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[ES] El objetivo principal de este proyecto es el Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) del Bisfenol A (BPA),el cual es el principal causante de trastornos endocrinos y de numerosos impactos categóricos ambientales; habiendo desarrollado dos sistemas de degradación de este contaminante mediante luz ultravioleta (UVA) en función de diferentes especies oxidativas para distintos pH. En el sistema UV / H2O2 se ha observado como la eficacia de la degradación aumenta de la siguiente manera (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3), siendo la principal especie oxidante de este sistema el radical hidroxilo (¿OH). En el sistema UV / S2O82- la principal especie oxidativa es radical sulfato (SO4-) aumentando la eficacia de degradación en el mismo orden de pH que para el sistema UV / H2O2. Cabe destacar la importancia del efecto tampón causado por la adición de ácido húmico en las nanopartículas. En comparación a los dos sistemas la mayor efectividad en cuanto a la degradación del BPA se refiere, refleja mejores resultados el sistema UV / H2O2 debido a que el (¿OH) ha resultado ser el radical más efectivo., [EN] This project aims to analyze Bisphenol A (BPA) ¿s Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), being this responsible of endocrine disorders and numerous environmental categorical impacts, throughout the development of two degradation systems for this contaminant using ultraviolet light (UVA) based on different oxidative species for different pH. Whereas for the UV / H2O2. system it has been observed how the efficiency of degradation increases in the direction (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3) being the hydroxyl radical (¿OH) the main oxidant species, in the UV / S2O82- system the main oxidant species is sulfate radical (SO4-) increasing the degradation efficiency in the same pH range as for the UV / H2O2 system. In this context, emphasis shall be placed on the buffer effect caused by the addition of humic acid in the nanoparticles therein. Comparing both systems, the more effective the degradation is in terms of BPA, the better are the final results obtained throughout the UV / H2O2 system because (¿OH) has proved to be the most effective radical.

[ES] El objetivo principal de este proyecto es el Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) del Bisfenol A (BPA),el cual es el principal causante de trastornos endocrinos y de numerosos impactos categóricos ambientales; habiendo desarrollado dos sistemas de degradación de este contaminante mediante luz ultravioleta (UVA) en función de diferentes especies oxidativas para distintos pH. En el sistema UV / H2O2 se ha observado como la eficacia de la degradación aumenta de la siguiente manera (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3), siendo la principal especie oxidante de este sistema el radical hidroxilo (¿OH). En el sistema UV / S2O82- la principal especie oxidativa es radical sulfato (SO4-) aumentando la eficacia de degradación en el mismo orden de pH que para el sistema UV / H2O2. Cabe destacar la importancia del efecto tampón causado por la adición de ácido húmico en las nanopartículas. En comparación a los dos sistemas la mayor efectividad en cuanto a la degradación del BPA se refiere, refleja mejores resultados el sistema UV / H2O2 debido a que el (¿OH) ha resultado ser el radical más efectivo., [EN] This project aims to analyze Bisphenol A (BPA) ¿s Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), being this responsible of endocrine disorders and numerous environmental categorical impacts, throughout the development of two degradation systems for this contaminant using ultraviolet light (UVA) based on different oxidative species for different pH. Whereas for the UV / H2O2. system it has been observed how the efficiency of degradation increases in the direction (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3) being the hydroxyl radical (¿OH) the main oxidant species, in the UV / S2O82- system the main oxidant species is sulfate radical (SO4-) increasing the degradation efficiency in the same pH range as for the UV / H2O2 system. In this context, emphasis shall be placed on the buffer effect caused by the addition of humic acid in the nanoparticles therein. Comparing both systems, the more effective the degradation is in terms of BPA, the better are the final results obtained throughout the UV / H2O2 system because (¿OH) has proved to be the most effective radical.

[ES] El objetivo principal de este proyecto es el Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) del Bisfenol A (BPA),el cual es el principal causante de trastornos endocrinos y de numerosos impactos categóricos ambientales; habiendo desarrollado dos sistemas de degradación de este contaminante mediante luz ultravioleta (UVA) en función de diferentes especies oxidativas para distintos pH. En el sistema UV / H2O2 se ha observado como la eficacia de la degradación aumenta de la siguiente manera (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3), siendo la principal especie oxidante de este sistema el radical hidroxilo (¿OH). En el sistema UV / S2O82- la principal especie oxidativa es radical sulfato (SO4-) aumentando la eficacia de degradación en el mismo orden de pH que para el sistema UV / H2O2. Cabe destacar la importancia del efecto tampón causado por la adición de ácido húmico en las nanopartículas. En comparación a los dos sistemas la mayor efectividad en cuanto a la degradación del BPA se refiere, refleja mejores resultados el sistema UV / H2O2 debido a que el (¿OH) ha resultado ser el radical más efectivo., [EN] This project aims to analyze Bisphenol A (BPA) ¿s Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), being this responsible of endocrine disorders and numerous environmental categorical impacts, throughout the development of two degradation systems for this contaminant using ultraviolet light (UVA) based on different oxidative species for different pH. Whereas for the UV / H2O2. system it has been observed how the efficiency of degradation increases in the direction (pH 6 < pH 4 < pH 3) being the hydroxyl radical (¿OH) the main oxidant species, in the UV / S2O82- system the main oxidant species is sulfate radical (SO4-) increasing the degradation efficiency in the same pH range as for the UV / H2O2 system. In this context, emphasis shall be placed on the buffer effect caused by the addition of humic acid in the nanoparticles therein. Comparing both systems, the more effective the degradation is in terms of BPA, the better are the final results obtained throughout the UV / H2O2 system because (¿OH) has proved to be the most effective radical.

[EN] The photodegradation of an aqueous solution of diclofenac (DCF) has been attempted in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and organic/inorganic hybrid magnetic materials under simulated and real solar light. The hybrid magnetic materials have been prepared via coprecipitation synthesis starting from iron(II) and iron(III) inorganic salts in the presence of bioderived organic products (i.e., chitosan or bio-based substances isolated from commercially available composted urban biowastes) acting as stabilizers of the iron-containing phase. In addition to the as prepared hybrid materials, the corresponding materials obtained after a pyrolytic step at low temperature (550 degrees C) have been tested. The obtained results evidenced the capability of the materials to activate hydrogen peroxide at mild pH promoting DCF (photo) degradation. All the materials feature also as adsorbents since a decrease of DCF is observed also when working in the dark and in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.

[EN] In the present work, the photo-Fenton degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP, 1 mg/L) has been studied under simulated and natural solar irradiation; moreover, the effect on the process efficiency of urban waste-derived soluble bio-based substances (SBO), structurally comparable to humic acids, has been investigated. Experiments showed a crucial role of PCP photolysis, present in the solar pilot plant and hindered by the Pyrex (R) filter present in the solar simulator. Indeed, the SBO screen negatively affects PCP degradation when working under natural solar light, where the photolysis of PCP is relevant. In contrast, in the absence of PCP photolysis, a significant improvement of the photo-Fenton process was observed when added to SBO. Furthermore, SBO were able to extend the application of the photo-Fenton process at circumneutral pH values, due to their ability to complex iron, avoiding its precipitation as oxides or hydroxides. This positive effect has been observed at higher concentration of Fe(II) (4 mg/L), whereas at 1 mg/L, the degradation rates of PCP were comparable in the presence and absence of SBO.

[EN] The photodegradation of an aqueous solution of diclofenac (DCF) has been attempted in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and organic/inorganic hybrid magnetic materials under simulated and real solar light. The hybrid magnetic materials have been prepared via coprecipitation synthesis starting from iron(II) and iron(III) inorganic salts in the presence of bioderived organic products (i.e., chitosan or bio-based substances isolated from commercially available composted urban biowastes) acting as stabilizers of the iron-containing phase. In addition to the as prepared hybrid materials, the corresponding materials obtained after a pyrolytic step at low temperature (550 degrees C) have been tested. The obtained results evidenced the capability of the materials to activate hydrogen peroxide at mild pH promoting DCF (photo) degradation. All the materials feature also as adsorbents since a decrease of DCF is observed also when working in the dark and in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.

[EN] In the present work, the photo-Fenton degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP, 1 mg/L) has been studied under simulated and natural solar irradiation; moreover, the effect on the process efficiency of urban waste-derived soluble bio-based substances (SBO), structurally comparable to humic acids, has been investigated. Experiments showed a crucial role of PCP photolysis, present in the solar pilot plant and hindered by the Pyrex (R) filter present in the solar simulator. Indeed, the SBO screen negatively affects PCP degradation when working under natural solar light, where the photolysis of PCP is relevant. In contrast, in the absence of PCP photolysis, a significant improvement of the photo-Fenton process was observed when added to SBO. Furthermore, SBO were able to extend the application of the photo-Fenton process at circumneutral pH values, due to their ability to complex iron, avoiding its precipitation as oxides or hydroxides. This positive effect has been observed at higher concentration of Fe(II) (4 mg/L), whereas at 1 mg/L, the degradation rates of PCP were comparable in the presence and absence of SBO.

[EN] The photodegradation of an aqueous solution of diclofenac (DCF) has been attempted in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and organic/inorganic hybrid magnetic materials under simulated and real solar light. The hybrid magnetic materials have been prepared via coprecipitation synthesis starting from iron(II) and iron(III) inorganic salts in the presence of bioderived organic products (i.e., chitosan or bio-based substances isolated from commercially available composted urban biowastes) acting as stabilizers of the iron-containing phase. In addition to the as prepared hybrid materials, the corresponding materials obtained after a pyrolytic step at low temperature (550 degrees C) have been tested. The obtained results evidenced the capability of the materials to activate hydrogen peroxide at mild pH promoting DCF (photo) degradation. All the materials feature also as adsorbents since a decrease of DCF is observed also when working in the dark and in the absence of hydrogen peroxide.

[EN] In the present work, the photo-Fenton degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP, 1 mg/L) has been studied under simulated and natural solar irradiation; moreover, the effect on the process efficiency of urban waste-derived soluble bio-based substances (SBO), structurally comparable to humic acids, has been investigated. Experiments showed a crucial role of PCP photolysis, present in the solar pilot plant and hindered by the Pyrex (R) filter present in the solar simulator. Indeed, the SBO screen negatively affects PCP degradation when working under natural solar light, where the photolysis of PCP is relevant. In contrast, in the absence of PCP photolysis, a significant improvement of the photo-Fenton process was observed when added to SBO. Furthermore, SBO were able to extend the application of the photo-Fenton process at circumneutral pH values, due to their ability to complex iron, avoiding its precipitation as oxides or hydroxides. This positive effect has been observed at higher concentration of Fe(II) (4 mg/L), whereas at 1 mg/L, the degradation rates of PCP were comparable in the presence and absence of SBO.

[EN] The valorization of olive oil mill solid wastes (OMW) has been addressed by considering it as a possible source of humic-like substances (HLSs), to be used as auxiliary substances for photo-Fenton, employing caffeine as a target pollutant to test the efficiency of this approach. The OMW-HLS isolation encompassed the OMW basic hydrolysis, followed by ultrafiltration and drying. OMW-HLS structural features have been investigated by means of laser light scattering, fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis; moreover, the capability of OMW-HLS to generate reactive species under irradiation has been investigated using spin-trap electronic paramagnetic resonance. The caffeine degradation by means of photo-Fenton process driven at pH = 5 was significantly increased by the addition of 10 mg/L of OMW-HLS. Under the mechanistic point of view, it could be hypothesized that singlet oxygen is not playing a relevant role, whereas other oxidants (mainly OH center dot radicals) can be considered as the key species in promoting caffeine degradation.

[EN] The valorization of olive oil mill solid wastes (OMW) has been addressed by considering it as a possible source of humic-like substances (HLSs), to be used as auxiliary substances for photo-Fenton, employing caffeine as a target pollutant to test the efficiency of this approach. The OMW-HLS isolation encompassed the OMW basic hydrolysis, followed by ultrafiltration and drying. OMW-HLS structural features have been investigated by means of laser light scattering, fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis; moreover, the capability of OMW-HLS to generate reactive species under irradiation has been investigated using spin-trap electronic paramagnetic resonance. The caffeine degradation by means of photo-Fenton process driven at pH = 5 was significantly increased by the addition of 10 mg/L of OMW-HLS. Under the mechanistic point of view, it could be hypothesized that singlet oxygen is not playing a relevant role, whereas other oxidants (mainly OH center dot radicals) can be considered as the key species in promoting caffeine degradation.

[EN] Waste-derived, soluble bin-based substances (SBO), are effective low-cost photosensitizers that could find application in pollutant photodegradation. For this reason, it is important to understand if and to what extent irradiation could modify their properties. The exposure of SBO to simulated sunlight induced important spectral and structural modifications. Both the whole material and its acid-soluble fraction were characterized, highlighting several properties in common with humic and fulvic substances, including absorption spectra, specific absorbance and fluorescence behavior. The latter was described with a three-component model using PARAFAC analysis. Irradiation induced SBO photobleaching, but the absorbance of the acid-soluble fraction increased with irradiation. This finding suggests a progressive photochemical solubilization of SBO, which is confirmed by the increase of the carboxylic groups. In addition to absorbance, the fluorescence of whole SBO was also decreased by irradiation, thereby suggesting that both chromophores and fluorophores were photodegraded. The increasingly hydrophilic character given to SBO by irradiation also accounted for the photoinduced decrease of the surfactant properties of the material. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] Waste-derived, soluble bin-based substances (SBO), are effective low-cost photosensitizers that could find application in pollutant photodegradation. For this reason, it is important to understand if and to what extent irradiation could modify their properties. The exposure of SBO to simulated sunlight induced important spectral and structural modifications. Both the whole material and its acid-soluble fraction were characterized, highlighting several properties in common with humic and fulvic substances, including absorption spectra, specific absorbance and fluorescence behavior. The latter was described with a three-component model using PARAFAC analysis. Irradiation induced SBO photobleaching, but the absorbance of the acid-soluble fraction increased with irradiation. This finding suggests a progressive photochemical solubilization of SBO, which is confirmed by the increase of the carboxylic groups. In addition to absorbance, the fluorescence of whole SBO was also decreased by irradiation, thereby suggesting that both chromophores and fluorophores were photodegraded. The increasingly hydrophilic character given to SBO by irradiation also accounted for the photoinduced decrease of the surfactant properties of the material. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[EN] Waste-derived, soluble bin-based substances (SBO), are effective low-cost photosensitizers that could find application in pollutant photodegradation. For this reason, it is important to understand if and to what extent irradiation could modify their properties. The exposure of SBO to simulated sunlight induced important spectral and structural modifications. Both the whole material and its acid-soluble fraction were characterized, highlighting several properties in common with humic and fulvic substances, including absorption spectra, specific absorbance and fluorescence behavior. The latter was described with a three-component model using PARAFAC analysis. Irradiation induced SBO photobleaching, but the absorbance of the acid-soluble fraction increased with irradiation. This finding suggests a progressive photochemical solubilization of SBO, which is confirmed by the increase of the carboxylic groups. In addition to absorbance, the fluorescence of whole SBO was also decreased by irradiation, thereby suggesting that both chromophores and fluorophores were photodegraded. The increasingly hydrophilic character given to SBO by irradiation also accounted for the photoinduced decrease of the surfactant properties of the material. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The use of soluble bio-based organic substances (SBO) obtained from urban wastes to expand the pH region where the photo-Fenton process can be applied has been investigated in this study. For this purpose, a mixture of six pollutants, namely acetaminophen, carbamazepine, amoxicillin, acetamiprid, clofibric acid and caffeine, at an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 each, has been employed. Surface response methodology, based on the Doehlert matrix, has shown to be a useful tool to determine the effect of pH (in the range 3-7), concentration of SBO (15-25 mg L-1) and iron (2-6 mg L-1) on the performance of the photodegradation of the studied pollutants, measured by their half-life. Results indicate that, at high SBO concentration, the optimum pH shifts in most cases to a higher value (between 3 and 4) and that a significant loss of efficiency of the process was only observed at pH values above 5. An iron concentration of 4-5 mg L-1 and an amount of SBO of 19-22 mg L-1 have been determined to be the optimal conditions for the degradation of most of the studied pollutants at pH = 5. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The use of soluble bio-based organic substances (SBO) obtained from urban wastes to expand the pH region where the photo-Fenton process can be applied has been investigated in this study. For this purpose, a mixture of six pollutants, namely acetaminophen, carbamazepine, amoxicillin, acetamiprid, clofibric acid and caffeine, at an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 each, has been employed. Surface response methodology, based on the Doehlert matrix, has shown to be a useful tool to determine the effect of pH (in the range 3-7), concentration of SBO (15-25 mg L-1) and iron (2-6 mg L-1) on the performance of the photodegradation of the studied pollutants, measured by their half-life. Results indicate that, at high SBO concentration, the optimum pH shifts in most cases to a higher value (between 3 and 4) and that a significant loss of efficiency of the process was only observed at pH values above 5. An iron concentration of 4-5 mg L-1 and an amount of SBO of 19-22 mg L-1 have been determined to be the optimal conditions for the degradation of most of the studied pollutants at pH = 5. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.