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[EN] Transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with in silico methods has been employed to study the interactions between human serum albumin (HSA) and the anti-psychotic agent chlorpromazine (CPZ) as well as its two demethylated metabolites (MCPZ and DCPZ). Thus, solutions containing CPZ, MCPZ or DCPZ and HSA (molar ligand:protein ratios between 1:0 and 1:3) were submitted to laser flash photolysis and the Delta A(max) value at lambda = 470 nm, corresponding to the triplet excited state, was monitored. In all cases, the protein-bound ligand exhibited higher Delta Amax values measured after the laser pulse and were also considerably longer-lived than the non-complexed forms. This is in agreement with an enhanced hydrophilicity of the metabolites, due to the replacement of methyl groups with H that led to a lower extent of protein binding. For the three compounds, laser flash photolysis displacement experiments using warfarin or ibuprofen indicated Sudlow site I as the main binding site. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the binding mode of the two demethylated ligands with HSA would be remarkable different from CPZ, specially for DCPZ, which appears to come from the different ability of their terminal ammonium groups to stablish hydrogen bonding interactions with the negatively charged residues within the protein pocket (Glu153, Glu292) as well as to allocate the methyl groups in an apolar environment. DCPZ would be rotated 180 degrees in relation to CPZ locating the aromatic ring away from the Sudlow site I of HSA. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] Transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with in silico methods has been employed to study the interactions between human serum albumin (HSA) and the anti-psychotic agent chlorpromazine (CPZ) as well as its two demethylated metabolites (MCPZ and DCPZ). Thus, solutions containing CPZ, MCPZ or DCPZ and HSA (molar ligand:protein ratios between 1:0 and 1:3) were submitted to laser flash photolysis and the Delta A(max) value at lambda = 470 nm, corresponding to the triplet excited state, was monitored. In all cases, the protein-bound ligand exhibited higher Delta Amax values measured after the laser pulse and were also considerably longer-lived than the non-complexed forms. This is in agreement with an enhanced hydrophilicity of the metabolites, due to the replacement of methyl groups with H that led to a lower extent of protein binding. For the three compounds, laser flash photolysis displacement experiments using warfarin or ibuprofen indicated Sudlow site I as the main binding site. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the binding mode of the two demethylated ligands with HSA would be remarkable different from CPZ, specially for DCPZ, which appears to come from the different ability of their terminal ammonium groups to stablish hydrogen bonding interactions with the negatively charged residues within the protein pocket (Glu153, Glu292) as well as to allocate the methyl groups in an apolar environment. DCPZ would be rotated 180 degrees in relation to CPZ locating the aromatic ring away from the Sudlow site I of HSA. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] Cholesterol (Ch) is an integral part of cell membrane, where it is prone to oxidation. In humans, oxidation of Ch is commonly linked to various pathologies like Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and even cancer, which proceed via mechanisms involving enzymatic and free radical pathways. The latter begin with hydrogen abstraction (HA) from Ch by a reactive free radical. It has been established that the most efficient HA from Ch occurs at C7, although HA from C4 by peroxyl radicals has recently been observed. Conversely, HA from Ch positions other than the thermodynamically preferred C7 or C4 has never been reported. We have designed a Ch derivative where a benzophenone moiety is linked to C7 by a covalent bond. This mirrors a specific orientation of Ch within a confined environment. Product analysis and time-resolved spectroscopic studies reveal an unprecedented HA from C15, which is a thermodynamically unfavorable position. This indicates that a specific topology of reactants is crucial for the reactivity of Ch. The relative orientation of the reactants can also be relevant in biological membranes, where Ch, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and numerous oxidizing species are confined in highly restricted and anisotropic environments.

[EN] Cholesterol (Ch) is an integral part of cell membrane, where it is prone to oxidation. In humans, oxidation of Ch is commonly linked to various pathologies like Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and even cancer, which proceed via mechanisms involving enzymatic and free radical pathways. The latter begin with hydrogen abstraction (HA) from Ch by a reactive free radical. It has been established that the most efficient HA from Ch occurs at C7, although HA from C4 by peroxyl radicals has recently been observed. Conversely, HA from Ch positions other than the thermodynamically preferred C7 or C4 has never been reported. We have designed a Ch derivative where a benzophenone moiety is linked to C7 by a covalent bond. This mirrors a specific orientation of Ch within a confined environment. Product analysis and time-resolved spectroscopic studies reveal an unprecedented HA from C15, which is a thermodynamically unfavorable position. This indicates that a specific topology of reactants is crucial for the reactivity of Ch. The relative orientation of the reactants can also be relevant in biological membranes, where Ch, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and numerous oxidizing species are confined in highly restricted and anisotropic environments.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia or manic-depression. Unfortunately, CPZ exhibits undesirable side effects such as phototoxic and photoallergic reactions in humans. In general, the influence of drug metabolism on this type of reactions has not been previously considered in photosafety testing. Thus, the present work aims to investigate the possible photo(geno)toxic potential of drug metabolites, using CPZ as an established reference compound. In this case, the metabolites selected for the study are demethylchlorpromazine (DMCPZ), didemethylchlorpromazine (DDMCPZ) and chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO). The demethylated CPZ metabolites DMCPZ and DDMCPZ maintain identical chromophore to the parent drug. In this work, it has been found that the nature of the aminoalkyl side chain modulates the hydrophobicity and the photochemical properties (for instance, the excited state lifetimes), but it does not change the photoreactivity pattern, which is characterized by reductive photodehalogenation, triggered by homolytic carbon-chlorine bond cleavage with formation of highly reactive aryl radical intermediates. Accordingly, these metabolites are phototoxic to cells, as revealed by the 3T3 NRU assay; their photo-irritation factors are even higher than that of CPZ. The same trend is observed in photogenotoxicity studies, both with isolated and with cellular DNA, where DMCPZ and DDMCPZ are more active than CPZ itself. In summary, side-chain demethylation of CPZ, as a consequence of Phase I biotransformation, does not result a photodetoxification. Instead, it leads to metabolites that exhibit in an even enhanced photo(geno)toxicity.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia or manic-depression. Unfortunately, CPZ exhibits undesirable side effects such as phototoxic and photoallergic reactions in humans. In general, the influence of drug metabolism on this type of reactions has not been previously considered in photosafety testing. Thus, the present work aims to investigate the possible photo(geno)toxic potential of drug metabolites, using CPZ as an established reference compound. In this case, the metabolites selected for the study are demethylchlorpromazine (DMCPZ), didemethylchlorpromazine (DDMCPZ) and chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO). The demethylated CPZ metabolites DMCPZ and DDMCPZ maintain identical chromophore to the parent drug. In this work, it has been found that the nature of the aminoalkyl side chain modulates the hydrophobicity and the photochemical properties (for instance, the excited state lifetimes), but it does not change the photoreactivity pattern, which is characterized by reductive photodehalogenation, triggered by homolytic carbon-chlorine bond cleavage with formation of highly reactive aryl radical intermediates. Accordingly, these metabolites are phototoxic to cells, as revealed by the 3T3 NRU assay; their photo-irritation factors are even higher than that of CPZ. The same trend is observed in photogenotoxicity studies, both with isolated and with cellular DNA, where DMCPZ and DDMCPZ are more active than CPZ itself. In summary, side-chain demethylation of CPZ, as a consequence of Phase I biotransformation, does not result a photodetoxification. Instead, it leads to metabolites that exhibit in an even enhanced photo(geno)toxicity.

[EN] Cholesterol (Ch) is one of the most important building blocks of cell membranes. It is also one of the main targets for oxidation via Type I hydrogen abstraction (HA), which leads to a variety of physiological consequences in the human body. To provide a deeper understanding of the oxidation mechanism, steady-state 1H CIDNP, steady-state and laser-flash photolysis in combination with quantum mechanical calculations were applied to study HA in three model systems. The experiments involved photoinduced reactions in a cholesterol–benzophenone mixture and two derivatives, in which aminocholestene and benzophenone are covalently coupled yielding a dyad. It has been found, that a specific orientation of the benzophenone moiety toward the allylic hydrogens of cholesterol/aminocholestene is crucial for the efficient HA. Such a confined topology may play an important role for the particular oxidation of Ch in cell membranes., [ES] El colesterol (Ch) es uno de los componentes más importantes de la membrana celular. Además es una diana para la oxidación Tipo I mediante abstracción de hidrógeno (AH), conduciendo a consecuencias fisiológicas adversas. Para profundizar en la comprensión del mecanismo de oxidación, se han realizado estudios de fotólisis en estado estacionario y de destello láser ,H-CIDNP en combinación con cálculos de mecánica cuántica con el fin de estudiar la AH en tres sistemas modelo. Los experimentos implican reacciones fotoinducidas en una mezcla de colesterol-benzofenona y dos derivados, en los que el aminocolesteno y la benzofenona están acoplados covalentemente produciendo una diada. Así, se ha demostrado, que la orientación específica de la fracción de benzofenona hacia los hidrógenos alílicos de colesterol / aminocolesteno es crucial para una eficiente AH. Estos factores topológicos pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la oxidación del Ch en las membranas celulares. (español)

[EN] Cholesterol (Ch) is one of the most important building blocks of cell membranes. It is also one of the main targets for oxidation via Type I hydrogen abstraction (HA), which leads to a variety of physiological consequences in the human body. To provide a deeper understanding of the oxidation mechanism, steady-state 1H CIDNP, steady-state and laser-flash photolysis in combination with quantum mechanical calculations were applied to study HA in three model systems. The experiments involved photoinduced reactions in a cholesterol–benzophenone mixture and two derivatives, in which aminocholestene and benzophenone are covalently coupled yielding a dyad. It has been found, that a specific orientation of the benzophenone moiety toward the allylic hydrogens of cholesterol/aminocholestene is crucial for the efficient HA. Such a confined topology may play an important role for the particular oxidation of Ch in cell membranes., [ES] El colesterol (Ch) es uno de los componentes más importantes de la membrana celular. Además es una diana para la oxidación Tipo I mediante abstracción de hidrógeno (AH), conduciendo a consecuencias fisiológicas adversas. Para profundizar en la comprensión del mecanismo de oxidación, se han realizado estudios de fotólisis en estado estacionario y de destello láser ,H-CIDNP en combinación con cálculos de mecánica cuántica con el fin de estudiar la AH en tres sistemas modelo. Los experimentos implican reacciones fotoinducidas en una mezcla de colesterol-benzofenona y dos derivados, en los que el aminocolesteno y la benzofenona están acoplados covalentemente produciendo una diada. Así, se ha demostrado, que la orientación específica de la fracción de benzofenona hacia los hidrógenos alílicos de colesterol / aminocolesteno es crucial para una eficiente AH. Estos factores topológicos pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la oxidación del Ch en las membranas celulares. (español)

Cholesterol is one of the most important building blocks of cell membranes. It is also one of the main targets for oxidation via Type I hydrogen abstraction (HA), which leads to a variety of physiological consequences in the human body. To provide a deeper understanding of the oxidation mechanism, steady-state H-1 CIDNP, steady-state and laser-flash photolysis in combination with quantum mechanical calculations were applied to study HA in three model systems. The experiments involved photoinduced reactions in a cholesterol-benzophenone mixture and two derivatives, in which aminocholestene and benzophenone are covalently coupled yielding a dyad. It has been found, that a specific orientation of the benzophenone moiety toward the allylic hydrogens of cholesterol/aminocholestene is crucial for the efficient HA. Such a confined topology may play an important role for the particular oxidation of cholesterol in cell membranes.

[EN] Hydrogen abstraction from the C-7 position of cholesterol (Ch) by triplet excited benzophenone (BZP) exhibits remarkable solvent-dependence in product studies. Kinetic measurements on the intramolecular version of the process in dyads containing covalently linked Ch and BZP units reveal important solvent effects and significant stereodifferentiation.

[EN] Hydrogen abstraction from the C-7 position of cholesterol (Ch) by triplet excited benzophenone (BZP) exhibits remarkable solvent-dependence in product studies. Kinetic measurements on the intramolecular version of the process in dyads containing covalently linked Ch and BZP units reveal important solvent effects and significant stereodifferentiation.