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Patients with renal failure suffer from immune disturbances, caused by uremic toxins and influenced by dialysis treatment. The aim of the present study was to reveal whether type of dialysis modality (hemodialysis, HD, versus peritoneal dialysis, PD) differentially affects the immunocompetence, particularly the expression of genes involved in the immune response.Material. 87 renal transplant candidates (66 HD, 21 PD) were included in the study.Methods. The peripheral blood RNA samples were obtained with the PAXgene Blood system just before transplantation. The gene expression ofCASP3, FAS, TP53, FOXP3, IFNG, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL17, IL18, LCN2, TGFB1, andTNFwas assessed with real-time PCR on custom-designed low density arrays (TaqMan). Gene expression data were analyzed in relation to pretransplant clinical parameters.Results. The mean expression of examined genes showed no significant differences between PD and HD with the exception ofFAS, expression of which was 30% higher in PD patients compared to the HD group. There was nonsignificantly higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the PD group. The clinical inflammatory parameters (CRP, albumin, cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels) did not differ between the groups.Conclusion. Type of renal replacement therapy exerts no differential effect on cytokine gene expression or inflammatory clinical parameters.