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Kevlar pulp treated with low-temperature plasma and nano cellulose fibrils (NCFs) have been introduced as reinforcements in the preparation for composite insulating paper with low relative permittivity, dielectric loss, good mechanical properties, and thermal stability. More polar groups of Kevlar fibers could be exposed after plasma treatment. Results showed that the relative permittivity of the composite paper containing 20% Kevlar pulp, 10% NCF, and 70% softwood pulp is decreased by 29.6% and the dielectric loss is decreased by 43.2% at 50 Hz, 25°, compared with the conventional paper formed by pure softwood pulp. The change was due to the introduction of Kevlar pulp with intrinsic low dielectric constant and loss, which decreases the whole polarizability of the paper. The mechanical properties of the composite paper became worse after introducing 20% Kevlar pulp. About 10% NCF can work as a mechanical reinforcement to compensate for the tensile and Yang's modulus loss. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that NCF could fill the void defects and improve the interface bonding of the fibers to enhance the paper mechanical properties. The composite paper also had better insulating and thermal properties than the conventional paper. It has been concluded that the Kevlar pulp/NCF/softwood pulp composite paper has the potential to replace the pure softwood paper for the application of high-voltage ac transformer insulation.

The use of vegetable oil (natural ester) in electrical devices like power transformers is increasing due to their high biodegradability and better safety. The lifespan of power trans- formers is mainly defined by cellulose insulation condition, which usually works together with dielectric oil as electrical insulation and also as mechanical winding protector and compactor. That is why the aim and results of this research shows us not only the dielectric parameters evolution, but also the relationship between the mechanical factors and the moisture content of thermal accelerated ageing processes, with commercial vegetable oil, of Kraft paper and Diamond Dotted Paper (DDP). These are two of the most common insulating materials in electric power transformers. In addition, the new tests have been done by a different method of paper ageing analysis. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement Nº 823969 - BIOTRAFO.

Tight assembly of stator windings with no insulation paper damage is a manufacturing challenge. We evaluate different sets of parts according to the following parameters: magnet wire thickness, stator slot smoothness, length of the straight magnet wire after the slot end, and type and amount of insulation cap at the end of the slot. These parameters have discrete values with small differences between them. The damage criterion is the decrease of the insulation paper breakdown voltage after assembly/disassembly of parts, assembled in a small set of designed experiments. Parameter values, i.e., levels at individual experiments are set by an orthogonal experiment matrix. Repetition of each experiment provides statistical significance. Data analysis shows that the additive model alone is not sufficient due to the high correlation of the parameters’ influences. We extend the model to include interparameter influences, which we model by adding a virtual parameter. The extended additive model generates parameter values that do not degrade the insulation paper breakdown voltage within the manufacturing process. These values are verified by repetitions of the control experiment.

This Special Issue is assembled from a selection of highly-rated technical papers presented at the 4th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference 2020, EDTM 2020. It took place during April 6-21, 2020 and signified the 1st of its kind as a virtual conference financially-sponsored by the Electron Devices Society (EDS). The original EDTM 2020 was planned as a full three-day event at the Hotel Equatorial , Penang, Malaysia from March 16 to 18, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, EDTM 2020 was held as a virtual event .

In this paper the experimental results of a compact low-power rectenna in paper substrate, designed to operate in the Wi-Fi band, are presented. The complete prototype, based on an annular slot antenna and a single-diode rectifier, features a weight of 1.5 grams and shows an RF-to-dc conversion efficiency in the design band of about 40 % for a -10 dBm available input power, of about 28 % at -15 dBm, and in the range [10, 22] % at -20 dBm, corresponding to an output DC voltage in the order of 320, 240 and 60 mV respectively. Additionally, the rectenna features an efficiency higher then 7 % in the whole band 1.8-2.7 dBm for a power density estimated around 3 μW/cm2.

The papers in this special section were presented at the Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC) 2020, which took place in March 2020 in San Diego, CA.

This paper presents the design of a novel rectenna based on a tapered annular slot and a single-diode rectifier, optimized to operate in the Wi-Fi band and in presence of low input power (Pavs=-15 dBm). In order to obtain a compact layout a double-layer architecture has been considered, according to which the interior metal surface of the annular slot is employed as ground plane for the rectifying circuit placed on the other side of the substrate. As a result, a rectenna with an active area of only 40 × 33 mm2 and an efficiency included between 26.5 and 28% has been obtained. The antenna has been fabricated in paper substrate and tested in the anechoic chamber. Then, the rectifier has been designed and optimized within the Advanced Design System suite. Finally, the rectenna performance has been discussed and compared to the State of the Art (SoA).

This Special Section follows from a selection of highly-rated, high impact technical papers presented at the 11th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design for Thin Film Transistor Technologies (CAD-TFT) 2020. The CAD-TFT 2020 was held as a virtual conference on November 10th and 11th, 2020 from the operations center at Tianjin, China. The pre-conference virtual presentations on November 9th, 2020 included six tutorials from internationally recognized experts in their technical fields as well as six posters from China, India, and Canada.

J.A. Moral-Munoz holds a FPU scholarship (AP2012-1789) from the Spanish Ministry of Education., Citation classics offer an outlook on those papers that have attracted great and historical interest by a research community and that could be also considered the basis of the research field. A new approach, which is called H-Classics, has been developed to identify such highly cited papers. It is based on the H-index and is sensitive to both the own characteristics of the corresponding research discipline and its evolution. The present study provides a useful insight into the development of the intelligent transport systems research field, revealing those scientific actors (authors, countries, and institutions) that have made the biggest research contribution to its development., Spanish Government AP2012-1789

Recycled paper is extensively used worldwide. In the last decades its market has expanded considerably. The increasing use of recycled paper in papermaking has led to the production of paper containing several types of impurities. Consequently, wastepaper mills are forced to implement quality control schemes for evaluating the incoming wastepaper stock, thus guarantying the specifications of the final product. The main objective of this work is to present a fast and reliable system for identifying different paper types. Therefore, undesirable paper types can be refused, improving the performance of the paper machine and the final quality of the paper manufactured. For this purpose two fast techniques, i.e., Fourier transform mid-infrared (FTIR) and reflectance near-infrared (*IR) were applied to acquire the infrared spectra of the paper samples. *ext, four processing multivariate methods, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), canonical variate analysis (CVA), extended canonical variate analysis (ECVA) and support vector machines (SVM) were employed in the feature extraction –or dimension reduction– stage. Afterwards, the k nearest neighbors algorithm (k**) was used in the classification phase. Experimental results show the usefulness of the proposed methodology and the potential of both FTIR and *IR spectroscopic methods. Using the FTIR spectrum in association with SVM and k** the system achieved maximum classification accuracy of 100%, whereas using the *IR spectrum in association with ECVA or SVM and k** the system achieved maximum classification accuracy of 96.4%

In this paper we study the radio frequency performance of interconnect using anisotropic conductive film (ACF). A series of experiments are conducted in order to measure and model the electrical characteristics of inkjet-printed circuits on paper substrate as well as the impedance parameters of ACF interconnect at high frequency. Four-point measurement structure, time domain reflectometry (TDR), vector network analyzer (VNA) and de-embedded technology are used to ensure the accuracy of experiments. Equivalent circuit models are built based on the experimental results. Finally, these models are considered as parts of the matching network and circuit design for the RFID receiver, which can be co-designed for developing paper-based electronic systems. It is found that since the difference between RFID tags with and without ACF interconnects is negligible, the influence of ACF interconnects can be ignored for paper-based UHF RFID tag. ACF is a feasible interconnect material for paper-based RFID tags. QC 20111129

This paper introduces a microrobotic platform to make, manipulate and break individual paper fiber bonds. An individual paper fiber bond is the construction unit of a paper sheet and its properties affect the strength of the entire network of a paper sheet. In one hand, conventional laboratory tests on paper fiber bonds are mainly performed in a hand-sheet level. On the other hand, reported methods for paper fiber bond strength tests in individual bond level are either direct which are manual, laborious and have a low throughput or indirect which require data interpretation. The microrobotic platform presented in this paper performs direct and individual tests on paper fiber bonds. Making, manipulating and breaking individual paper fiber bonds are accomplished successfully demonstrating the first steps towards individual bond strength measurement.

The paper deals with power quality (PQ) issues in the specific industrial sector of paper fabrication. In this sector a wide research activity has been performed at customers level in order to identify main susceptibilities of the industrial process and to determine costs associated to PQ events. To this aim data, made available both from production process logs and from electricity distributor protection system interruption recordings, have been used. Finally, some real figures of possible costs due to PQ problems have been identified and discussed in details.

Torsional oscillations bound the speed loop bandwidth (BW) of industrial drives and servo systems, deteriorating the transient response to commands and to disturbances. This is especially harmful in multi-drive systems, like paper machines, that need to run synchronized. This paper presents two methods to dynamically compensate the torsional oscillations produced by the compliant components between the motor and the load: either a notch filter or acceleration feedback based on the rigid-body Luenberger observer. The evaluation includes the effect of the reducer backlash, whereby both time and frequency domain responses are used to compare the benefits of each technique in a typical paper machine section. Results show that both methods, if properly tuned, are effective techniques to reduce torsional oscillations, and are robust to parameter variations

A dual band antenna is inkjet-printed and then folded as part of a paper unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The patterns of the antenna are reproduced on a standard photo paper substrate using an off the shelf inkjet printer. Readily available cartridges with nanoparticle silver conductive ink are employed. A single-layer planar antenna is fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW). The geometry of the radiating element consists of a semicircle with a centered square slot. In order to examine the effect of bending on performance, the antenna is tested unfolded and then folded when integrated onto the airplane. Two configurations of the folded antenna on the plane are analyzed. The aim is to investigate the feasibility of fabricating foldable antennas for paper airplanes using low-cost inkjet printing techniques. The antenna operates at the existing 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz WLAN bands. Finite different time domain simulations compare well with measurement.

This study shows that, at the present state of development, one-bit frequency doubling tags seems to be feasible exploiting green technologies. The optimal process will exploit a paper substrate where both antennas and pentacene organic diodes could be deposited by means of ink-jet printing. The proposed frequency doubling tag has a fully uniplanar layout (no vias needed), whereas the use of simple non-linear devices is adequate to open the market of organic microwave RFID systems.

In this paper, an overview of design requirements and novel approaches for improved performance UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. Two matching techniques, inductively coupled structure and serial stub structure are discussed. Different antenna configurations are proposed, focusing on low-profile, low polarization mismatch and high directivity. Paper substrates, that could potentially utilize inkjet printing techniques, are also investigated for the realization of ultra-low-cost RFID tags.

Proper operation of the dry end of a paper machine requires some type of sheet tension control. Present systems use either indirect-speed-control-based schemes, or sensor-based direct tension control utilizing load cells or swing rolls. The indirect schemes are inadequate for most newer machines, and both types of the commonly used sensor-based schemes are invasive, expensive, require either special, or extra rolls, and add complexity to the sheet runs. This paper proposes and evaluates sheet tension estimation using only conventional motor and control signals, present in all newer drive controllers, integrated into a process model observer. This observer-based approach eliminates the need for the invasive tension transducers, and may also be used to replace the inaccurate indirect speed control schemes.

Maintaining low and stable electrode contact impedances is critical for obtaining high quality signals in out-of-the-lab EEG units. Current EEG units measure the impedance of the electrode contacts by injecting an out-of-band, typically 1 kHz, current into the head. This high frequency component is easily isolated from the true EEG to avoid introducing artifacts, but does not give direct information on the contact impedance at the wanted cortical frequencies, typically at 5–30 Hz. This paper investigates two techniques for allowing simultaneous impedance measurements at 5–30 Hz for the first time. One method uses digital processing for removing the EEG artifact that continuous in-band impedance monitoring produces. The other uses a new 36 nW notch filter for removing the interference. Both are shown to allow impedance monitoring at 5–30 Hz while leaving minimal residual artifacts in the collected EEG traces.

info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//TEC2014-60283-C3-3-R/ES/NUEVOS MODELOS NO LINEALES COMPORTAMENTALES DE TRANSISTORES Y TECNOLOGIAS DE DISEÑO PARA AMPLIFICADORES DE POTENCIA DE BANDA DUAL PARA DRONES MULTICOPTERO LIGEROS To meet state-of-the-art specs in nonlinear circuit design for high frequency transceivers, we need computational efficient and reliable active device nonlinear models. Frequencydomain behavioral formulations, like X-parameters, have proven successful in this context. In this paper these formulations are exploited, through simplifications and transformations to the admittance/impedance domains, to algebraically guide the complex nonlinear design flow, in particular, in oscillator design. In addition, analytically the transistor behavioral model bandwidth can be extended, through the enhanced frequency scalability provided by the admittance domain. Simulations and measurements, HEMT and HBT devices will be used to validate the described approaches. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. TEC2014-60283-C3-3-R

This paper documents the successful development and evaluation of a novel membrane switch. The process results in lower environmental burdens and manufacturing costs than current screen-printed polyester solutions. Detailed is the evaluation of offset lithographically printed conductive tracks on paper substrates for application in computer keyboard assemblies. Offset lithographic printing of conductive tracks is an emerging fabrication technique finding application in low-cost, high volume, flexible circuitry applications. Several fully featured demonstration keyboards and switch membranes have been constructed and tested. These are currently in use in office environments and are presented.

The importance of external inputs into academic environments is highlighted and the actions that have been taken by the School of Computing and Technology at the University of Sunderland to ensure that external speakers are invited from industry and academia to come and give a fresh view on issues related to computing and technology are outlined. Details are then presented on the three series of guest lectures that have been instituted by the School: (i) Distinguished Speaker series, (ii) Practitioner Series, (iii) BCS SocioTech (North) series.

In industry an engineer is often required to keep a logbook for recording developments within projects. In higher education, logbooks are a commonly used tool thought to be one that encourages active independent learning and reflective thinking. In School of Engineering, at University of Portsmouth, paper and more recently online logbooks have been in use for recording work for final year projects and project based learning tasks. The work presented here benefits from a unique opportunity within the School of Engineering, where online logbooks alongside traditional paper based logbooks are being used within final year projects. A recent cohort of students (N=127) on ENG600 project module was given the option, through their Supervisors, to use paper logbooks and or online logbooks for recording their work. This work aims to investigate the use of both paper and online logbooks. A mix of Qualitative Research methods and quantitative techniques will be used in this project. The use of content analysis will provide an insight into student reflections and their motivations for using their logbook. Furthermore focus groups, involving live editing of documents in an individual and collaborative fashion, will be used to gather more data for analysis. Quantitative methods (questionnaire, analytics and quantitative content analysis) will also be used in this study. When this work is completed, it will provide guidance and comparison on using the two types of logbooks, backed by knowledge of student motivations and approaches.

The detection and control of the dry line machine direction position on a fourdrinier paper machine are considered. The dry line position is detected using a digital image processing system consisting of a CCD camera, a frame grabber and a standard PC. The system was installed on a kraft liner machine and both open loop and closed loop experiments were performed with encouraging results. The introduction of automatic control of the dry line position reduces the time for grade changes and it also reduces the machine operators work load. The reduced time leads to smaller production losses and hence to economical benefits. Godkänd; 1998; 20061029 (ysko)

This paper presents a novel method for automated manipulation of individual paper fiber bonds using a microrobotic platform, a computer vision algorithm and a robotic software framework. This is a challenging task due to the three-dimensional, heterogeneous and complex morphology of the fiber bonds. The goal is to automatically grasp the fiber bond, and break it by pulling apart the fibers it consists of. We present the components of the microrobotic platform, and the different rules utilized in detecting suitable grasp points from a 3D reconstruction of the bond generated from an image pair. We demonstrate the functionality of the approach with bond breaking experiments of seven fiber bonds. The time required for grasping and breaking of a bond is 10 – 15 seconds making the approach much faster than the current state-of-the-art testing, which is based on manual manipulation. The success rate of the tests is as high as 80 %. acceptedVersion

In this study, we explore three different strategies for such situation; 1) Extreme approach that reprovisions all connections in danger with full or degraded bandwidth, 2) relax approach that reprovisions only critical connections, and 3) careful approach that reprovisions some or all connections based on the alarm level. We compare these strategies for a case study, an earthquake on San Andreas Fault Line. We conduct numerical examples over a 24-node US-wide topology where the connections have heterogeneous bandwidth and availability requirements. The numerical examples show that careful approach provides a better solution than extreme and relax approaches, especially for heavy network loads in terms of expected penalty in case of an earthquake.

Dielectric response measurements are an important maintenance and diagnostic tool for large oil filled power transformers. There are numerous operational disadvantages to performing dielectric response measurements offline, such as the need to disconnect the transformer from the grid, the time taken for the tests and the risk posed to the network. There is therefore a need to develop techniques to perform dielectric response measurements online. This paper presents the results from experimental work conducted in developing a method for performing Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) measurements on an energized three phase transformer in the laboratory. A chirp excitation voltage signal is used in this work to reduce the measurement time. Extraction of the magnitude and phase information, from the chirp signal, is accomplished using a chirp-matched fitter. Signal injection onto and out of the transformer under test is achieved via neutral connections or “virtual” neutral connections in the set-up. The experimental work establishes the feasibility of using the FDS test on an energized transformer.

Previously, robots were mainly used by big companies in high volume manufacturing (i.e.: car industry). Industrial robots were perfect to execute procedures simplified to tiny (angular) movements. Today robots have appeared in small and medium enterprises, and they will appear rapidly in non-engineering fields as well, like offices, hospitals, and even in our homes. Robotics grains ground in newer and newer fields and it is too wide to overview it in one paper. This paper tries to summarize the nowadays robotics trends from the point of view of industrial electronics and industrial informatics.

In this paper, we propose the first dual-band retrodirective reflector array using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and inkjet-printed technologies on flexible low-cost substrates, such as paper, for operability around 3.6GHz and 5.8GHz. In addition, it offers the versatility of multiband retro-directive designs potentially covering numerous RFID interrogation, sensing and communication bands, while it does not suffer from typical undesirable EM interference effects from commonly used microstrip and CPW feed-lines. The retro-directive properties of the proposed architecture have been verified through the fabrication and characterization of a benchmarking prototype.

Organic substrates is one of the leading solutions to realize ultra-low-cost and “green” wireless sensor applications. Inkjet printing on paper would be particularly economically appealing if commercial antennas could be replaced with printed antennas with similar performance. This paper presents the replacement of an inkjet-printed, planar, inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for a conventional commercially available, three dimensional (3D) monopole used in a Smart Wireless Integrated Module (SWIM). Both the sensor layout and PIFA antenna are inkjet-printed on paper substrate, in a first successful step towards the implementation of a fully operational, fully planar wireless sensor on paper at Wi-Fi frequency (2.4 GHz).

This paper presents the remaining lifetime calculation of power transformers paper insulation and consequently of power transformers. The calculations are performed based on two models, which are related to the thermal degradation of the cellulose winding paper insulation: the common IEC loading guide and a paper degradation model. The paper insulation model's prediction can be improved by involving data from furfural analysis. The remaining lifetime is extracted from the fault probability (reliability) of the paper insulation. The two models are brought together, to aid the asset manager in the decision making process. A probabilistic approach is used, which can be coupled to analysis in terms of risks, benefits, costs, and availability by the asset manager.

Some ballots such as those for local elections in Germany contain more than 500 candidates, allow for more than 70 votes and the system allows voters to perform cumulative voting, vote splitting and crossing out of candidates which results in huge ballot papers containing only one race. As none of the existing electronic voting systems seem to be feasible for this kind of election we propose a new approach in this paper. The main idea is to have a vote casting device that does not store votes but only prints a summary of the selection voters made at device. This printout is put into the ballot box. In addition, to the human readable summary, the so called Voter Verifiable Summary of the Vote Paper Audit Trail (VV-SV-PAT) contains a 2D barcode which makes it easier to properly enter votes into the counting software. In addition, we propose an improvement for the counting software. With this approach we aim to support the actual procedure of vote casting and tallying by an accurate use of technology while at the same time preserving, or even improving, verifiability and usability compared to the traditional system.

This paper introduces a microrobotic platform to manipulate and characterize individual paper fibers. Mechanical characterization of individual paper fibers determines the key parameters which affect the quality of paper sheets. Current laboratory tests are based on bulk paper fiber measurements. This paper presents a microrobotic platform which is able to characterize the flexibility of individual paper fibers directly, not in bulk amount and using indirect estimations. The flexibility of three different pulp samples is measured and the experimental results are reported.

Electrical failure of insulation is known to be an extremal random process wherein nominally identical pro-rated specimens of equipment insulation, at constant stress fail at inordinately different times even under laboratory test conditions. In order to be able to estimate the life of power equipment, it is necessary to run long duration ageing experiments under accelerated stresses, to acquire and analyze insulation specific failure data. In the present work, Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP) a relatively new insulation system of choice used in transformer bushings, is taken as an example. The failure data has been processed using proven statistical methods, both graphical and analytical. The physical model governing insulation failure at constant accelerated stress has been assumed to be based on temperature dependent inverse power law model.

In this paper, the first ever wireless “System On Paper” is introduced. A paper based wireless sensor module verifies the feasibility of this technology. Inkjet printing of conductive nano-particle silver ink, as well as the efficient integration of sensor active and passive devices and power source, reported in this paper, set the foundation for the development of low-cost light-weight autonomous nodes for cognitive intelligence applications.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) can be utilized for the tagging of a wide variety of application. A planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) for real time locating has been designed, built and characterized on paper substrate. In specific the PIFA for tagging of metallic objects such as containers in ports or automotive applications is designed, fabricated, and characterized on a paper substrate. The antenna interconnect, or simply the shorting via A via, was drilled though the paper substrate using laser in one of the corners of the structure and, and is characterized by plotting S parameters. Agreement between simulation and measurements provide the proof of concept that paper is a good candidate for a multilayer low cost substrate. This effort proves for the first time, the feasibility of building 3D structure on paper with z-interconnects.

Torsional oscillations greatly affect performance and determine the bandwidth (BW) and damping of speed loops. Backlash due to gear reducers can also contribute to the triggering of oscillations, especially when the drive runs at very low load torque. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of these effects in typical electro-mechanical drive trains applied to paper machine sections. The cases evaluated consider torsional oscillations in two-mass and three-mass systems, and the effect of shaft diameter and length on the resonance frequencies of three typical paper machine sections. Time domain response plots are evaluated to show the effect of speed response overshoot, reducer backlash, and step or ramp speed commands. Based on these results, mechanical design guidelines are given for the most significant drive train components in order to minimize torsional oscillations of the speed controlled drive system.

Current industrial automation systems are becoming more and more complex, and typically involve different phases of engineering, such as design time and runtime. System requirements, which are usually elicited during design time by engineers, currently are not sufficiently represented at runtime, like the runtime enforcement of safety requirements for industrial automation systems. Such kind of enforcement usually is very hard to model and predict at design time. Hence, the need exists to capture and manage safety requirements at design time and runtime, since safety requirements of industrial automation systems may lead to high risks if not addressed properly. In this position paper, we introduce a safety requirements enforcement framework and the using of Boilerplates for requirements elicitation and by explicitly modeling the runtime requirements knowledge for further application. We illustrate and evaluate the approach with data from a real-world case study in the area of industrial process systems. Major result was that the Boilerplates and explicit engineering knowledge are well suited to capture and enforce runtime safety requirements of industrial automation systems.

This invited panel paper discussion will outline a number of aspects of wind energy characteristics relevant to the optimal wind/transmission model formulation task. Optimal placement of wind capacity on a constrained transmission network is a typical example of this type of problem. In particular the relevance of advanced and computationally intensive stochastic unit commitment to the model formulation will be debated. Optimization constraint matrix structure and techniques to exploit it will be shown to be of considerable importance for this type of problem. The relative merits of different model dimensionality reduction schemes, either through multivariate component analysis and probability discretisation or indeed scenario reduction, will be discussed. A pragmatic acceptance of the imprecise impact of long-term power system uncertainties will be maintained throughout, and wherever possible generality to different types of power systems will be considered.

In this paper, inkjet-printed RFID-enabled sensor modules are investigated for the first time on paper-based substrates for UHF sensing/monitoring applications. An inkjet-printed antenna using silver nano particles on paper substrate is presented and utilized for the compact implementation of the wireless part of the node. The efficiency of the modulation scheme of the sensor signal is characterized at the UHF RFID Band operating around the center frequency of 433.9 MHz, verifying the feasibility of the sensor/rfid integration. Such low-cost integrated sensing nodes would enable the deployment of large ad-hoc wireless sensor networks that would mark a revolution in wireless automatic identification and real-time monitoring for medical, inventory and security applications.

The first papers reporting original research results in technical periodicals and proceedings appeared in the late 17th century. Since that time, the typical scientific paper has evolved from a fairly simple document, accessible to a general audience, to a much more complex one, aimed at a specialized audience. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of what the first scientific papers were like and how they evolved to their present form and style. To facilitate this discussion, the scientific paper`s development has arbitrarily been divided into four stages: the origin and formative years of the scientific paper (1665-1765), emergence of scientific papers written for specialized publications (1765-1865), development of the modem scientific paper (1865-1965), and hyperspecialization and computerization of the modem scientific paper (1965-?).

The IEEE Technology Time Machine (TTM) is a unique event for industry leaders, academics, and decision making government officials who direct R&D activities, plan research pro grams or manage portfolios of research activities. This report covers the main topics of the 2nd Symposium of future technologies. The Symposium brought together world renowned experts to discuss the evolutionary and revolutionary advances in technology landscapes as we look towards 2020 and beyond. TTM facilitated informal discussions among the participants and speakers thus pro vi ding an excellent opportunity for informal interaction between attendees, senior business leaders, world-renowned innovators, and the press. The goal of the Symposium is to discover key critical innovations across technologies which will alter the research and application space of the future. Topics covered the future of Wireless Technology, Smart Grid, The Internet Of Things, Cloud Computing, Silicon, and non-Silicon technology, Biotechnology, and life Sciences. The following is a review of some of the areas covered at TTM 20 12.

Paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cables provide the backbone of underground power distribution in the United States and other parts of the world. Efficient replacement of aged PILC is a looming challenge for the utility industry. Interdigital dielectrometry sensors that measure the dielectric properties of PILC cable are presented. Such sensors may be used to perform low cost health assessment of excavated cable samples. An overview of the theoretical groundwork is presented along with steady state and transient experimental results.

Many high speed color printers require that sheets be accurately controlled in order to achieve a precise alignment of colors. To accomplish this goal, a steerable nips mechanism has been proposed as an actuator to propel sheets along the printer's paper path. This steerable nips mechanism allows the sheet to be precisely controlled in the longitudinal, lateral and skew directions. In this paper we develop a control strategy based on linearization by state feedback and dynamic surface control (DSC) to precisely control the position of the sheet. The proposed controller is able to move the sheet from an initial to a final state under the condition that the sheet has nonzero initial and final velocities. The system model is nonlinear and subject to four nonholonomic constraints. Two of these constraints are related to the fact that the velocities perpendicular to the wheels must be zero, and the other two constraints are due to the non-slip condition.

Software engineering researchers solve problems of several different kinds. To do so, they produce several different kinds of results, and they should develop appropriate evidence to validate these results. They often report their research in conference papers. I analyzed the abstracts of research papers submitted to ICSE 2002 in order to identify the types of research reported in the submitted and accepted papers, and I observed the program committee discussions about which papers to accept. This report presents the research paradigms of the papers, common concerns of the program committee, and statistics on success rates. This information should help researchers design better research projects and write papers that present their results to best advantage.

This paper reviews silicon implementations of threshold logic gates, covering several decades. It details numerous VLSI implementations including: capacitive (switched capacitor and floating gate with their variations), conductance/current (pseudo-nMOS, output-wired-inverters, and a plethora of solutions evolved from them), as well as many differential solutions. Nanoelectronic implementations (e.g., based on negative resistance devices and on single electron technologies) are shortly mentioned

Recent advances in the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and ground/aircraft data-links provide a basis for the generation of an accurate cockpit navigational map display including data-linked ATC-cleared ground routes. Such an electronic map may have the potential to improve pilots' situation awareness and taxi performance and thereby lessen runway incursions. The objective of this simulator study was to assess the potential improvements in these areas when using an advanced electronic map (compared to using today's paper map) under two outside scene visibility levels. Results showed average taxi speed increased under both good and poor visibilities, by as much as 24 percent, due in part to eliminating the time used for orientation with the paper map. Pilots made only one-third as many errors as well and commented that they believed that the electronic map gave them better awareness. >