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This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.

This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.

This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

This paper analyses China’s growing presence in Central Asia and its consequences on Sino-Russian bilateral relations. Global leading economic powers are establishing relations with Central Asian states and are actively investing in the trade and energy sector. China is becoming an influential external actor due to its energy and security interests linked to this region as it will decrease Chinese dependence on Middle East for its energy needs. Russia has been considering Central Asia as important domain of its great power and never allowed any other state to replace its hegemony in Central Asia. Though China and Russia have witnessed a bitter past but now cooperating for their mutual interests in Central Asia. This paper aims to provide a historical perspective of Sino-Russian relations and an analysis of current engagement of China and Russia in Central Asia through the lens of neorealism. The methodology used in the research paper is secondary resources as the information has been gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, blogs, etc. The paper suggests that despite the Sino-Russian collision of interests in Central Asia, both major powers will continue to maintain peaceful co-existence to ensure economic development, peace, and prosperity in this region of the world.

The world has shifted to a digital landscape in the recent decade with both its perks and underlying threats. Russia, throughout history has experimented with its information along with cyber channels and have been able to generate fruitful results that are manifested in the contemporary era. Russian expertise towards merging cyber domain into its military capabilities is praiseworthy to the point that its Western adversaries, despite the fact being economically and technologically advanced compared to Russia, have not been able to effectively counter Russian aggression. This research examines the essentiality of cyber security as a mere software or cyber command can create instability and drastic consequences requiring millions for clean-up by examining Russian cyber-attacks on Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, US and Western Europe and concludes that the first steps towards Cyber and Information Warfare have been made, it is now to be made sure this does not escalate into a Cyber Arms Race. The research recommends that cyber security should be treated as an international issue with rules established for cyber governance and databases identifying cyber criminals and the software used by them or can be used by them and requires cooperation rather than competition amongst states particularly global superpowers.