded Au-NPs was significantly reduced by ~0.16 eV compared to the reference sample without NPs. The fabricated AlGaN/GaN SBDs with embedded Au-NPs show a turn-on voltage of ~1.7 V and an on-resistance of ~12.5 Ω·mm, respectively.

Methods and instrumentation based on resonance frequency dependence of dielectric micro resonators on the surrounding medium is being developed as a real-time one-way disposable sensor for a number of parameters of nano particles and modeling blood in situ.

Silicon photodetectors have a limited response in the visible range. However, the silicon technology is currently the most important. Then there is the need to develop silicon sensors that are able to detect radiation in different ranges. In this paper, a sensor, that uses Si nano-particles, sensible in the whole range form 200 to 1100 nm is characterized in both DC and AC signal. A discussion is done that relates the sensibility of the sensor with the SRO characteristics.

For the first time, we demonstrate the possibility of realizing low-cost mm-Wave antennas using inkjet printing of silver nano-particles. It is widely spread that fabrication of mm-Wave antennas and microwave circuits using the typical (deposit/pattern/etch) scheme is a challenging and costly process, due to the strict limitations on permissible tolerances. Such fabrication technique becomes even more challenging when dealing with flexible substrate materials, such as liquid crystal polymers. On the other hand, inkjet printing of conductive inks managed to form an emerging fabrication technology that has gained lots of attention over the last few years. Such process allows the deposition of conductive particles directly at the desired location on a substrate of interest, without need for mask productions, alignments, or etching. This means the inkjet printing of conductive materials could present the future of environment-friendly low-cost rapid manufacturing of RF circuits and antennas.

Heat dissipation of semiconductor packages has become one of the limiting factors in miniaturization. A new Nano Thermal Interface Material (Nano-TIM) with potential high thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical properties manufactured by electrospinning process has been published earlier. In the present work, SiC nano-particles were added into the electrospinning solution to improve the thermal conductivity of the film. The produced Nano-TIM has a nano scale structure with embedded nano-SiC distributed randomly. Scanning Electrical Microscope (SEM) was used to determine the morphology of the film. Thermal properties were measured. The results show that the Nano-TIM has good thermal properties and it can be further improved by changing the mass concentration of the SiC nano particles.

We have developed a micro capacitive inclination sensor that has an outer dimension of 5 mm x 5 mm x 1 mm and a linear analog output. This sensor is unique in two ways. Firstly, we have selected a method to improve the permittivity of the dielectric oil by mixing it with dielectric nano-particles. This method allows us to achieve miniaturization and high performance of the sensor easily. The second feature is the adoption of a slit structure and a pseudo channel in order to mitigate the influence of the surface tension of the dielectric oil. We have succeeded in improving the permittivity by 50% by mixing the dielectric oil with BaTiO3 nano-particles 30 nm in diameter at a rate of 15% Volume. In addition, as a result of assessing the sensor fabricated, we obtained a linear and analog output within an inclination angle range from -45 ~+45 deg. The detection resolution and the response speed were 0.1 deg or more and 0.79 sec/deg respectively. Based on these achievements, we attained a certain perspective to miniaturize inclination sensors while maintaining their performance at the level of conventional ones.

We discuss some theoretical investigations into the variation of the local-field enhancement factors on the surface of a variety of different experimentally-relevant particle geometries. We in particular examine the localization of the surface electromagnetic fields ( hot-spots), and discuss some metrics that may be used to quantify this localization, and the hot-spot strength.

The study found that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be excited by adding metal nanoparticles in thin-film solar cells (SCs). Then light can be concentrated and ‘folded’ into a thin semiconductor layer, thereby increasing the light absorption efficiency of solar cells. In this paper, we use the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) and combined with periodic boundary conditions (PBC) to model a two-dimensional (2-D) thin-film solar cell with periodic square metal nanoparticles. We calculate the light absorbed power of thin-film solar cells by adding metal particles, and also discuss the different sizes of metal particles influencing on the power of light absorption.

In this study, we demonstrate a rapidly, low cost, and mass production process to fabricate arrayed metallic nanoparticles on a variety of substrates based on contact transfer and metal mask embedded lithography (CMEL). A hexagonal arrayed metallic nanoparticles deployed on ITO/glass substrate with sub-micron periodicity is achieved. It is observed in optical transmittance measurements that noble metallic arrayed nanoparticles deployed on ITO/glass substrate result in a spectrally narrowband of extinction in visible range, and is in good agreement with the simulated results using finite-element method (FEM). It is found that the narrowband extinction spectrum is associated with electromagnetic field coupling between the arrayed metallic nanostructures and the ITO layer. This electromagnetic field coupling induces significant plasmon resonance in the ITO layer underneath the arrayed metallic nanostructures. Based on this observed phenomenon and our innovative large-area nano-fabrication processes, optoelectronic devices with arrayed metallic nanostructures can be easily designed and developed.

An aggregation of Si nano-particles is very attractive due to its potential application to the light emitting devices. Many researches are carrying out their studies intensively in this field. The size and the number density of Si nano-particles formed in the SiO/sub 2/ film are of most interest and important factors in the fabrication process of the light emitting devices. We have tried to determine the concentration ratio of Si nano-particles dispersed in the SiO/sub 2/ film by ellipsometry.

We present the fabrication of high resistive tunnel junctions used for the demonstration of room temperature operating single electron transistor devices with multiple tunnel junctions participating in the conduction process. The tunnel junctions were fabricated by the chemical oxidation of tungsten nano-islands in peracetic acid. The oxidation of tungsten nano-islands with an 8.0 nm average diameter resulted in tungsten oxides 2.0 to 9.0 nm thickness depending on the oxidation time of tungsten nano-islands. The fabricated W-WO 3 tunnel junctions have an estimated tunnel resistance of ∼29GΩ with the charging energies of 160.0 meV for the device, with the effective capacitance of the device estimated at 0.499 aF. The capacitance of the individual junction was found to be 0.947 aF. The SET devices fabricated using these highly resistive tunnel junctions exhibited clear Coulomb blockade and Coulomb oscillations at room temperature. The effective barrier height of the tunnel junctions was calculated to be ∼2.3eV.

A new fabrication method for graded refractive index anti-reflection structure was proposed. Using self-assembled nano-scale silica particles as an etching mask on the first dielectric layer, an arrayed conic-shaped structure was fabricated. Deposition of second material on that textured dielectric film completed the dual-layer anti-reflection structure. We applied ZnS as the first layer and SiO 2 as the second layer. This fabricated 3-dimensional anti-reflection structure (ARS) demonstrated lower averaged reflectivity than a conventional planar dual-layer anti-reflection coating, the thickness of which had been optimized for a GaAs single-junction PV. The averaged reflectance on the fabricated ARS was 2.58% in the wavelength of 350–850nm demonstrated on the Si substrate. Finally, the ARS was applied to a GaAs single-junction PV, leading to enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) which is consistent with the reflectance spectrum.

Photovoltaic (PV) power is a promising choice as low-cost, environmentally friendly energy source. Thin-film solar cell is proposed as an alternative to reduce the cost due to its very thin silicon absorbers and utilization of cheap substrates. However because of the thin thickness of thin film solar cell, the light absorption is poor. In order to increase the absorption efficiency, surface plasmonic effect is used to improve the optical absorption. In this paper, we firstly attempt to use alloy to increase the light absorption. The results show Al-Cu alloy gives a better performance of absorbing light especially in the long wavelength region. We also build a nano-hole / embedded particle structure which can increase the absorption of the long wavelength light as well. In the end, we recommend using alloy material and the hole-particle surface plasmonic structure with a good back reflector in order to have a higher absorption of light to achieve a better performance thin film solar cell.