1. A New Nested Allele-Specific Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for Haplotyping of VKORC1 Gene to Predict Warfarin Sensitivity
- Author
-
Zukurnai Yusof, Wan Zaidah Abdullah, Y.A. Chua, and Siew Hua Gan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Article Subject ,Drug Resistance ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Polymerase chain reaction optimization ,Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases ,Primer dimer ,Multiplex polymerase chain reaction ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Precision Medicine ,Alleles ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Genetics ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Inverse polymerase chain reaction ,lcsh:R ,Multiple displacement amplification ,Reproducibility of Results ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Molecular biology ,Haplotypes ,Female ,Primer (molecular biology) ,Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Metabolism, Inborn Errors ,Hot start PCR ,Research Article ,In silico PCR - Abstract
The vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 gene (VKORC1) is commonly assessed to predict warfarin sensitivity. In this study, a new nested allele-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that can simultaneously identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) atVKORC1381, 861, 5808, and 9041 for haplotype analysis was developed and validated. Extracted DNA was amplified in the first PCR DNA, which was optimized by investigating the effects of varying the primer concentrations, annealing temperature, magnesium chloride concentration, enzyme concentration, and the amount of DNA template. The amplification products produced from the first round of PCR were used as templates for a second PCR amplification in which both mutant and wild-type primers were added in separate PCR tubes, followed by optimization in a similar manner. The final PCR products were resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis and further analysed by using aVKORC1genealogic tree to infer patient haplotypes. Fifty patients were identified to have H1H1, one had H1H2, one had H1H7, 31 had either H1H7 or H1H9, one had H1H9, eight had H7H7, and one had H8H9 haplotypes. This is the first method that is able to inferVKORC1haplotypes using only conventional PCR methods.
- Published
- 2014