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[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciency

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciency

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.