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China's renewable energy products have an important place in international trade, and the conclusion of the RCEP agreement can create favourable external conditions for China's renewable energy product exports. This paper measures the export potential of China's renewable energy products to other RCEP countries through a trade gravity model. The results show that (1) the GDP of the importing and exporting countries, the energy consumption of the importing countries, and the particulate emissions damage significantly enhance China's renewable energy product exports; (2) among the RCEP countries, China has a greater potential to export renewable energy products to five countries in 2020, which are mainly located in East and Southeast Asia; and (3) from a dynamic perspective, China's renewable energy trade potential is increasing, while in the Oceania region it is weakening, while trade links to Southeast Asian countries are developing in a more mature direction. Based on the above research, this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to actively respond to the "14th Five-Year Plan," the PGA algorithm is used to develop a new energy planning strategy in this paper. The project can make full use of my country's abundant renewable energy resources, encourage energy conservation and reduction of emissions, improve the energy structure's low-carbon level, support the development of smart green energy, and achieve ecological civilization construction. This solution can show users how much greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through some environmental changes, as well as the basic issues of meeting the future energy needs. It can display the benefits, costs, and emissions data under different scenarios in the future and use the scenario demonstration method to show energy planning to make energy data more vivid. It allows people, technicians, and decision makers to understand what will happen to China's carbon emissions over time in the next 15 years. This paper innovatively combines a particle swarm optimization algorithm with a genetic algorithm and designs a PGA algorithm for path optimization. In terms of carbon emission reduction, comparative trials demonstrate that the PGA algorithm's path optimization is 58.06 percent greater than the genetic algorithm; In terms of cost, the PGA algorithm's path optimization is 15.72% less expensive than the genetic algorithm's. This article provides a reference path for selecting the best results for future energy planning schemes and provides a new strategy for the "14th Five-Year" energy plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. With the continuous expansion of grid-connected power generation from renewable energy sources, such as wind and light, the forms of power sources are more diversified. The coupling and uncertainty of multiple energy sources will cause significant changes in the characteristics of the power system. Problems like the complexity of the power system lack a scientific and complete explanation. This paper comprehensively considers the regional weather conditions, the uncertainty of the output of wind and solar energy sources, and the time and space complementary characteristics of multiple power sources. Based on the theory of complex adaptive systems, a systematic and holistic optimization planning method is studied. Combining the idea of complementarity because of differences, a multipoint layout planning and design method for multienergy power systems is proposed to give full play to the synergistic effects of natural resources, achieve optimal resource allocation, and provide a theoretical basis for improving the consumption of wind and renewable energy. Taking an actual provincial power system in China as an example, through the comparison of production simulation calculations and multiscenario analysis and planning methods, the proposed method can significantly increase the consumption of wind and solar renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of the development of green finance on China's energy consumption structure. 17 basic indexes and the improved entropy weight method are used to construct the green finance index (GFI). Multiple regression, panel regression, and spatial regression are used to study the impact of green finance on China's traditional energy and renewable energy consumption. The results show that there is a positive spatial spillover effect in the development of green finance among provinces in China. The development of green finance contributes to the conversion of traditional to renewable energy consumption. The effect of green finance on the transformation of energy consumption structure is mainly reflected in the direct effect. The green finance in each province not only helps the local development of green energy but also plays a good role in the production and utilization of clean energy consumption in surrounding provinces. Therefore, the government should support the green finance, reduce traditional energy consumption, and increase renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the sharply increased development of variable renewable energy resources (VRERs) in recent years, the hydro-wind-photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system (HWPHS) has the prospective to enhance the grid integration of VRERs. Nevertheless, the intense variation associated with wind and PV generation causes uncertainties in the long-term operation of the HWPHS. To overcome this drawback, this paper develops a novel method to derive adaptive operating rules for a cascade HWPHS. First, a scenario-generating method coupling Kernel density estimation with the copula function is proposed to characterize the wind and PV forecast errors. Second, based on the power generation scenarios, an optimal scheduling model for the cascade HWPHS considering transmission section constraints is proposed to simulate the hydro-wind-PV complementary operation; finally, the long-term operating rules for the cascade HWPHS are extracted by grey relational analysis and BP neural network. As a case study, the HWPHS of the Wu River basin in China is chosen. Results demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively utilize the flexibility of cascade hydropower stations, improve transmission section utilization efficiency, and promote clean energy absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of insufficient peak shaving capacity of the power system after large-scale renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaics is connected to the grid, a new energy-pumped storage combined system low-carbon economic operation strategy is proposed. First, the energy storage characteristics of pumped storage are studied; wind power and photovoltaic output are shifted in time and space; and a new energy-pumped storage combined system model with photovoltaics, wind power, and pumped storage as the main body is established. Second, the carbon trading mechanism was introduced, and the reward and punishment ladder carbon trading cost model was established. Then, via the new energy-pumped storage combined system, the upper optimization target with the smallest investment cost and the lower optimization target with the largest system benefit are established, and a two-layer optimization model solution method based on linearly decreasing inertia weight particle swarm optimization and sequential quadratic programming algorithm is proposed. Finally, via the operating data of a pumped storage power station on an island in northern China, the new energy-pumped storage combined system low-carbon economic operation strategy was simulated and verified. The simulation results show that the low-carbon economic operation strategy of the new energy-pumped storage combined system proposed in this paper can effectively suppress load fluctuations, reduce the impact of wind and wind anti-peak regulation characteristics on the power grid, increase the utilization rate of renewable energy, and improve system economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: For the first time, this paper investigates the relationship between crowdfunding and renewable energy generation for a panel of 32 countries from 2013 to 2018. Applying the instrumental variable generalised method of moment, this study indicated that crowdfunding has a significant positive effect on renewable energy generation. Notably, 1% increase in crowdfunding raises renewable energy generation by 0.35%. Specifically, we also found that crowdfunding spurs the generation of solar energy (0.45%), wind energy (0.37%), and other renewable energy (0.30%) while having a neutral effect on hydroelectricity generation. The findings from the causality analysis showed that there is bi‐directional causality between crowdfunding and renewable energy generation. Country‐specific analysis indicated that China has the highest effect of crowdfunding on renewable energy generation, while the United Arab Emirates has the lowest effect. These findings suggest that policymakers need to advance crowdfunding development by promoting favourable regulations, social capital (trust), and internet infrastructure investment. Policies that advance renewable energy generation, such as subsidies, feed‐in‐tariffs, and technology procurement, are also recommended. Highlights: Examines the effect of crowdfunding on renewable energy generation.Use a panel of 32 countries from 2013 to 2018.Crowdfunding drives renewable energy generation.There exists bi‐directional causality between crowdfunding and renewable energy generation.China has the highest effect of crowdfunding on renewable energy generation. NOVELTY STATEMENT: This study has, for the first time, measured the contributions of crowdfunding to renewable energy generation. The study has also demonstrated that there exists bi‐directional causality between crowdfunding and renewable energy generation. Finally, this study has shown that China has the highest effect of crowdfunding on renewable energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some rural areas in the northwest of China, people are suffering from not only the voltage drop due to long distance transmission but also the power outages due to remoteness and poorly maintained grid. In recent few years, the price of solar energy has been reduced drastically every year in China due to the government policy on renewable energy. In the near future, isolated hybrid power systems for home use could be affordable and used by residences in these rural areas. Thus, it is necessary to design a hybrid power system based on local load and weather condition to check system feasibility and expected performance. It includes load simulation, system sizing, and dynamic system modeling and simulation. This paper firstly introduces current development of renewable energy in China and then goes through the sizing, modeling, and simulation of the system design for a typical remote home in China and finally discusses the system’s availability based on the simulation results. In this paper, the NASA website is the source for weather data, and BEopt is used to generate load data. During system modeling, the MPPT algorithm is much simpler designed than the complex incremental method. A soft starter is adopted with the diesel generator for stability. The charge controller of the battery storage provides external command to the MPPT and diesel PID controller to prevent the battery storage from overcharging. The rms value of the fundamental load voltage is used in the voltage control loop of the inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Access to energy has increasingly been provided by the Chinese Government via new alternative energy sources known as renewables in recent years. Meanwhile, the development and use of environmentally friendly renewables gradually become the basic requirements for the sustainable development in the future society. The integration of blockchain technology with distributed photovoltaic (PV) energy may break the existing pattern where the production, transportation, distribution, and sales of energy are centralized. This paper first reviews the current overall situation of China's distributed PV and further analyzes the policy environment with respect to the development of distributed PV. On the basis of the analysis of the status quo, the paper then discusses the internalities (strengths and weaknesses) and the externalities (opportunities and threats) that have driven the development of China's distributed PV by illustrating the SWOT analysis. The data structure and characteristics of blockchain are analyzed to identify the application mode of blockchain technology in the distributed PV industry for the first time. Through our research, some conclusions and policy proposals are finally put forward to provide support to the formulation of related policy in the Chinese Government and industry association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: China's high‐speed economic growth and ambitious urbanization depend heavily on the massive consumption of fossil fuel. However, the over‐dependence on the depleting fossil fuels causes severe environmental problems, making China the largest energy consumer and the biggest CO2 emitter in the world. Faced with significant challenges in terms of managing its environment and moving forward with the concept of sustainable economic development, the Chinese government plans to move away from fossil fuels and rely on renewables such as hydropower, wind power, solar power, biomass power and nuclear power. In this paper, the current status of China's renewable energy deployment and the ongoing development projects are summarized and discussed. Most recent developments of major renewable energy sources are clearly reviewed. Additionally, the renewable energy development policies including laws and regulations, economic encouragement, technical research and development are also summarized. This study showcases China's achievements in exploiting its abundant domestic renewable energy sources to meet the future energy demand and reducing carbon emissions. To move toward a low carbon society, technological progress and policy improvements are needed for improving grid access (wind), securing nuclear fuel supplies and managing safety protocols (nuclear), integrating supply chains to achieve indigenous manufacture of technologies across supply chains (solar). Beyond that, a preliminary prediction of the development of China's future renewable energy developments, and proposes targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed. The proposal involves developing smart‐grid system, investing on renewable energy research, improving the feed‐in tariff system and clarifying the subsidy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous growth of China's power peak load and the rapid development of renewable energy, a large number of renewable energy sources are connected to the power grid, increasing the uncertainty of power grid operation and posing new major challenges to the power system regulation capacity. Flexible load has the characteristics of wide distribution, fast response, and high economy, which is an important control resource for the future power system. Based on the flexible load of commercial buildings and residential users, this paper studies the resource characteristics and response characteristics, clarifies the resource characteristics and demand response characteristic indexes of commercial and residential users, and establishes the response characteristics model of commercial buildings and residential users. Considering the influence of weather, holidays, incentive mechanism, and other factors on the response of flexible load, the quantitative analysis method of flexible load resource regulation potential for regional power grid dispatching was studied, and the feasibility of flexible load resources directly participating in the load control system was analyzed. Based on the uncertainty and mathematical characterization method of the active response of flexible loads, the optimal combination control strategy of demand response resources was proposed to eliminate the problems of heavy load and overload of regional power grid equipment by using the active response ability of flexible loads. Finally, the IEEE 14-node system is selected for simulation verification, which provides a theoretical basis for alleviating the power grid operation pressure in the peak load period of the power grid in the urban core area, improving the safety and economic operation level of regional power grid dispatching and the utilization rate of power grid equipment assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the strategic target of energy conservation and emission reduction, China is vigorously developing its large-scale and distributed renewable energy power generation industry, dominated by wind power and photovoltaic power generation. In the new situation of renewable energy power interconnection, the grid company in China must fully consider the risks caused by renewable energy when making power purchase optimization decisions. This paper sets up a power purchasing model considering the risks of the renewable energy power interconnection and testifies to the effectiveness of the model through a case study. On this basis, this paper puts forward several reasonable suggestions to help the grid company make power purchase decisions under different risk preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with the high proportion of renewable energy connected to the grid under the carbon peak and neutrality goal, the investment in distribution network construction will account for more than 50% of the power grid companies' investment direction in distribution networks in China. According to the characteristics of distribution network investment under the high proportion of renewable energy, a new evaluation index system of distribution network investment efficiency is constructed from the three dimensions of power supply guarantee capacity, total carrying capacity and value creation capacity. Besides, it put forward the game theory combined weighting method based on fuzzy BWM (F-BWM) method and anti-entropy weight method (a-EWM) and the multi-attribute decision-making method of MARCOS based on Pearson coefficient instead of the covariance matrix and improved weighted Mahalanobis distance (I-M-MARCOS). Finally, eight typical distribution network projects in a province of China are selected for empirical analysis. The results show that the model has good applicability in the evaluation of distribution network investment efficiency, and expanding the scale of distribution network and flexibly adjusting resources are the key ways to improve the investment efficiency of distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional optimization methods cannot fully satisfy the interests of multiparticipants and protect the privacy of participants in the integrated energy system that observe changes in the energy market structure. To allocate the benefits among the stakeholders in the integrated energy system and improve renewable energy accommodation, the manuscript proposes an optimal dispatching strategy for a park-level integrated energy system employing the Stackelberg game. Firstly, the benefits and cost models of each stakeholder of the integrated energy system are constructed by considering the integrated demand response and the uncertainty of renewable energy output. A master-slave game model that contains the energy system operator, energy producer, and energy users is then established, and the existence of the Stackelberg equilibrium is demonstrated. Furthermore, a distributed algorithm is proposed to resolve the game model by combining an improved coyote optimization algorithm with quadratic programming. Due to the shortcomings of the conventional coyote optimization algorithm, such as slow convergence rate and quickly falling into local optimum, a beetle antennae search is utilized to strengthen the optimal and the worst coyotes and to improve the convergence speed, global search ability, and optimization accuracy of the standard coyote algorithm. Finally, an industrial park in Northern China is adopted as an illustration to evaluate the effectiveness of the model and the improved algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of improving the energy efficiency of the energy supply system, the author proposes a method for improving the energy efficiency of the energy supply system of composite energy buildings based on multiobjective grid optimization, the method solves the energy efficiency improvement of the grid-optimized composite energy building energy supply system, with the increasing material needs of people, the traditional fossil energy consumption is increasing, and the environmental pollution problem is also becoming more and more serious, and people will face serious energy crisis. Due to the high proportion of coal in China's energy, most thermal power plants use coal as fuel to generate electricity. In the process of coal combustion power generation, a large amount of air pollutants such as CO2, SO2, and Nox are produced, which destroys the ecological environment. In order to alleviate the energy crisis and reduce the emission of polluting gases, the development of renewable energy sources such as wind energy and solar energy is extremely important. Electricity supply and heat supply account for the main part of China's energy consumption, 40% of China's energy consumption is used for electricity supply, and 25% is used for heat supply. In terms of electricity supply, 12% of electricity is used for residential use, about 74% is used for industrial production, and 14% is used for commercial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problems of climate change and energy security, Chinese government strived to develop renewable power as an important alternative of conventional electricity. In this paper, the learning curve model is employed to describe the decreasing unit investment cost due to accumulated installed capacity; the technology diffusion model is used to analyze the potential of renewable power. Combined with the investment cost, the technology potential, and scenario analysis of China social development in the future, we develop the Renewable Power Optimization Model (RPOM) to analyze the optimal development paths of three sources of renewable power from 2009 to 2020 in a cost-effective way. Results show that (1) the optimal accumulated installed capacities of wind power, solar power, and biomass power will reach 169000, 20000, and 30000MWin 2020; (2) the developments of renewable power show the intermittent feature; (3) the unit investment costs of wind power, solar power, and biomass power will be 4500, 11500, and 5700 Yuan/KW in 2020; (4) the discounting effect dominates the learning curve effect for solar and biomass powers; (5) the rise of on-grid ratio of renewable power will first promote the development of wind power and then solar power and biomass power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Platinum catalysts for use in fuel cells have gained much attention because of their unique properties such as high catalytic activity and durability. They have enabled a number of different electro‐catalysts for diverse applications. Nanomaterials based platinum (Pt) electro‐catalysts for fuel cell applications have been largely explored and actively utilised to meet those alternate energy needs. This bibliometric analysis examines developments from 1990 to 2019 in the area of Pt electro‐catalysts for fuel cells. A total of 4674 documents were retrieved from two databases (Web of Science and Scopus) after eliminating duplicates with an author per article and article per author ratios of 1.79 and 0.559, respectively, while the collaborative index stood at 1.81. Rstudio software was used to process the retrieved data for bibliometric analysis. The information analysed using this software was annual research output, research by journal, research by countries, research directions, research collaboration index, and frequently used keywords. The analysis showed that studies on Pt based electro‐catalysts for fuel cell have continuously grown over the years with a positive correlation of (y = 0.669x2‐3.7983x + 2.9365; R2 = 0.9738) and leading electrochemical journals accounted for most publications on this subject. The study revealed that China and the USA with a contribution of 1339 articles (28.70%) and 593 articles (12.71%), respectively, dominated research in this field. This study clearly demonstrates the growing research in fuel cell and their use as alternate energy source, which will promote community and industry engagements as well as increase awareness of fuel cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Improving energy utilization efficiency and exploiting renewable energy source have become more crucial with the growing concern on energy crisis and environmental problem. Organic Rankine cycle, a clean, low‐cost, and efficient energy utilization technology, is eliciting increasing attention. In this study, the recent research studies on organic Rankine cycle configuration modifications integrated with pure organic fluid are summarized from the perspectives of nomenclature, configuration modifications, theoretical and numerical methods, and experimental development. Results reveal that the nomenclature on the common organic Rankine cycle configurations is confusing; the research studies on organic Rankine cycle configurations are mainly focused on numerical research studies, and theoretical and experimental research studies are relatively limited. The experimental and numerical studies are mostly related to organic Rankine cycle with a recuperator due to its higher thermal and exergy efficiencies. Most experimental research studies are contributed by Chinese scholars, which indicate that China has paid much attention to improving the global environment. More theoretical and experimental research studies on other organic Rankine cycle configurations are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable energy hybrid generation system in the area with renewable energy and land source plays a key role in improving the application of the renewable energy in China, with the rapid development of the extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra‐high voltage (UHV) grids to transmit the electricity. The suitable plan and decision‐making mechanism has a significant influence on the utilization of the renewable energy. The output of thermal power, wind power and photovoltaic are respectively simulated in the plan period of a hybrid generation system, and then all the output are comprehensively studied with the consideration of some constrains. However, the experience of the applications of the renewable energy hybrid generation system with thermal power revealed an obvious disadvantage that to maintain the competitiveness of the power output without the guidance of the price signals in the electricity market is difficult. The dispersed areal distribution and discontinuous power output of the renewable energy may be responsible for this disadvantage. The investigation to improve the consumption of the renewable energy hybrid generation system is meaningful to solve the renewable energy curtailment problems. In the present study, the investigation to the operation of a thermal‐wind‐photovoltaic hybrid generation system with market mechanism was conducted to optimize the consumption of the renewable energy. These results are beneficial to the operations of the similar hybrid generation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]