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Los sistemas de distribución de agua (tanto de redes de abastecimiento como de riego) pueden ser de varias formas, pero atendiendo a la manera en que se transporta el agua pueden ser a lámina libre o presurizados. En general, los sistemas presurizados tienen gran versatilidad puesto que las condiciones de distribución de caudal y presión permiten abastecer a puntos de consumo con muy diversas necesidades y cotas. El presente objeto de aprendizaje presenta la naturaleza de estos sistemas de redes de distribución de agua presurizados, que se basan en la existencia de bombas para asegurar la presión en cualquier punto de los mismos, en todas las condiciones de caudal. Estos son la base por ejemplo de los sistemas de suministro de agua urbanos. Water distribution systems (both supply and irrigation networks) can be of various shapes, but depending on the way in which the water is transported, they can be free sheet or pressurized. In general, pressurized systems have great versatility since the flow and pressure distribution conditions allow them to supply consumption points with very different needs and levels. This learning object presents the nature of these pressurized water distribution network systems, which are based on the existence of pumps to ensure pressure at any point in them, in all flow conditions. These are the basis, for example, of urban water supply systems.

Los sistemas de distribución de agua (tanto de redes de abastecimiento como de riego) pueden ser de varias formas, pero atendiendo a la manera en que se transporta el agua pueden ser a lámina libre o presurizados. En general, los sistemas presurizados tienen gran versatilidad puesto que las condiciones de distribución de caudal y presión permiten abastecer a puntos de consumo con muy diversas necesidades y cotas. El presente objeto de aprendizaje presenta la naturaleza de estos sistemas de redes de distribución de agua presurizados, que se basan en la existencia de bombas para asegurar la presión en cualquier punto de los mismos, en todas las condiciones de caudal. Estos son la base por ejemplo de los sistemas de suministro de agua urbanos. Water distribution systems (both supply and irrigation networks) can be of various shapes, but depending on the way in which the water is transported, they can be free sheet or pressurized. In general, pressurized systems have great versatility since the flow and pressure distribution conditions allow them to supply consumption points with very different needs and levels. This learning object presents the nature of these pressurized water distribution network systems, which are based on the existence of pumps to ensure pressure at any point in them, in all flow conditions. These are the basis, for example, of urban water supply systems.

Los sistemas de distribución de agua (tanto de redes de abastecimiento como de riego) pueden ser de varias formas, pero atendiendo a la manera en que se transporta el agua pueden ser a lámina libre o presurizados. En general, los sistemas presurizados tienen gran versatilidad puesto que las condiciones de distribución de caudal y presión permiten abastecer a puntos de consumo con muy diversas necesidades y cotas. El presente objeto de aprendizaje presenta la naturaleza de estos sistemas de redes de distribución de agua presurizados, que se basan en la existencia de bombas para asegurar la presión en cualquier punto de los mismos, en todas las condiciones de caudal. Estos son la base por ejemplo de los sistemas de suministro de agua urbanos. Water distribution systems (both supply and irrigation networks) can be of various shapes, but depending on the way in which the water is transported, they can be free sheet or pressurized. In general, pressurized systems have great versatility since the flow and pressure distribution conditions allow them to supply consumption points with very different needs and levels. This learning object presents the nature of these pressurized water distribution network systems, which are based on the existence of pumps to ensure pressure at any point in them, in all flow conditions. These are the basis, for example, of urban water supply systems.

Los sistemas de distribución de agua (tanto de redes de abastecimiento como de riego) pueden ser de varias formas, pero atendiendo a la manera en que se transporta el agua pueden ser a lámina libre o presurizados. En general, los sistemas presurizados tienen gran versatilidad puesto que las condiciones de distribución de caudal y presión permiten abastecer a puntos de consumo con muy diversas necesidades y cotas. El presente objeto de aprendizaje presenta la naturaleza de estos sistemas de redes de distribución de agua presurizados, que se basan en la existencia de bombas para asegurar la presión en cualquier punto de los mismos, en todas las condiciones de caudal. Estos son la base por ejemplo de los sistemas de suministro de agua urbanos. Water distribution systems (both supply and irrigation networks) can be of various shapes, but depending on the way in which the water is transported, they can be free sheet or pressurized. In general, pressurized systems have great versatility since the flow and pressure distribution conditions allow them to supply consumption points with very different needs and levels. This learning object presents the nature of these pressurized water distribution network systems, which are based on the existence of pumps to ensure pressure at any point in them, in all flow conditions. These are the basis, for example, of urban water supply systems.

Tesis por compendio, [ES] Los esfuerzos que hacen los países, en conjunto con organizaciones mundiales, tales como IWA (por International Water Association), ONU-Agua y OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para mitigar el impacto ambiental en el campo de la hidráulica urbana son considerados de vital importancia. Sin embargo, la escasez de los recursos hídricos en el mundo aumenta diariamente. Esto viene dado por el aumento constante de la demanda en los sectores industrial, agrícola y urbano, provocado por el aumento poblacional y el cambio climático. Los administradores de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (WSSs, por sus siglas en inglés, water supply systems) se han visto desafiados a suplir la creciente demanda de los diferentes sectores con la cantidad, calidad y eficiencia necesarios y, a su vez, reducir el desperdicio y el mal uso del recurso. Desde esta perspectiva, las fugas de agua son el mayor problema que enfrentan los administradores de estas empresas de servicios públicos. Las fugas en una red provocan problemas de salud, de escasez, económicos y medioambientales. El uso de técnicas de inspección no destructivas debe favorecer una rápida identificación de problemas, para realizar acciones posteriores de reparación en la red. Este trabajo hace uso del GPR (siglas en inglés de ground penetrating radar) como técnica de inspección no destructiva porque: favorece la exploración del subsuelo sin causar alteraciones al medio, es de fácil aplicación y, además, permite obtener pseudo imágenes del subsuelo. Uno de los objetivos de este documento es identificar y extraer características de una fuga en un WSS mediante imágenes de GPR, con el fin último de recrear las fugas a través de modelos 3D. Se realizaron ensayos de laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas donde se emuló una parcela en la cual se había enterrado una tubería con una pequeño orifico que simula una fuga de agua; tras introducir agua al sistema, se realizaron prospecciones con el GPR. Una vez finalizada la ex, [CA] Els esforços que fan els països en conjunt amb organitzacions mundials, como ara IWA (per International Water Association), ONU-Agua i OMS (per Organització Mundial de la Salut), per a mitigar l'impacte ambiental en el camp de la hidràulica urbana són considerats de vital importància. No obstant això, l'escassetat dels recursos hídrics en el món augmenta diàriament, donat per l'augment constant de la demanda en els sectors industrial, agrícola i urbà, provocat per l'augment poblacional i el canvi climàtic. Els administradors dels sistemes d'abastiment d'aigua (WSSs, per les seus sigles en anglès, water supply systems) s'han vist desafiats a suplir la creixent demanda dels diferents sectors amb la quantitat, qualitat i eficiència necessaris i, al seu torn, reduir el desaprofitament i el mal ús del recurs. Enfocant aquesta perspectiva, les pèrdues d'aigua són el problema més gran fet front pels directors d'aquestes utilitats. Les pèrdues d'aigua en una xarxa provoquen problemes de salut, d'escassetat, econòmics i mediambientals. L'ús de tècniques d'inspecció no destructives que afavoreixen una ràpida identificació per a realitzar accions de reparació posteriors en la xarxa. Aquest treball fa ús del GPR (sigles en anglès per ground penetrating radar) com a tècnica d'inspecció no destructiva perquè afavoreix l'exploració del subsol sense causar alteracions al entorn, és de fàcil aplicació i a més permet obtenir pseudo imatges del subsol. Un dels objectius d'aquest document és identificar i extraure característiques d'una pèrdua en un WSS mitjançant imatges de GPR, amb la fi última de recrear les pèrdues a través de models 3D. Es van realitzar assajos de laboratori sota condicions controlades on es va emular una parcel¿la en la qual s'ha enterrat una canonada amb una xicotet forat que simula una pèrdua d'aigua; després d'introduir aigua al sistema, s'obtenen prospeccions amb el GPR. Una vegada finalitzada l'exploració del subsol, atès que les imatges de GPR en brut, [EN] The efforts made by the countries in collaboration with world organizations, such as IWA (for International Water Association), UN-Water and WHO (for World Health Organization), to mitigate the environmental impact in the field of urban hydraulics are considered of vital importance. However, the scarcity of water resources in the world increases daily, given by the constant increase in demand in the industrial, agricultural and urban sectors, caused by the population increase and the climate change. Managers of water supply systems (WSSs) are challenged to supply the growing demand of different sectors with sufficient quantity, quality and efficiency and, in turn, reduce waste and misuse of the resource. Focusing this perspective, water leaks are the biggest problem faced by the managers of these utilities. Leaks in a network cause health, shortage, economic and environmental problems. The use of non-destructive inspection techniques favors rapid identification to carry out subsequent repair actions on the network. This work makes use of the GPR (ground penetrating radar) as a non-destructive inspection technique because: it favors the exploration of the ground without causing alterations to the environment, it is easy to apply, and also allows to obtain pseudo images of the subsoil. This document presents two data processing methodologies that allow obtaining images from which it is possible to identify both the system components and the leak and its scope. The data treatment methodologies applied in this document are a multi-agent-based system (MABS) methodology and the variance filter, a methodology based on second-order statistical parameters. Subsequently, after applying these processing methodologies to the images, the results are subjected to an analysis that eases the best choice, avoiding expert's subjectivity. Under this concept, this document proposes the joint use of two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy P

Tesis por compendio, [ES] Los esfuerzos que hacen los países, en conjunto con organizaciones mundiales, tales como IWA (por International Water Association), ONU-Agua y OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para mitigar el impacto ambiental en el campo de la hidráulica urbana son considerados de vital importancia. Sin embargo, la escasez de los recursos hídricos en el mundo aumenta diariamente. Esto viene dado por el aumento constante de la demanda en los sectores industrial, agrícola y urbano, provocado por el aumento poblacional y el cambio climático. Los administradores de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (WSSs, por sus siglas en inglés, water supply systems) se han visto desafiados a suplir la creciente demanda de los diferentes sectores con la cantidad, calidad y eficiencia necesarios y, a su vez, reducir el desperdicio y el mal uso del recurso. Desde esta perspectiva, las fugas de agua son el mayor problema que enfrentan los administradores de estas empresas de servicios públicos. Las fugas en una red provocan problemas de salud, de escasez, económicos y medioambientales. El uso de técnicas de inspección no destructivas debe favorecer una rápida identificación de problemas, para realizar acciones posteriores de reparación en la red. Este trabajo hace uso del GPR (siglas en inglés de ground penetrating radar) como técnica de inspección no destructiva porque: favorece la exploración del subsuelo sin causar alteraciones al medio, es de fácil aplicación y, además, permite obtener pseudo imágenes del subsuelo. Uno de los objetivos de este documento es identificar y extraer características de una fuga en un WSS mediante imágenes de GPR, con el fin último de recrear las fugas a través de modelos 3D. Se realizaron ensayos de laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas donde se emuló una parcela en la cual se había enterrado una tubería con una pequeño orifico que simula una fuga de agua; tras introducir agua al sistema, se realizaron prospecciones con el GPR. Una vez finalizada la ex, [CA] Els esforços que fan els països en conjunt amb organitzacions mundials, como ara IWA (per International Water Association), ONU-Agua i OMS (per Organització Mundial de la Salut), per a mitigar l'impacte ambiental en el camp de la hidràulica urbana són considerats de vital importància. No obstant això, l'escassetat dels recursos hídrics en el món augmenta diàriament, donat per l'augment constant de la demanda en els sectors industrial, agrícola i urbà, provocat per l'augment poblacional i el canvi climàtic. Els administradors dels sistemes d'abastiment d'aigua (WSSs, per les seus sigles en anglès, water supply systems) s'han vist desafiats a suplir la creixent demanda dels diferents sectors amb la quantitat, qualitat i eficiència necessaris i, al seu torn, reduir el desaprofitament i el mal ús del recurs. Enfocant aquesta perspectiva, les pèrdues d'aigua són el problema més gran fet front pels directors d'aquestes utilitats. Les pèrdues d'aigua en una xarxa provoquen problemes de salut, d'escassetat, econòmics i mediambientals. L'ús de tècniques d'inspecció no destructives que afavoreixen una ràpida identificació per a realitzar accions de reparació posteriors en la xarxa. Aquest treball fa ús del GPR (sigles en anglès per ground penetrating radar) com a tècnica d'inspecció no destructiva perquè afavoreix l'exploració del subsol sense causar alteracions al entorn, és de fàcil aplicació i a més permet obtenir pseudo imatges del subsol. Un dels objectius d'aquest document és identificar i extraure característiques d'una pèrdua en un WSS mitjançant imatges de GPR, amb la fi última de recrear les pèrdues a través de models 3D. Es van realitzar assajos de laboratori sota condicions controlades on es va emular una parcel¿la en la qual s'ha enterrat una canonada amb una xicotet forat que simula una pèrdua d'aigua; després d'introduir aigua al sistema, s'obtenen prospeccions amb el GPR. Una vegada finalitzada l'exploració del subsol, atès que les imatges de GPR en brut, [EN] The efforts made by the countries in collaboration with world organizations, such as IWA (for International Water Association), UN-Water and WHO (for World Health Organization), to mitigate the environmental impact in the field of urban hydraulics are considered of vital importance. However, the scarcity of water resources in the world increases daily, given by the constant increase in demand in the industrial, agricultural and urban sectors, caused by the population increase and the climate change. Managers of water supply systems (WSSs) are challenged to supply the growing demand of different sectors with sufficient quantity, quality and efficiency and, in turn, reduce waste and misuse of the resource. Focusing this perspective, water leaks are the biggest problem faced by the managers of these utilities. Leaks in a network cause health, shortage, economic and environmental problems. The use of non-destructive inspection techniques favors rapid identification to carry out subsequent repair actions on the network. This work makes use of the GPR (ground penetrating radar) as a non-destructive inspection technique because: it favors the exploration of the ground without causing alterations to the environment, it is easy to apply, and also allows to obtain pseudo images of the subsoil. This document presents two data processing methodologies that allow obtaining images from which it is possible to identify both the system components and the leak and its scope. The data treatment methodologies applied in this document are a multi-agent-based system (MABS) methodology and the variance filter, a methodology based on second-order statistical parameters. Subsequently, after applying these processing methodologies to the images, the results are subjected to an analysis that eases the best choice, avoiding expert's subjectivity. Under this concept, this document proposes the joint use of two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy P

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se ha diseñado y dimensionado las instalaciones de climatización (Refrigeración, calefacción y ventilación) así como las instalaciones salubres (Abastecimiento de agua fría, Agua caliente sanitaria y recogidas de aguas residuales y pluviales) de una vivienda de nueva ejecución destinada al uso residencial. En lo referente a la instalación de climatización se ha diseñado una instalación con bomba de calor mediante un sistema aire-agua en la que se usarán fancoils como equipos terminales. Primero se han establecido las necesidades térmicas de las diferentes estancias de la vivienda, teniendo en cuenta su orientación y tipos de cerramientos, por medio de la aplicación CLIMA (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Dadas las diferencias en la distribución del edificio de tres plantas, se ha optado por la distribución individual de las estancias a tratar a excepción de la planta baja que al ser un espacio diáfano se ha requerido de una instalación conjunta con una distribución mediante conductos, los cuales se han determinado mediante la aplicación DUCTO (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Por otro lado, dadas las necesidades de ventilación de los espacios habitables, se ha establecido una ventilación mecánica por medio de una instalación de conductos circulares en chapa de acero, la ventilación se llevará acabo manteniendo las zonas húmedas en depresión y en sobrepresión el resto de las estancias logrando así garantizar una elevada calidad del aire debido al barrido generado en el flujo del aire. Además, se ha instalado un recuperador de calor que permitirá recuperar parte de la energía invertida en tratar el aire que será extraído. En segundo lugar, se ha diseñado una red de abastecimiento de agua fría que tendrá las condiciones mínimas de salubridad y servicio. Dadas las características de la vivienda en cuanto a dimensiones ha sido necesario el dimensionado de un grupo de bombeo para, [EN] In this end-of-degree project, Air conditioning (cooling systems, heating, ventilation) as well as sanitation (cold water supply, sanitary hot water, storm and waste water collection) facilities of a new residential property has been designed and dimensioned. With respect to air conditioning facilities, an air water heat pump system where fan-coil will be used as terminal equipment has been designed. Firstly, thermal needs of each part of property has been set up, bearing n mind their orientation and types of closing, through CLIMA software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia). Due to the differences between the three-store building distribution, it has been a certain option to deal with each room individually except fort de ground floor area which has been treated with DUCTO software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia) as it showed to be a diaphanous space. On the other hand, due to ventilation needs of living spaces a mechanic ventilation system through steel sheet circular ducts fittings has been set up. Ventilation will be carried out by keeping wet zones under low pressure and the rest area overpressure, making sure that the sweep will generate a high-quality air flow. Besides, a heat recovery system has been installed which part of the energy employed to treat extracted air will regained. Secondly, a cold-water network supply has been designed to have the minimum health condition. As for the features of the building dimension, it has been necessary to think up a pumping set to guarantee the minimal service conditions to the point of consumption. Thirdly, a hot water system facility has been planned which is composed if a solar thermal set including a solar accumulator as a main supply, and, separately, a help system through a condensing boiler using following the CTE specifications and verified by CHEQ4 software developed by IDAE and ASIT. Finally, storm and waste water collection installations have been designed for their treat

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se ha diseñado y dimensionado las instalaciones de climatización (Refrigeración, calefacción y ventilación) así como las instalaciones salubres (Abastecimiento de agua fría, Agua caliente sanitaria y recogidas de aguas residuales y pluviales) de una vivienda de nueva ejecución destinada al uso residencial. En lo referente a la instalación de climatización se ha diseñado una instalación con bomba de calor mediante un sistema aire-agua en la que se usarán fancoils como equipos terminales. Primero se han establecido las necesidades térmicas de las diferentes estancias de la vivienda, teniendo en cuenta su orientación y tipos de cerramientos, por medio de la aplicación CLIMA (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Dadas las diferencias en la distribución del edificio de tres plantas, se ha optado por la distribución individual de las estancias a tratar a excepción de la planta baja que al ser un espacio diáfano se ha requerido de una instalación conjunta con una distribución mediante conductos, los cuales se han determinado mediante la aplicación DUCTO (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Por otro lado, dadas las necesidades de ventilación de los espacios habitables, se ha establecido una ventilación mecánica por medio de una instalación de conductos circulares en chapa de acero, la ventilación se llevará acabo manteniendo las zonas húmedas en depresión y en sobrepresión el resto de las estancias logrando así garantizar una elevada calidad del aire debido al barrido generado en el flujo del aire. Además, se ha instalado un recuperador de calor que permitirá recuperar parte de la energía invertida en tratar el aire que será extraído. En segundo lugar, se ha diseñado una red de abastecimiento de agua fría que tendrá las condiciones mínimas de salubridad y servicio. Dadas las características de la vivienda en cuanto a dimensiones ha sido necesario el dimensionado de un grupo de bombeo para, [EN] In this end-of-degree project, Air conditioning (cooling systems, heating, ventilation) as well as sanitation (cold water supply, sanitary hot water, storm and waste water collection) facilities of a new residential property has been designed and dimensioned. With respect to air conditioning facilities, an air water heat pump system where fan-coil will be used as terminal equipment has been designed. Firstly, thermal needs of each part of property has been set up, bearing n mind their orientation and types of closing, through CLIMA software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia). Due to the differences between the three-store building distribution, it has been a certain option to deal with each room individually except fort de ground floor area which has been treated with DUCTO software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia) as it showed to be a diaphanous space. On the other hand, due to ventilation needs of living spaces a mechanic ventilation system through steel sheet circular ducts fittings has been set up. Ventilation will be carried out by keeping wet zones under low pressure and the rest area overpressure, making sure that the sweep will generate a high-quality air flow. Besides, a heat recovery system has been installed which part of the energy employed to treat extracted air will regained. Secondly, a cold-water network supply has been designed to have the minimum health condition. As for the features of the building dimension, it has been necessary to think up a pumping set to guarantee the minimal service conditions to the point of consumption. Thirdly, a hot water system facility has been planned which is composed if a solar thermal set including a solar accumulator as a main supply, and, separately, a help system through a condensing boiler using following the CTE specifications and verified by CHEQ4 software developed by IDAE and ASIT. Finally, storm and waste water collection installations have been designed for their treat

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se ha diseñado y dimensionado las instalaciones de climatización (Refrigeración, calefacción y ventilación) así como las instalaciones salubres (Abastecimiento de agua fría, Agua caliente sanitaria y recogidas de aguas residuales y pluviales) de una vivienda de nueva ejecución destinada al uso residencial. En lo referente a la instalación de climatización se ha diseñado una instalación con bomba de calor mediante un sistema aire-agua en la que se usarán fancoils como equipos terminales. Primero se han establecido las necesidades térmicas de las diferentes estancias de la vivienda, teniendo en cuenta su orientación y tipos de cerramientos, por medio de la aplicación CLIMA (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Dadas las diferencias en la distribución del edificio de tres plantas, se ha optado por la distribución individual de las estancias a tratar a excepción de la planta baja que al ser un espacio diáfano se ha requerido de una instalación conjunta con una distribución mediante conductos, los cuales se han determinado mediante la aplicación DUCTO (desarrollada por la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia). Por otro lado, dadas las necesidades de ventilación de los espacios habitables, se ha establecido una ventilación mecánica por medio de una instalación de conductos circulares en chapa de acero, la ventilación se llevará acabo manteniendo las zonas húmedas en depresión y en sobrepresión el resto de las estancias logrando así garantizar una elevada calidad del aire debido al barrido generado en el flujo del aire. Además, se ha instalado un recuperador de calor que permitirá recuperar parte de la energía invertida en tratar el aire que será extraído. En segundo lugar, se ha diseñado una red de abastecimiento de agua fría que tendrá las condiciones mínimas de salubridad y servicio. Dadas las características de la vivienda en cuanto a dimensiones ha sido necesario el dimensionado de un grupo de bombeo para, [EN] In this end-of-degree project, Air conditioning (cooling systems, heating, ventilation) as well as sanitation (cold water supply, sanitary hot water, storm and waste water collection) facilities of a new residential property has been designed and dimensioned. With respect to air conditioning facilities, an air water heat pump system where fan-coil will be used as terminal equipment has been designed. Firstly, thermal needs of each part of property has been set up, bearing n mind their orientation and types of closing, through CLIMA software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia). Due to the differences between the three-store building distribution, it has been a certain option to deal with each room individually except fort de ground floor area which has been treated with DUCTO software (developed by Polytechnic University of Valencia) as it showed to be a diaphanous space. On the other hand, due to ventilation needs of living spaces a mechanic ventilation system through steel sheet circular ducts fittings has been set up. Ventilation will be carried out by keeping wet zones under low pressure and the rest area overpressure, making sure that the sweep will generate a high-quality air flow. Besides, a heat recovery system has been installed which part of the energy employed to treat extracted air will regained. Secondly, a cold-water network supply has been designed to have the minimum health condition. As for the features of the building dimension, it has been necessary to think up a pumping set to guarantee the minimal service conditions to the point of consumption. Thirdly, a hot water system facility has been planned which is composed if a solar thermal set including a solar accumulator as a main supply, and, separately, a help system through a condensing boiler using following the CTE specifications and verified by CHEQ4 software developed by IDAE and ASIT. Finally, storm and waste water collection installations have been designed for their treat

[ES] El presente trabajo estudia el agua como elemento compositivo del paisaje y los distintos sistemas de abastecimiento hídrico. Con el fin de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos al caso práctico de la Huerta Norte de Valencia, se realiza una propuesta de conservación del paisaje agrícola protagonizada por su sistema tradicional de riego por inundación, para restituir su valor patrimonial e importancia como espacio verde al servicio de la ciudad de Valencia., [EN] This work studies the water as a compositional element of the landscape and the different water supply systems. In order to apply the gained knowledge to a practical case of North Orchard of Valencia, a conservation proposal for agricultural landscape is done starring its traditional system of flood irrigation, to restore its heritage value and importance as green space in service for the city of Valencia.

[ES] El presente trabajo estudia el agua como elemento compositivo del paisaje y los distintos sistemas de abastecimiento hídrico. Con el fin de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos al caso práctico de la Huerta Norte de Valencia, se realiza una propuesta de conservación del paisaje agrícola protagonizada por su sistema tradicional de riego por inundación, para restituir su valor patrimonial e importancia como espacio verde al servicio de la ciudad de Valencia., [EN] This work studies the water as a compositional element of the landscape and the different water supply systems. In order to apply the gained knowledge to a practical case of North Orchard of Valencia, a conservation proposal for agricultural landscape is done starring its traditional system of flood irrigation, to restore its heritage value and importance as green space in service for the city of Valencia.

[EN] Nowadays, there is growing interest in controlling and reducing the amount of water lost through leakage in water supply systems (WSSs). Leakage is, in fact, one of the biggest problems faced by the managers of these utilities. This work addresses the problem of leakage in WSSs by using GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) as a non-destructive method. The main objective is to identify and extract features from GPR images such as leaks and components in a controlled laboratory condition by a methodology based on second order statistical parameters and, using the obtained features, to create 3D models that allows quick visualization of components and leaks in WSSs from GPR image analysis and subsequent interpretation. This methodology has been used before in other fields and provided promising results. The results obtained with the proposed methodology are presented, analyzed, interpreted and compared with the results obtained by using a well-established multi-agent based methodology. These results show that the variance filter is capable of highlighting the characteristics of components and anomalies, in an intuitive manner, which can be identified by non-highly qualified personnel, using the 3D models we develop. This research intends to pave the way towards future intelligent detection systems that enable the automatic detection of leaks in WSSs. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

[EN] Data processing techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) image mining provide essential information to optimize maintenance management of Water Supply Systems (WSSs). These techniques aim to elaborate on radargrams in order to produce meaningful graphical representations of critical buried components of WSSs. These representations are helpful non-destructive evaluation tools to prevent possible failures in WSSs by keeping them adequately monitored. This paper proposes an integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize various data processing techniques by means of ranking their outputs, namely their resulting GPR image representations. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is applied to weight various evaluation criteria, with the purpose of managing vagueness and uncertainty characterizing experts' judgments. Then, the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalite III (ELECTRE III) method is used to obtain the final ranking of alternatives. A real case study, focusing on a set of four GPR images as outputs of different data processing techniques, is presented to prove the usefulness of the proposed hybrid approach. In particular, the GPR images are ranked according the evaluation of five criteria namely visualization, interpretation, identification of features, extraction of information and affordability. The findings offer a structured support in selecting the most suitable data processing technique(s) to explore WSS underground. In the presented case, two options, namely the variance filter and the subtraction methods, offer the best results. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[ES] El presente trabajo estudia el agua como elemento compositivo del paisaje y los distintos sistemas de abastecimiento hídrico. Con el fin de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos al caso práctico de la Huerta Norte de Valencia, se realiza una propuesta de conservación del paisaje agrícola protagonizada por su sistema tradicional de riego por inundación, para restituir su valor patrimonial e importancia como espacio verde al servicio de la ciudad de Valencia., [EN] This work studies the water as a compositional element of the landscape and the different water supply systems. In order to apply the gained knowledge to a practical case of North Orchard of Valencia, a conservation proposal for agricultural landscape is done starring its traditional system of flood irrigation, to restore its heritage value and importance as green space in service for the city of Valencia.

[ES] El presente trabajo estudia el agua como elemento compositivo del paisaje y los distintos sistemas de abastecimiento hídrico. Con el fin de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos al caso práctico de la Huerta Norte de Valencia, se realiza una propuesta de conservación del paisaje agrícola protagonizada por su sistema tradicional de riego por inundación, para restituir su valor patrimonial e importancia como espacio verde al servicio de la ciudad de Valencia., [EN] This work studies the water as a compositional element of the landscape and the different water supply systems. In order to apply the gained knowledge to a practical case of North Orchard of Valencia, a conservation proposal for agricultural landscape is done starring its traditional system of flood irrigation, to restore its heritage value and importance as green space in service for the city of Valencia.

[EN] Data processing techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) image mining provide essential information to optimize maintenance management of Water Supply Systems (WSSs). These techniques aim to elaborate on radargrams in order to produce meaningful graphical representations of critical buried components of WSSs. These representations are helpful non-destructive evaluation tools to prevent possible failures in WSSs by keeping them adequately monitored. This paper proposes an integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize various data processing techniques by means of ranking their outputs, namely their resulting GPR image representations. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is applied to weight various evaluation criteria, with the purpose of managing vagueness and uncertainty characterizing experts' judgments. Then, the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalite III (ELECTRE III) method is used to obtain the final ranking of alternatives. A real case study, focusing on a set of four GPR images as outputs of different data processing techniques, is presented to prove the usefulness of the proposed hybrid approach. In particular, the GPR images are ranked according the evaluation of five criteria namely visualization, interpretation, identification of features, extraction of information and affordability. The findings offer a structured support in selecting the most suitable data processing technique(s) to explore WSS underground. In the presented case, two options, namely the variance filter and the subtraction methods, offer the best results. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] Nowadays, there is growing interest in controlling and reducing the amount of water lost through leakage in water supply systems (WSSs). Leakage is, in fact, one of the biggest problems faced by the managers of these utilities. This work addresses the problem of leakage in WSSs by using GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) as a non-destructive method. The main objective is to identify and extract features from GPR images such as leaks and components in a controlled laboratory condition by a methodology based on second order statistical parameters and, using the obtained features, to create 3D models that allows quick visualization of components and leaks in WSSs from GPR image analysis and subsequent interpretation. This methodology has been used before in other fields and provided promising results. The results obtained with the proposed methodology are presented, analyzed, interpreted and compared with the results obtained by using a well-established multi-agent based methodology. These results show that the variance filter is capable of highlighting the characteristics of components and anomalies, in an intuitive manner, which can be identified by non-highly qualified personnel, using the 3D models we develop. This research intends to pave the way towards future intelligent detection systems that enable the automatic detection of leaks in WSSs. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

[ES] El presente trabajo estudia el agua como elemento compositivo del paisaje y los distintos sistemas de abastecimiento hídrico. Con el fin de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos al caso práctico de la Huerta Norte de Valencia, se realiza una propuesta de conservación del paisaje agrícola protagonizada por su sistema tradicional de riego por inundación, para restituir su valor patrimonial e importancia como espacio verde al servicio de la ciudad de Valencia., [EN] This work studies the water as a compositional element of the landscape and the different water supply systems. In order to apply the gained knowledge to a practical case of North Orchard of Valencia, a conservation proposal for agricultural landscape is done starring its traditional system of flood irrigation, to restore its heritage value and importance as green space in service for the city of Valencia.

[EN] With the advance of new technologies and emergence of the concept of the smart city, there has been a dramatic increase in available information. Water distribution systems (WDSs) in which databases can be updated every few minutes are no exception. Suitable techniques to evaluate available information and produce optimized responses are necessary for planning, operation, and management. This can help identify critical characteristics, such as leakage patterns, pipes to be replaced, and other features. This paper presents a clustering method based on self-organizing maps coupled with k-means algorithms to achieve groups that can be easily labeled and used for WDS decision-making. Three case-studies are presented, namely a classification of Brazilian cities in terms of their water utilities; district metered area creation to improve pressure control; and transient pressure signal analysis to identify burst pipes. In the three cases, this hybrid technique produces excellent results. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[EN] With the advance of new technologies and emergence of the concept of the smart city, there has been a dramatic increase in available information. Water distribution systems (WDSs) in which databases can be updated every few minutes are no exception. Suitable techniques to evaluate available information and produce optimized responses are necessary for planning, operation, and management. This can help identify critical characteristics, such as leakage patterns, pipes to be replaced, and other features. This paper presents a clustering method based on self-organizing maps coupled with k-means algorithms to achieve groups that can be easily labeled and used for WDS decision-making. Three case-studies are presented, namely a classification of Brazilian cities in terms of their water utilities; district metered area creation to improve pressure control; and transient pressure signal analysis to identify burst pipes. In the three cases, this hybrid technique produces excellent results. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[EN] Management of existing systems can be interpreted as sets of decisions to make regarding pumps and valves to create hydraulic conditions able to satisfy the demand without operational problems such as pressures lower or higher than the normative pressure values. However, among the large number of combinations, some of them manage to reduce energy consumption, by finding the best operating point for pumps, and also water losses, by finding the best operating point for pressure reducing valves (PRV). Several works may be found in the literature using recent and advanced optimization techniques to define pump and valve operation. However, the processing time to define operational rules is a limiting factor for real time decision-making. Taking into account the need to improve the models in terms of optimal rules to apply in near real-time operations, this work presents a hybrid model (simulator + optimizer) to find pump speeds and PRV set points, aiming at combining energy savings with pressure control while reducing water losses. PSO is applied as the main optimization algorithm, which can also work in cooperation with other bio-inspired concepts to deploy an effective and fast search algorithm. The results allow comparisons with other techniques and show the ability of PSO to find an optimal point of operation

[EN] Management of existing systems can be interpreted as sets of decisions to make regarding pumps and valves to create hydraulic conditions able to satisfy the demand without operational problems such as pressures lower or higher than the normative pressure values. However, among the large number of combinations, some of them manage to reduce energy consumption, by finding the best operating point for pumps, and also water losses, by finding the best operating point for pressure reducing valves (PRV). Several works may be found in the literature using recent and advanced optimization techniques to define pump and valve operation. However, the processing time to define operational rules is a limiting factor for real time decision-making. Taking into account the need to improve the models in terms of optimal rules to apply in near real-time operations, this work presents a hybrid model (simulator + optimizer) to find pump speeds and PRV set points, aiming at combining energy savings with pressure control while reducing water losses. PSO is applied as the main optimization algorithm, which can also work in cooperation with other bio-inspired concepts to deploy an effective and fast search algorithm. The results allow comparisons with other techniques and show the ability of PSO to find an optimal point of operation

[EN] With more than 1,500 citations in ranked journals and hundreds of thousands of downloads, EPANET is the benchmark software for analysis and design of pressurized water distribution networks. Userfriendly, powerful and reliable, its public domain use has spread throughout the world. However, from an energy standpoint its capacity is limited to the point at which, in certain circumstances it can supply erroneous results. This is understandable because on the one hand its main aim was to model water quality, and on the other hand, because it was conceived and developed towards the end of the last century before people started talking about the water energy nexus. Increases in the cost of energy and the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions, however, have made energy efficiency a primary and inescapable objective. As the transport of pressurized water is a big consumer of energy, it seems convenient for EPANET users, particularly for those who applied this software to pressurized irrigation networks, to understand, as far as energy is concerned, its weaknesses and limitations which, in the end, is the aim of this paper

[EN] With more than 1,500 citations in ranked journals and hundreds of thousands of downloads, EPANET is the benchmark software for analysis and design of pressurized water distribution networks. Userfriendly, powerful and reliable, its public domain use has spread throughout the world. However, from an energy standpoint its capacity is limited to the point at which, in certain circumstances it can supply erroneous results. This is understandable because on the one hand its main aim was to model water quality, and on the other hand, because it was conceived and developed towards the end of the last century before people started talking about the water energy nexus. Increases in the cost of energy and the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions, however, have made energy efficiency a primary and inescapable objective. As the transport of pressurized water is a big consumer of energy, it seems convenient for EPANET users, particularly for those who applied this software to pressurized irrigation networks, to understand, as far as energy is concerned, its weaknesses and limitations which, in the end, is the aim of this paper

This paper presents some aspects of the time propagation of underground water leakage in controlled laboratory conditions using a drilled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and interpreting ground penetrating radar (GPR) images. GPR pre-processed images are interpreted for easy identification and extraction of surfaces and volumes of water leakage. Finally, the temporal evolution of a water leak is shown using 3D models based on interpretation of GPR images. Water volumes obtained using this approach can be easily observed by personnel who lack highly specialized training in the analysis of raw data. The results of this study are promising and can help develop techniques to validate non-destructive models for the identification, distribution, and prediction of water leaks in water supply systems using GPR.

[EN] Over time, due to multiple operational and maintenance activities, the networks of water supply systems (WSSs) undergo interventions, modifications or even are closed. In many cases, these activities are not properly registered. Knowledge of the paths and characteristics (status and age, etc.) of the WSS pipes is obviously necessary for efficient and dynamic management of such systems. This problem is greatly augmented by considering the detection and control of leaks. Access to reliable leakage information is a complex task. In many cases, leaks are detected when the damage is already considerable, which brings high social and economic costs. In this sense, non-destructive methods (e.g., ground penetrating radar - GPR) may be a constructive response to these problems, since they allow, as evidenced in this thesis, to ascertain paths of pipes, identify component characteristics, and detect primordial water leaks. Selection of GPR in this work is justified by its characteristics as non-destructive technique that allows studying both metallic and non-metallic objects. Although the capture of information with GPR is usually successful, such aspects as the capture settings, the large volume of generated information, and the use and interpretation of such information require high level of skill and experience. This dissertation may be seen as a step forward towards the development of tools able to tackle the problem of lack of knowledge on the WSS buried assets. The main objective of this doctoral work is thus to generate tools and assess their feasibility of application to the characterization of components of WSSs from GPR images. In this work we have carried out laboratory tests specifically designed to propose, develop and evaluate methods for the characterization of the WSS buried components. Additionally, we have conducted field tests, which have enabled us to determine the feasibility of implementing such methodologies under uncontrolled conditions. The metho, [ES] Con el paso del tiempo, y debido a múltiples actividades operacionales y de mantenimiento, las redes de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (SAAs) sufren intervenciones, modificaciones o incluso, son clausuradas, sin que, en muchos casos, estas actividades sean correctamente registradas. El conocimiento de los trazados y características (estado y edad, entre otros) de las tuberías en los SAAs es obviamente necesario para una gestión eficiente y dinámica de tales sistemas. A esta problemática se suma la detección y el control de las fugas de agua. El acceso a información fiable sobre las fugas es una tarea compleja. En muchos casos, las fugas son detectadas cuando los daños en la red son ya considerables, lo que trae consigo altos costes sociales y económicos. En este sentido, los métodos no destructivos (por ejemplo, ground penetrating radar - GPR), pueden ser una respuesta a estas problemáticas, ya que permiten, como se pone de manifiesto en esta tesis, localizar los trazados de las tuberías, identificar características de los componentes y detectar las fugas de agua cuando aún no son significativas. La selección del GPR, en este trabajo se justifica por sus características como técnica no destructiva, que permite estudiar tanto objetos metálicos como no metálicos. Aunque la captura de información con GPR suele ser exitosa, la configuración de la captura, el gran volumen de información, y el uso y la interpretación de la información requieren de alto nivel de habilidad y experiencia por parte del personal. Esta tesis doctoral se plantea como un avance hacia el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan responder a la problemática del desconocimiento de los activos enterrados de los SAAs. El objetivo principal de este trabajo doctoral es, pues, generar herramientas y evaluar la viabilidad de su aplicación en la caracterización de componentes de un SAA, a partir de imágenes GPR. En este trabajo hemos realizado ensayos de laboratorio específicamente diseñados par, [CA] Amb el temps, a causa de les múltiples activitats d'operació i manteniment, les xarxes de sistemes d'abastament d'aigua (SAAs) se sotmeten a intervencions, modificacions o fins i tot estan tancades. En molts casos, aquestes activitats no estan degudament registrats. El coneixement dels camins i característiques (estat i edat, etc.) de les canonades d'aigua i sanejament fa evident la necessitat d'una gestió eficient i dinàmica d'aquests sistemes. Aquest problema es veu augmentat en gran mesura tenint en compte la detecció i control de fuites. L'accés a informació fiable sobre les fuites és una tasca complexa. En molts casos, les fugues es detecten quan el dany ja és considerable, el que porta costos socials i econòmics. En aquest sentit, els mètodes no destructius (per exemple, ground penetrating radar - GPR) poden ser una resposta constructiva a aquests problemes, ja que permeten, com s'evidencia en aquesta tesi, per determinar rutes de canonades, identificar les característiques dels components, i detectar les fuites d'aigua quan encara no són significatives. La selecció del GPR en aquest treball es justifica per les seves característiques com a tècnica no destructiva que permet estudiar tant objectes metàl·lics i no metàl·lics. Tot i que la captura d'informació amb GPR sol ser reeixida, aspectes com ara la configuració de captura, el gran volum d'informació que es genera, i l'ús i la interpretació d'aquesta informació requereix alt nivell d'habilitat i experiència. Aquesta tesi pot ser vista com un pas endavant cap al desenvolupament d'eines capaces d'abordar el problema de la manca de coneixement sobre els actius d'aigua i sanejament enterrat. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball doctoral és, doncs, generar eines i avaluar la seva factibilitat d'aplicació a la caracterització dels components de los SAAs, a partir d'imatges GPR. En aquest treball s'han dut a terme proves de laboratori específicament dissenyats per proposar, desenvolupar i avaluar mètodes per

[EN] The presence of regulated quantities of residual disinfectant is a usual feature in water supply systems (WSSs); nevertheless, biofilm formation persists in all of them, representing a paradigm in WSSs management due to the numerous undesirable problems associated. This study attempts to create a biofilm model based on a limited number of basic interactions between bacteria and the hydraulic and physical characteristics of the pipes by the step-wise evolution of biofilm over time. Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) are used as a modelling tool to achieve this purpose, arising as an excellent starting point for further researches. A MAS consists of a population of autonomous entities (agents, biofilm bacteria in this case) situated in a shared structured framework (environment, pipes in this case). These agents operate independently but also are able to interact with their environment, coordinating themselves with other agents. By obtaining a MAS based biofilm model, it will be possible to achieve a better understanding on any situation of interest because different research scenarios could be simulated allowing to check the hypotheses on their mechanisms and to predict how biofilm evolves in WSSs.

This paper presents some aspects of the time propagation of underground water leakage in controlled laboratory conditions using a drilled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and interpreting ground penetrating radar (GPR) images. GPR pre-processed images are interpreted for easy identification and extraction of surfaces and volumes of water leakage. Finally, the temporal evolution of a water leak is shown using 3D models based on interpretation of GPR images. Water volumes obtained using this approach can be easily observed by personnel who lack highly specialized training in the analysis of raw data. The results of this study are promising and can help develop techniques to validate non-destructive models for the identification, distribution, and prediction of water leaks in water supply systems using GPR.

[EN] Over time, due to multiple operational and maintenance activities, the networks of water supply systems (WSSs) undergo interventions, modifications or even are closed. In many cases, these activities are not properly registered. Knowledge of the paths and characteristics (status and age, etc.) of the WSS pipes is obviously necessary for efficient and dynamic management of such systems. This problem is greatly augmented by considering the detection and control of leaks. Access to reliable leakage information is a complex task. In many cases, leaks are detected when the damage is already considerable, which brings high social and economic costs. In this sense, non-destructive methods (e.g., ground penetrating radar - GPR) may be a constructive response to these problems, since they allow, as evidenced in this thesis, to ascertain paths of pipes, identify component characteristics, and detect primordial water leaks. Selection of GPR in this work is justified by its characteristics as non-destructive technique that allows studying both metallic and non-metallic objects. Although the capture of information with GPR is usually successful, such aspects as the capture settings, the large volume of generated information, and the use and interpretation of such information require high level of skill and experience. This dissertation may be seen as a step forward towards the development of tools able to tackle the problem of lack of knowledge on the WSS buried assets. The main objective of this doctoral work is thus to generate tools and assess their feasibility of application to the characterization of components of WSSs from GPR images. In this work we have carried out laboratory tests specifically designed to propose, develop and evaluate methods for the characterization of the WSS buried components. Additionally, we have conducted field tests, which have enabled us to determine the feasibility of implementing such methodologies under uncontrolled conditions. The metho, [ES] Con el paso del tiempo, y debido a múltiples actividades operacionales y de mantenimiento, las redes de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (SAAs) sufren intervenciones, modificaciones o incluso, son clausuradas, sin que, en muchos casos, estas actividades sean correctamente registradas. El conocimiento de los trazados y características (estado y edad, entre otros) de las tuberías en los SAAs es obviamente necesario para una gestión eficiente y dinámica de tales sistemas. A esta problemática se suma la detección y el control de las fugas de agua. El acceso a información fiable sobre las fugas es una tarea compleja. En muchos casos, las fugas son detectadas cuando los daños en la red son ya considerables, lo que trae consigo altos costes sociales y económicos. En este sentido, los métodos no destructivos (por ejemplo, ground penetrating radar - GPR), pueden ser una respuesta a estas problemáticas, ya que permiten, como se pone de manifiesto en esta tesis, localizar los trazados de las tuberías, identificar características de los componentes y detectar las fugas de agua cuando aún no son significativas. La selección del GPR, en este trabajo se justifica por sus características como técnica no destructiva, que permite estudiar tanto objetos metálicos como no metálicos. Aunque la captura de información con GPR suele ser exitosa, la configuración de la captura, el gran volumen de información, y el uso y la interpretación de la información requieren de alto nivel de habilidad y experiencia por parte del personal. Esta tesis doctoral se plantea como un avance hacia el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan responder a la problemática del desconocimiento de los activos enterrados de los SAAs. El objetivo principal de este trabajo doctoral es, pues, generar herramientas y evaluar la viabilidad de su aplicación en la caracterización de componentes de un SAA, a partir de imágenes GPR. En este trabajo hemos realizado ensayos de laboratorio específicamente diseñados par, [CA] Amb el temps, a causa de les múltiples activitats d'operació i manteniment, les xarxes de sistemes d'abastament d'aigua (SAAs) se sotmeten a intervencions, modificacions o fins i tot estan tancades. En molts casos, aquestes activitats no estan degudament registrats. El coneixement dels camins i característiques (estat i edat, etc.) de les canonades d'aigua i sanejament fa evident la necessitat d'una gestió eficient i dinàmica d'aquests sistemes. Aquest problema es veu augmentat en gran mesura tenint en compte la detecció i control de fuites. L'accés a informació fiable sobre les fuites és una tasca complexa. En molts casos, les fugues es detecten quan el dany ja és considerable, el que porta costos socials i econòmics. En aquest sentit, els mètodes no destructius (per exemple, ground penetrating radar - GPR) poden ser una resposta constructiva a aquests problemes, ja que permeten, com s'evidencia en aquesta tesi, per determinar rutes de canonades, identificar les característiques dels components, i detectar les fuites d'aigua quan encara no són significatives. La selecció del GPR en aquest treball es justifica per les seves característiques com a tècnica no destructiva que permet estudiar tant objectes metàl·lics i no metàl·lics. Tot i que la captura d'informació amb GPR sol ser reeixida, aspectes com ara la configuració de captura, el gran volum d'informació que es genera, i l'ús i la interpretació d'aquesta informació requereix alt nivell d'habilitat i experiència. Aquesta tesi pot ser vista com un pas endavant cap al desenvolupament d'eines capaces d'abordar el problema de la manca de coneixement sobre els actius d'aigua i sanejament enterrat. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball doctoral és, doncs, generar eines i avaluar la seva factibilitat d'aplicació a la caracterització dels components de los SAAs, a partir d'imatges GPR. En aquest treball s'han dut a terme proves de laboratori específicament dissenyats per proposar, desenvolupar i avaluar mètodes per

Decision making (DM) processes are becoming increasingly complex. The reasons are manifold. DM usually involves many aspects; some are purely technical, while others are subjective and derived from social, political, and environmental factors, among others. As a result, they involve items that are not easily comparable under the same units of measurement. Problems are made even more complex by the fact that current governance processes tend to involve all the stakeholders in the DM process. In this paper we consider the AHP methodology (analytic hierarchy process), which is used to build consistent aggregate results from data provided by decision makers. As some of the actors involved may not be completely familiar with all the criteria under consideration, it is common that the body of opinion, expressed in terms of pairwise comparison, is incomplete. To overcome this weakness, we propose a framework that enables users to provide data on their preferences in a partial and/or incomplete way and at different times. This article is an advance towards a dynamic model of AHP. The authors have addressed the problem of adding a new criterion or deleting obsolete criteria. Here, we address the consistent completion of a reciprocal matrix as a mechanism to obtain a consistent body of opinion issued in an incomplete manner by a specific actor. This feature is incorporated into a process of linearization previously introduced by the authors, which is concisely presented. Finally, we provide an application for leakage control in a water supply company. The adoption of suitable control leakage policies in water supply is a problem of enormous interest in the water industry, particularly in urban hydraulics.

Decision making (DM) processes are becoming increasingly complex. The reasons are manifold. DM usually involves many aspects; some are purely technical, while others are subjective and derived from social, political, and environmental factors, among others. As a result, they involve items that are not easily comparable under the same units of measurement. Problems are made even more complex by the fact that current governance processes tend to involve all the stakeholders in the DM process. In this paper we consider the AHP methodology (analytic hierarchy process), which is used to build consistent aggregate results from data provided by decision makers. As some of the actors involved may not be completely familiar with all the criteria under consideration, it is common that the body of opinion, expressed in terms of pairwise comparison, is incomplete. To overcome this weakness, we propose a framework that enables users to provide data on their preferences in a partial and/or incomplete way and at different times. This article is an advance towards a dynamic model of AHP. The authors have addressed the problem of adding a new criterion or deleting obsolete criteria. Here, we address the consistent completion of a reciprocal matrix as a mechanism to obtain a consistent body of opinion issued in an incomplete manner by a specific actor. This feature is incorporated into a process of linearization previously introduced by the authors, which is concisely presented. Finally, we provide an application for leakage control in a water supply company. The adoption of suitable control leakage policies in water supply is a problem of enormous interest in the water industry, particularly in urban hydraulics.

[EN] This document shows some aspects regarding water leakage time propagation through the underground, in controlled laboratory conditions, using a drilled PVC pipe, through the interpretation of GPR images. The extraction of relevant patterns is possible since GPR interpretations allow to obtain surfaces and volumes that can be easily identified by non-highly specialized personnel in the analysis of raw data. The results of this study are promising since they help promote the realization of techniques able to validate models for generation, distribution and prediction of water leaks in water supply systems using GPR as a non-destructive method.

[EN] This document shows some aspects regarding water leakage time propagation through the underground, in controlled laboratory conditions, using a drilled PVC pipe, through the interpretation of GPR images. The extraction of relevant patterns is possible since GPR interpretations allow to obtain surfaces and volumes that can be easily identified by non-highly specialized personnel in the analysis of raw data. The results of this study are promising since they help promote the realization of techniques able to validate models for generation, distribution and prediction of water leaks in water supply systems using GPR as a non-destructive method.

[EN] This paper addresses the problem of leakage in water distribution systems through the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive method. Laboratory tests are performed to extract features of water leakage from the obtained GPR images. Moreover, a test in a real-world urban system under real conditions is performed. Feature extraction is performed by interpreting GPR images with the support of a pre-processing methodology based on an appropriate combination of statistical methods and multi-agent systems. The results of these tests are presented, interpreted, analyzed and discussed in this paper.

[EN] This paper addresses the problem of leakage in water distribution systems through the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive method. Laboratory tests are performed to extract features of water leakage from the obtained GPR images. Moreover, a test in a real-world urban system under real conditions is performed. Feature extraction is performed by interpreting GPR images with the support of a pre-processing methodology based on an appropriate combination of statistical methods and multi-agent systems. The results of these tests are presented, interpreted, analyzed and discussed in this paper.

AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is used to construct coherent aggregate results from preference data provided by decision makers. Pairwise comparison, used by AHP, shares a common weakness with other input formats used to represent user preferences, namely, that the input mode is static. In other words, users must provide all the preference data at the same time, and the criteria must be completely defined from the start. To overcome this weakness, we propose a framework that allows users to provide partial and/or incomplete preference data at multiple times. Since this is a complicated issue, we specifically focus on a particular aspect as a first attempt within this framework. For that reason, we re-examine a mechanism to achieve consistency in AHP, i.e. a linearization process, which provides consistency when adding a new element to the decision process or when withdrawing an obsolete criterion under the dynamic input mode assumption. An algorithm is developed to determine the new priority vector from the users' new input. Finally, we apply the new process to a problem of interest in the water field, specifically, the adoption of a suitable leak control policy in urban water supply. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] We propose a methodological tool for examining the layout and revealing the concealed characteristics of urban water supply systems (WSS). For this purpose, we use underground images obtained with ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a method that does not alter the system conditions and environmental characteristics (non-destructive methods). The study focuses on wave amplitude and uses intensive matrix manipulation. We obtain promising results as the methodology, which is non-subjective and repeatable, visualizes buried pipes with efficiency. This tool will help WSS managers obtain a more accurate picture of WSS and so offer a better service to users. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[EN] We propose a methodological tool for examining the layout and revealing the concealed characteristics of urban water supply systems (WSS). For this purpose, we use underground images obtained with ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a method that does not alter the system conditions and environmental characteristics (non-destructive methods). The study focuses on wave amplitude and uses intensive matrix manipulation. We obtain promising results as the methodology, which is non-subjective and repeatable, visualizes buried pipes with efficiency. This tool will help WSS managers obtain a more accurate picture of WSS and so offer a better service to users. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This work focuses on the generation of tools to aid inspection and identify buried plastic pipes in water supply systems (WSS). In our study we use ground penetrating system (GPR) images as a non-destructive method of obtaining information without altering the system conditions and the environmental characteristics. A viability study for extracting features, and an approach to the above-mentioned application based on multi-agent systems are addressed in this paper. Firstly, we use intensive matrix manipulation of the GPR output for preprocessing the images. As a result, two matrices are produced that classify initial data based on the original radargram of the wave amplitude parameter. Then the plastic pipe characteristics that offer an enhanced likelihood of location are defined. This procedure is evaluated through two case-studies. One study corresponds to a simple case (one pipe) and the other corresponds to various pipes (made of different materials). Both cases were developed under controlled laboratory conditions. The obtained results are promising, and we show that automatic plastic pipe location has been achieved. The main contributions of the procedures proposed in this work are: firstly, highly skilled GPR prospection operators become unnecessary for plastic pipe location using GPR images; and secondly, we have opened a route to further classification that makes use of other methodologies. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

This work focuses on the generation of tools to aid inspection and identify buried plastic pipes in water supply systems (WSS). In our study we use ground penetrating system (GPR) images as a non-destructive method of obtaining information without altering the system conditions and the environmental characteristics. A viability study for extracting features, and an approach to the above-mentioned application based on multi-agent systems are addressed in this paper. Firstly, we use intensive matrix manipulation of the GPR output for preprocessing the images. As a result, two matrices are produced that classify initial data based on the original radargram of the wave amplitude parameter. Then the plastic pipe characteristics that offer an enhanced likelihood of location are defined. This procedure is evaluated through two case-studies. One study corresponds to a simple case (one pipe) and the other corresponds to various pipes (made of different materials). Both cases were developed under controlled laboratory conditions. The obtained results are promising, and we show that automatic plastic pipe location has been achieved. The main contributions of the procedures proposed in this work are: firstly, highly skilled GPR prospection operators become unnecessary for plastic pipe location using GPR images; and secondly, we have opened a route to further classification that makes use of other methodologies. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.