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The article depicts a design method for a backfire antenna (BFA). According to the article, it comprises elements such as a feed F, a surface wave (SW) structure S, and two parallel disk reflectors. It is stated that the SW structure in use is a metal disk-on-rod construction even if the same design method can be implemented to backfire antennas with other kinds of SW rods. It notes that the presented design scheme is based on simple empirical equations, graphs and tables, and is formalized by measurements of BFA prototypes.

The article discusses the theory of potential upgrading of indoor signal coverage, and presents a proof of the theory using low-cost passive repeaters for the 900 MHz cellular band. To optimize indoor signal distribution, the authors integrate a signal phase shifter to the traditional antenna passive repeater scheme. A description of the three schemes of building passive repeaters is provided. The authors explore the ray-tracing analysis of outdoor-to-indoor passive repeaters, the use of passive repeater in power transfer, as well as double-ray analysis and numerical analysis of on-wall passive repeater.