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Background and Aims: Terpenes are major varietal aroma compounds significantly contributing to wine quality and style. Autochthonous microbial starters can promote the formation and release of the terpenes and thus highlight the terroir typicality of wines. This study compared the physicochemical parameters, changes in the terpene concentration, β‐D‐glucosidase activity and sensory attributes of Chardonnay wines fermented individually by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae autochthonous MQ3 strain isolated from spontaneous fermented grape must and by three commercial S. cerevisiae strains. Methods and Results: The evolution of terpenes during alcoholic fermentation was followed with ultrasound‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction combined with GC. The physicochemical parameters of wine fermented by the MQ3 strain were significantly different from those of the wines fermented by other yeasts. The pattern of the terpenes detected, including linalool, α‐terpineol, farnesol, geraniol, nerol and citronellol, varied during alcoholic fermentation. The MQ3 strain induced greater accumulation of terpenes with increased concentration of α‐terpineol, geraniol and (E,E)‐farnesol. Besides, the MQ3 strain exhibited an enhanced ability to produce β‐D‐glucosidase compared to that of the other three strains. With the exception of α‐terpineol and (E,E)‐farnesol, there was no significant correlation between the concentration of the other terpenoids and β‐D‐glucosidase activity as shown by Pearson's correlation analysis. Wine produced with the MQ3 strain was characterised by a distinctive complex flavour with enhanced floral and fruity aromas. Conclusions: The autochthonous MQ3 strain had a positive effect on the varietal aroma and sensory quality of the wines. Significance of the Study: Due to its aroma enhancing ability, the MQ3 strain could be applied to produce quality Chardonnay wine with terroir typicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the formulation of finite elements, the variation of elemental internal forces and displacements are interpolated. The force interpolation functions are known to reproduce the variations of forces better than the interpolation functions on the displacements. Layered section beam model is not as complicated as the fiber model, and yet, it is much more accurate than ordinary beam model. The force‐based finite element is revisited in this paper with its application in the numerical studies of a damage detection strategy for a reinforced concrete beam under static load. Two kinds of damages are studied including the cracking or other local damage of the concrete and the bonding between the concrete and the steel bar. Both kinds of damages in an element can be detected separately or in combinations with the proposed strategy. The force‐based layered finite element is shown to be a practical, accurate, and efficient representation of the bonding damage of steel bars in concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an effective method of parameter ascertainment for the skeleton curve of corroded compression-bending members to establish its restoring force model. An assumption which considers the skeleton curve of damaged and undamaged members has similar shape is introduced into the fitting process of parameters. Meanwhile, two-dimensional plane section assumption is used to simplify the mathematical model and reduce the computational cost. Several sets of experimental data were compared with the prediction by the method developed in this paper, for its verification. The case studies show that the experimental trends can be captured very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and objective Little is known regarding changes in blood coagulation parameters associated with tetracycline antibiotics. We report a possible case of elevated PT, APPT and PT/ INR associated with doxycycline and cefoperazone co-administration. Case summary An 83-year-old Chinese male inpatient with severe pneumonia, chronic renal insufficiency and malnutrition experienced elevated PT, APPT and PT/ INR which occurred within a few days of doxycycline added to his cefoperazone treatment and returned to normal after removal of it. What is new and conclusion Very close monitoring of coagulation parameters might be advisable in those subjects when administering doxycycline and cefoperazone concomitantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine-week feeding experiment was conducted in flow-through system with gibel carp (43.8 ± 0.2 g) to study the effects of dietary available phosphorus (P) on growth, phosphorous digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities. Seven semipurified diets were formulated to contain 0.8 (the basal), 2.4, 3.6, 6.1, 7.4, 10.1 and 15.8 g available phosphorus kg−1 diet. The results showed that specific growth rate and feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary available P from 0.8 to 7.4 g P kg−1. Fish body ash increased with increasing dietary available P, while moisture, protein content or energy content had no difference. Total phosphorus waste discharging ( TPW) increased with increased dietary phosphorous. Plasma glucose was higher in the fish fed with 7.4 g kg−1 P. Plasma triglycerides was lower in fish fed diets containing 6.1-10.1 g kg−1 P. No significant effects were observed in plasma P and Ca ( p > .05). The activities of intestinal amylase, lipase and trypsin showed no difference, while AKP and Na+, K+- ATPase activities decreased with increasing dietary available P. In conclusion, based on the regression between specific growth rate ( SGR), P retention efficiency, feed efficiency ( FE) and dietary available P, the available P requirements for on-growing gibel carp were 10.69, 8.22 and 6.72 g kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two 8-week growth trials were conducted in indoor recirculation system to evaluate the protein requirements for juvenile (3.70 ± 0.20 g) and pre-adult (85.2 ± 0.70 g) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated for each trial using fish meal and casein as protein sources, and protein level was 250-450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 and 200-450 g kg−1 in Trial 2. With the increasing dietary protein, feeding rate ( FR) and feed conversion ratio ( FCR) significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). Weight gain ( WG) increased first and then reached a plateau in 330-450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 ( P > 0.05), while decreased after the maximum value in 350 g kg−1 in Trial 2 ( P < 0.05). Productive protein values ( PPVs) were lower in 370-450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 and 400-450 g kg−1 in Trial 2 ( P < 0.05). Increasing dietary protein level increased protein content and decreased lipid content in whole fish body and white muscle ( P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matters ( ADCd) decreased, while apparent digestibility coefficient of protein ( ADCp) increased in 370-450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 and 250-450 g kg−1 in Trial 2 ( P < 0.05). Trypsin activity significantly increased in 370-450 g kg−1 in Trial 1 ( P < 0.05) and was not affected in Trial 2 ( P > 0.05). Hepatic alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) activities in both trials increased when dietary protein was above 400 g kg−1 ( P < 0.05). Based on quadratic regression of WG, it was estimated that dietary protein requirement for maximum growth was 414 g kg−1 (digestible protein of 376 g kg−1) and 365 g kg−1 (digestible protein of 324 g kg−1) for juvenile (3.70 g) and pre-adult gibel carp (85.2 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary cellulase addition on improving the nutritive value of Chlorella for juvenile crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 2.99 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SEM). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g kg−1 cellulase, respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake and the trypsin activity in the anterior intestine increased with increasing dietary cellulase to 1.5 g kg−1 and then declined with further addition. However, the mRNA expression levels of Mrf4 and Myf5, the apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, protein, energy and the majority of amino acids, and the activity of lipase in the anterior intestine were highest in fish fed the 1.0 g kg−1 cellulase diet, and then tended to decline with further cellulase supplementation. In conclusion, the optimal dietary cellulase supplementation level was 1.0-1.5 g kg−1, which can improve growth performance, digestive activities and nutrient digestibility in crucian carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine-transmissible gastroenteritis virus ( TGEV) is a pathogenic coronavirus responsible for high diarrhoea-associated morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets. We analysed the TGEV ORF3 gene using nested polymerase chain reaction and identified an ORF3a deletion in three field strains of TGEV collected from piglets in China in 2015. Eight TGEV ORF3 sequences were obtained in this study. Phylogenetic tree analysis of ORF3 showed that the eight TGEV ORF3 genes all belonged to the Miller cluster. CH- LNCT and CH- MZL were closely correlated with Miller M6, while CH- SH was correlated with Miller M60. These results thus indicate that the existence of Miller, as well as the Purdue cluster, in Chinese field strains of TGEV. Furthermore, we found the first evidence for a large deletion in ORF3 resulting in the loss of ORF3a, previously reported in porcine respiratory coronavirus, in three field strains ( CH- LNCT, CH- MZL, and CH- SH) of TGEV. The results of the present study thus provide important information regarding the underlying evolution mechanisms of coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Bacillus natto NT was evaluated for use as a probiotic supplement in the feeds on the growth performance and the growth-related genes' and micro RNAs' (mi RNAs) expression in the skeletal muscle of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella). Grass carps (ave. wt. 43.96 ± 0.27 g) were fed diets supplemented with 1.87 × 109 (Bn1), 3.73 × 109 (Bn2), 5.60 × 109 (Bn3), 7.47 × 109 (Bn4) and 9.33 × 109 (Bn5) B. natto NT cells per 100 g feed for 56 days. The control group (BnC) was not supplemented with the B. natto NT. The fish of Bn3, Bn4 and Bn5 groups displayed better growth performance and lower feed conversion ratio ( FCR) than the other groups ( P < 0.05). Compared with the fish of BnC group, miR-1a, miR-181a, miR-23a and miR-206 expressions increased ( P < 0.05), and the myostatin and myocyte enhancer factor C ( MEF2C) mRNAs were down-regulated ( P < 0.05) in the fish of Bn4 and Bn5 groups. The specific growth rate analysis and apparent expressional regulation of the growth-related mi RNAs and genes stimulated by B. natto suggest the potential application of B. natto in improving the growth performance on the grass carps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 7-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean meal ( SBM) on digestive enzyme activity of intestinal mucosa, m RNA levels of digestive enzymes in hepatopancreas, and the mid-intestinal and hepatopancreas histology of gibel carp CAS III ( Carassius auratus gibelio). Four different growth phases of gibel carp (initial body weight: fry, 0.8 g; juvenile, 5.0 g; 1-year-old, 62.7 g; and broodstock, 135.6 g) were tested. Seven isonitrogenous and iso-energetic diets were formulated to contain different SBM replacement levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of dietary fish meal protein), and another diet ( SBMAA) contained all SBM protein and supplied crystalline amino acids. The results showed that the activities of mid-intestine trypsin, α-amylase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase reduced with increased dietary SBM, while the chymotrypsin activity increased first and then decreased. The ultrastructures of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatopancreas cells in fry and broodstock fish were distinctly affected by 200 g kg-1 dietary SBM. Supplementation of dietary amino acid to the highest replacement groups was not sufficient to improve digestive and absorptive capacities and growth performance. Gibel carp may be adapted to dietary SBM through increase in gene expression of hepatopancreas digestive enzymes and has potential to utilize proceeded SBM as feedstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential solid fuels are widely consumed in rural China, contributing to severe household air pollution for many products of incomplete combustion, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs) and their polar derivatives. In this study, concentrations of nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives ( nPAHs and oPAHs) for household and personal air were measured and analyzed for influencing factors like smoking and cooking energy type. Concentrations of nPAHs and oPAHs in kitchens were higher than those in living rooms and in outdoor air. Exposure levels measured by personal samplers were lower than levels in indoor air, but higher than outdoor air levels. With increasing molecular weight, individual compounds tended to be more commonly partitioned to particulate matter ( PM); moreover, higher molecular weight nPAHs and oPAHs were preferentially found in finer particles, suggesting a potential for increased health risks. Smoking behavior raised the concentrations of nPAHs and oPAHs in personal air significantly. People who cooked food also had higher personal exposures. Cooking and smoking have a significant interaction effect on personal exposure. Concentrations in kitchens and personal exposure to nPAHs and oPAHs for households using wood and peat were significantly higher than for those using electricity and liquid petroleum gas ( LPG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four 70-day growth trials were performed to investigate the effects of substitution of dietary fishmeal ( FM) by soya bean meal ( SBM) in different sizes of gibel carp CASIII ( Carassius auratus gibelio). The initial weights of fry, juvenile, 1-year fish and broodstock of gibel carp were 0.8, 5.0, 62.7 and 135.6 g, respectively. In each trial, eight diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic, and different levels of soy bean meal protein were used to replace fishmeal protein at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Another diet containing all SBM protein and supplemented with crystalline amino acids was also tested. The results showed that apparent digestibility coefficients ( ADCs) of dry matter and energy decreased with SBM substitution while the ADCs of phosphorus increased. The ADCs of protein of high SBM substitution were higher than those of FM groups. Juveniles show lower ADCs than grown-up fish. Dietary SBM substitution showed negative effects on survival, growth and feed utilization in gibel carp. One-year fish and broodstock gibel carp have relatively higher tolerance to dietary SBM than fry and juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-day trial was conducted in a recirculation system to determine the responses of herbivorous grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (0.43 g), omnivorous gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio CAS III) (0.46 g) and carnivorous black carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus) (0.46 g) when fed with fishmeal ( FM)- or soybean meal ( SBM)-based diets. Two isonitrogenous (380 g kg−1 DM), isolipid (80 g kg−1 DM), isocaloric (17.75 kJ g−1) diets were formulated using FM and SBM as main protein sources. The results showed that weight gain ( WG), feed efficiency ( FE) and protein retention efficiency ( PRE) in FM group were significantly higher than those in SBM group. Grass carp showed better utilization on SBM than other two species and presented higher WG, FE and PRE. When fed with SBM diet, intestinal chymotrypsin ( CHY), lipase and trypsin ( TRY) activities of gibel carp and black carp decreased while higher α-amylase (α- AMY) activity of grass carp increased. An enteritis-like effect was observed in black carp and grass carp fed SBM diet. Intestine bacteria mainly belonged to Firmicutes in gibel carp and Proteobacteria in black carp. The dominant genera identified in three species were Cellulomonas, belonging to Actinobacteria. In conclusion, SBM decreased the growth of three carps. Grass carp was more adapted to plant protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]