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Good resilience skills support effective and timely adjustment to demanding situations in the workplace. Existing tools are insufficient to develop and evaluate workplace interventions to improve employee's resilience skills. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Resilience Skills Questionnaire (RSQ) using the key constructs of social cognitive theory—self-efficacy, self-regulation, and social support—as a theoretical framework. Following DeVellis' guidelines for scale development, first an expert panel of thirteen professors was recruited to support the item development stages and determine content validity. At this stage, the initial pool of 38 items was reduced to 25 items and CVR and CVI were calculated as 0.92 and 0.93, respectively, indicating good content validity. A second panel of ten health professionals confirmed face validity. An online survey comprised of the 25 developed items was then completed by 336 health professionals working in urban healthcare centers in Shiraz, Iran, in November 2021. The data were used to assess the psychometrics of the questionnaire according to its hypothesized three-dimensional structure. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a final model of seventeen items in three dimensions, self-efficacy (six items), social support (six items), and self-regulation (five items), with good psychometric properties ( χ 2 / df = 2.44 (p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.06 , GFI = 0.92 , AGFI = 0.90 , IFI = 0.93 , CFI = 0.93). All standardized factor loadings were significant (p < 0.001). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, was very good: RSQ (0.90), self-efficacy (0.86), social support (0.83), and self-regulation (0.86). Based on these results, the RSQ can be used as a standard and valid measure to develop and evaluate the effect of educational intervention programs to improve resilience skills and reduce job stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The lack of chest tube maintenance and management knowledge in nurses can lead to serious adverse consequences. The purpose of this study was to develop a chest tube maintenance and management knowledge questionnaire for clinical nurses, and to verify its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on literature review and expert consultation, a questionnaire on chest tube maintenance and management knowledge of clinical nurses was designed, and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested in 60 clinical nurses. Results: The initial questionnaire of chest tube maintenance and management knowledge for clinical nurses included 20 items, and three dimensions were finally determined by expert consultation method, including 15 items. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.850, and the Cronbach's α coefficient of each dimension ranged from 0.704 to 0.743. Spearman‐brown's split reliability was 0.756. The content validity (content validity index [CVI]) of each item of the questionnaire ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, and the total CVI was 0.978. Conclusions: The clinical nurses' knowledge questionnaire developed in this study has good reliability and validity, which can effectively and objectively evaluate clinical nurses' mastery of chest tube maintenance and management knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Instruments to measure quality of patient‐centred care (PCC) for the rapidly growing population of patients treated with oral anticancer drugs (OACD) are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess PCC in the context of OACD. Methods: The CONTACT–Patient‐Centred Care Questionnaire (CONTACT‐PCCQ) was developed based on a validated set of key elements (KEs) for patient‐centred education and counselling in patients taking OACD, and face validity was evaluated by means of cognitive interviews. In 16 Belgian hospitals, adult patients treated with OACD were asked to complete the questionnaire. Construct validity was investigated through exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and internal consistency of the subscales was examined using Cronbach's alpha. Results: The initial 86‐item instrument was completed by 464 patients. Each EFA confirmed the a priori PCC‐based structure of the subscales. However, EFA revealed more than one factor for two of the subscales. Therefore, multiple subsections within these subscales were created. Based on factor loadings and item content, six items were removed. This resulted in a final 80‐item instrument with seven subscales and five subsections. Cronbach's alpha for the subscales and subsections ranged between 0.732 and 0.918, which implies adequate internal consistency. Conclusion: A final instrument with 80 items divided into seven subscales, covering all six dimensions of PCC, was obtained. The CONTACT‐PCCQ has acceptable psychometric properties, supporting its use as a measure to assess care experiences of patients treated with OACD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handedness is one of the most studied behavioural predictors of cerebral lateralization. Assessing handedness is often essential in neuropsychology and motor behaviour research. Thus, it is important that self-reported assessment tools for determining handedness are available in multiple languages for different cultures. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire into the Arabic language and to assess its psychometric properties. Two independent forward translations were performed by two native Arabic speakers and then synthesized into one version. The synthesized version was backtranslated into English by two independent bilingual translators. An expert committee was formed to review the translation and adaptation process. A final Arabic version of the WHQ was obtained, the WHQ-Ar. Two hundred and ninety adult Arabic speakers were recruited to participate in the study and investigate the properties of the WHQ-Ar. Results showed that the WHQ-Ar had no floor or ceiling effect. For construct validity, results of factor analysis revealed that the WHQ-Ar had two dimensions. Further, the WHQ-Ar had excellent internal consistency with Cronbac h ' s alpha = 0.93. For test-retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient score was 0.94. The Bland-Altman plot showed acceptable agreement between test and retest scores. Therefore, the WHQ-Ar is a valid, reliable tool and ready for use among the Arabic-speaking population for determining handedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral anticoagulation is the most common method to decrease the risk of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation. Purpose: To assess the knowledge of Jordanian nurses about anticoagulation therapy, the effectiveness of educational courses in increasing their knowledge, and the factors that affect nurses' changing knowledge following completion of an educational course. Method: A pre/posttest quasi‐experimental design was used. A total of 123 nurses participated in the study, identified by convenience sampling and recruited from five governmental hospitals in Jordan. To assess changes in knowledge between pre‐and posttest, a questionnaire based on European cardiovascular nurses' knowledge of anticoagulation therapy was used. An educational course was given to improve participants' knowledge of anticoagulation therapy. The participants' knowledge was assessed before and after the educational course. For data analysis, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 was used. Results: Nurses' knowledge of anticoagulants was poor; however, a significant improvement was achieved following the educational course (M = 25.5, SD = 3.41), as compared to before conducting it (M = 12.2, SD = 5.3, t = 42.54, p < 0.001). Having an academic degree was found to affect the change in knowledge scores among participants (t = −3.52, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The educational course was effective in improving the nurses' knowledge. Baccalaureate degree holders achieved more improvement in their knowledge scores. Post‐graduate education for nurses would help to improve their knowledge of anticoagulants. Revision of nursing curricula may be deemed necessary to improve the quality of education for nurses during their degree work, especially regarding anticoagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To come up with a newly developed survey tool that will measure the students' level of quality in writing nursing care plans (NCPs). Background: Exploring various challenges of students in writing NCP would enlighten educators to design innovative strategies on how to mitigate gaps between nursing education and practice. Methods: This study utilized an exploratory sequential mixed‐methods design in three stages. In phase 1, qualitative semi‐structured interviews of 22 students were conducted, and the data were analysed using the Colaizzi method. In phase 2, qualitative results were transformed into survey components, constructs and items, and the data were developed into a new survey tool based on the nursing process system (NPS) model. In phase 3, a quantitative cross‐sectional survey of 195 nursing students was conducted to measure their level of quality in writing NCP, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics of the SPSS software. Results: In the first (qualitative) phase, five themes emerged from various challenges of nursing students in writing care plans: (a) data gathering; (b) identifying clients' problems; (c) formulating sustainable goals; (d) providing appropriate interventions; and (5) recognizing client's outcomes. In the second phase, a valid and reliable tool called the Student Survey on Writing Nursing Care Plan (SSW‐NCP) was developed and tested. Lastly, in the third (quantitative) phase, the nursing students have shown a 'very good' level of quality in writing NCP. Conclusion: Determining students' level of quality in writing NCP would come up with comprehensive ways of improving student competencies in patient care management. Implications for Nursing Management: The survey tool that is formulated from the study will provide relevant information for nurse educators and managers in managing students' and registered nurses' capabilities in writing an excellent care plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 'What matters to me' is a five‐category preference elicitation tool to assist clients and professionals in choosing long‐term care. This study aimed to evaluate the use of and experiences with this tool. Methods: A mixed‐method process evaluation was applied. Participants were 71 clients or relatives, and 12 professionals. They were all involved in decision‐making on long‐term care. Data collection comprised online user activity logs (N = 71), questionnaires (N = 38) and interviews (N = 20). Descriptive statistics was used for quantitative data, and a thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results: Sixty‐nine per cent of participants completed one or more categories in an average time of 6.9 (±0.03) minutes. The tool was rated 6.63 (±0.88) of 7 in the Post‐Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). Ninety‐five per cent experienced the tool as useful in practice. Suggestions for improvement included a separate version for relatives and a non‐digital version. Although professionals thought the potentially extended consultation time could be problematic, all participants would recommend the tool to others. Conclusion: 'What matters to me' seems useful to assist clients and professionals with preference elicitation in long‐term care. Evaluation of the impact on consultations between clients and professionals by using 'What matters to me' is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the quality of life in family caregivers of people in palliative care is essential to document the impact of care on the caregiver. This study aimed to adapt and validate a Latin American‐Spanish version of the QOLLTI‐F scale in family caregivers of palliative care patients. This study was conducted between May and November 2019 in Medellin, Colombia. We develop three phases: translation and semantic adaptation (n = 17), face and content validity (n = 21), construct validity, internal consistency (n = 208) and test–retest reliability (n = 35). Main family caregivers of stage‐IV cancer patients receiving palliative treatment, participated. In the translation and semantic adaptation, some items were adjusted following the caregivers' recommendations. In face validity, Fleiss' Kappa was over 0.65 for family caregivers. In content validity, Fleiss' Kappa ranged from 0.54 to 1 for experts. In construct validity, the original version seven‐factor structure did not show appropriate model fit indices. The data revealed instead a new 3‐factor structure related to (1) impact of care‐giving, (2) social and healthcare interactions and (3) meaning of life. Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 for the overall scale. Test–retest reliability was 0.87 between measurements 1 and 2. This study found that The Latin American‐Spanish version of the QOLLTI‐F scale is an understandable, useful, and relevant tool for family caregivers of people with cancer receiving palliative care. Future research is needed to confirm the factor structure identified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the mobilization of nurses/midwives in a designated hospital group in Ireland during a global pandemic. Background: The recent global pandemic has resulted in the large‐scale worldwide mobilization of registered nurses and midwives working in the acute care sector. There is a dearth of literature reporting the mobilization of this professional workforce. Method: Mixed‐methods design using an electronic survey and facilitated discussion across one Irish hospital group. Results: Eight of 11 hospitals responded to the survey. There was a 2% vacancy rate prior to the pandemic. Mobilization included reconfiguration of clinical areas and redeployment of 9% of the nursing/midwifery workforce within 2 weeks of the pandemic. A total of 11% (n = 343) of nurses/midwives were redeployed in 3 months. Nurses/midwives required re‐skilling in infection prevention control, enhancement of critical care skills and documentation. Conclusions: Three key areas were identified to enable the nursing workforce readiness. These are referred to as the three 'R's': Reconfiguration of specific resources, Redeployment of nurses to dedicated specialist areas and Re‐skilling of nurses to safely care for the patients during the pandemic. Implications for Nursing Management: A centralized approach to reconfiguration of clinical areas.Redeployment is enabled by closing non‐essential departments.Hands‐on re‐skilling and reorientating staff are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between managerial competence level and organizational commitment among nurses in Saudi Arabia. Background: Nurse managers who have a high degree of managerial competency and/or organizational commitment are seen as role models by their employees and can affect employees' sense of belonging to the organization. Methods: A cross‐sectional, multisite study was conducted with 226 eligible nurses working at six public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from March through June 2021 through an online self‐administered survey. Multivariate regression was used to determine the relationship between managerial competence and organizational commitment while controlling for demographic variables. Results: Both managerial competence (M = 152.9, SD = 48.41, range: 54–216) and organizational commitment (M = 49.4, SD = 22.15, range: 18–121) were reported to be slightly moderate among the sample. A significant positive association also existed between managerial competence and organizational commitment variables (r =.510, p <.05). Conclusions: Future studies addressing potential issues for improving managerial competence and organizational commitment in clinical environments are recommended. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurse administrations should use highly standard guidelines to improve nurses' managerial competence and organizational commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. A growing body of research has examined the psychometric properties of popular mindfulness inventories for different population. The present study is aimed at exploring the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Relaxation/Meditation/Mindfulness (RMM) Tracker t Inventory in Iran. Method. This was a cross-sectional and methodological study that conducted in Kerman, southeast Iran. Fifty, 300, and 163 Iranian adult participants were participated in the pilot, exploratory, and confirmatory phase, respectively. Face, content, and structural validities, Cronbach's alpha, and Omega coefficient were used to validate the Persian scale. Results. The results showed that the "Persian version of RMM t" had acceptable content and face validities. The Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) with Promax Rotation showed that the P-RMM t has 3 scales of "Mindful Love, Thankfulness, and Transcendence," "Relaxation," and "Mindful Deepening" which further confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of all three scales was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha coefficients > 80). Conclusion. The Persian version of RMM Tracker t seems to be a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess the levels of mindfulness in the Iranian general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Generic distress screening tools may not recognise the unique concerns reported in some cancer populations. The face and content validity of a screening tool derived from the National Cancer Comprehensive Network distress thermometer and problem list and adapted specifically for women with gynaecological cancer is presented. Methods: Building on existing work, panels of clinicians and researchers, and focus groups with women treated for gynaecological cancer, developed a nuanced distress screening tool. Results: The clinical reference group used an iterative process to reduce 54 items to 22 across four domains (practical/family/psychological/physical). These items were included in the draft tool, which was reviewed by two focus groups of long‐term cancer survivors. Participants unanimously thought the tool was necessary though several changes were recommended. The final draft tool contained a global distress score and 25 items across the four domains. Conclusions: This measure provides a structured screening tool tailored to the concerns of women with gynaecological cancer, enhancing communication between clinicians and their patients about potentially identified and unrecognised sources of distress. Future research will focus on establishing sensitivity and specificity of this tool and further assessing its utility in clinical settings for all gynaecological cancers (including rare cancers like vulvar cancer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to examine knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices, as well as anxiety and stress of people living in a Gulf country with a diverse population toward the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. A descriptive cross‐sectional, exploratory design was used to meet the aims of this study. The target population was all individuals aged 18 years and older and who can read and write Arabic, English, or Hindi. The results showed that most individuals demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding COVID‐19. Most individuals believed that COVID‐19 is not fatal and that countries can control the COVID‐19 virus. Despite the lower levels of anxiety and stress among this population, many individuals reported high levels of stress and anxiety. Higher levels of anxiety, higher levels of knowledge, and being married were associated with more preventive practices. This study showed that the level of knowledge is positively associated with compliance with preventive measures. Providing the public with accurate and consistent information regarding COVID‐19 may enhance their compliance with preventive measures. Using different risk communication strategies will ensure collaboration from the public and encourage them to be active members when facing contagious diseases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This multicentre study aimed to develop a measure of the perception of care dependence in patients diagnosed with cancer and to test its psychometric properties. Methods: The questionnaire was developed based on findings emerged from a meta‐synthesis and from qualitative studies conducted in three hospitals in Italy. The draft questionnaire was tested for face and content validity and pilot‐tested with patients. The questionnaire was completed by care‐dependent patients with cancer. Test‐retest was conducted to verify stability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using a Maximum Likelihood robust estimator. Results and conclusion: The Scale‐Content Validity Index was 0.92. The final 15‐item questionnaire was completed by 208 patients admitted to two hospitals. The EFA yielded a two‐factor model including a positive and a negative perception of care dependence. Factor score determinacy coefficients, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, composite reliability coefficients and Intraclass Correlations Coefficients yielded satisfactory results confirming internal consistency and stability. The hedonic balance score is also available as a single indicator of subjective well‐being. The study provides initial validation of the Care DEeP Questionnaire that can be used by cancer nurses to assess positive and negative patient experiences with care dependence and to personalise and improve their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To translate and psychometrically validate the Demand–Control–Support Questionnaire for nurses in Spain. Background: Nurses are one of the groups most affected by work‐related stress. The combination of high job demands and low control is identified as the main source of stress among nurses. The Demand–Control–Support Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing psychosocial stress in the workplace. Methods: A two‐phase cross‐sectional descriptive study. The instrument was translated according to Sousa and Rojjanasrirat guidelines, including forward and backward translations, consensus meetings, pilot testing and expert committee. Structural validity, convergent and discriminative validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability were assessed in a sample of 247 nurses. Results: Exploratory factor analysis verified a three‐factor solution with good internal consistency (Cronbach's α values ranged from 0.62 to 0.87) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.85). Conclusions: The Spanish version of the Demand–Control–Support Questionnaire seems to be a brief, valid and reliable instrument to measure psychosocial stress in the workplace in nurses. Implications for nursing management: The use of the Demand–Control–Support Questionnaire can be of value to inform the design and implementation of appropriate management strategies to foster a more favourable work environment that promotes the well‐being of professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate Chinese nurses' views and experiences in relation to quality improvement implementation, as well as to determine the impact of contextual factors on nursing quality improvement initiatives. Background: Nurses play a major role in carrying out quality improvement initiatives. Contextual factors influence the implementation and success of quality improvement initiatives. Studies that investigated the impact of contextual factors on Chinese nurses' practice in quality improvement remain limited. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed‐methods design was used for this study. A quantitative cross‐sectional survey was used to assess the context of quality improvement initiatives. Simple random sampling was used to recruit quality improvement teams. The sample included 356 nurses from tertiary teaching hospitals; 291 (81.7%) of them completed questionnaires. Nursing managers and nurses (n = 18) were purposively selected to participate in semi‐structured interviews; their experiences and perceptions regarding the contextual factors of quality improvement initiatives were obtained. Results: In the quantitative phase, the "microsystem" (mean=5.24) and "QI team" (mean = 4.97) contexts were reported as supportive contexts. The organizational context was weak, with a mean score of 3.92. In the qualitative phase, three themes related to the contextual challenges emerged: (1) nurses' attitudes and satisfaction, (2) team efficacy, and (3) organizational infrastructure and culture. Conclusions: Efforts to elevate organizational culture and reward systems are needed in Chinese hospitals. Further education aimed at increasing skills and knowledge should be provided, to ensure effective quality improvement implementation. Implications for Nursing Management: During quality improvement initiatives, management tasks should focus on increasing nurses' satisfaction, solving skill and knowledge deficits, and clarifying nurses' roles in relation to quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Immunomodulatory drugs (IMIDs: thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide) are widely used in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of our study was to validate a questionnaire to evaluate the self‐capacity of MM patients to manage IMID treatment including side effects. Methods: We used a method adapted from the recommendations of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) to validate a French questionnaire for patients with MM treated with IMIDs. Results: The face validity was evaluated in 15 patients and the construct validity in 56 patients. For discriminant validity, two groups were constituted by gender and depending on whether they had a previous IMID treatment. The median questionnaire score was 11.33/16 (IQR 9.75‐12.08) with a minimum of 5.2 and a maximum of 14.75. For discriminant validity, a statistically significant difference was observed for patient capacity to contact healthcare professionals in specific situations and drug intake in case of swallowing disorder. Convergent validity showed an acceptable reliability for the scores of the different questions. Conclusion: The questionnaire has shown to be a valid tool for the assessment of the adherence and side‐effect management skills for MM patients with IMID treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish and validate the Colostomy Disgust Scale (CDS) for assessing disgust in colostomy patients. Design: Triphasic, cross‐sectional psychometric study. Setting: A total of 423 patients with colostomy (222 first samples and 201 s samples) were recruited from a tertiary hospital between January 2015 and April 2016. Methods: Three phases were undertaken: (a) item generation, (b) item selection and (c) evaluation and validation. The evaluation and validation of the CDS were performed through feasibility and initial item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency. Results: Following item generation and item selection, a 22‐item CDS was generated. Principal axis factoring indicated a two‐factor solution for the proposed CDS model, which was also verified by confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the proposed CDS had a high internal consistency. Conclusion: The CDS is a self‐report instrument with initial evidence for its validity and reliability. It is a promising tool to identify the triggers of disgust in colostomy contexts, which can be of great importance for promoting the mental health of colostomy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop and validate a comprehensive tool based on those established in the field capable of reflecting the broader concept of Unfinished Nursing Care. Background: Different tools have been established in the field of Missed Care, Rationing Care and Tasks Left Undone. However, despite them sharing similar items and all referring to the common concept of Unfinished Nursing Care, no attempts to collapse them in a single tool capable of reflecting current nursing practice, and its increased complexity, have been attempted to date. Methods: A development and validation study was performed in 2017. After developing the instrument starting from the MISSCARE Survey and critically reviewing the other tools available in the field, the Unfinished Nursing Care Survey (UNCS) was subjected to validation. A total of 1977 nurses from 13 acute Italian hospitals were recruited. Acceptability, construct validity (Mokken Scaling, Explorative and Confirmative Factor Analysis), internal consistency, hypothesis testing and criterion validity were assessed according to the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guideline. Results: 1,400 (70.8%) nurses participated. The UNCS is composed of part A (=elements of unfinished care) and part B (=reasons for unfinished care) with 21 and 18 items, respectively. The UNCS has showed high acceptability (>90%). Part A has reported a strong scalability (H =.52), thus suggesting a hierarchical structure among the items. The six factors in part B explained a total variance of 64.3% (internal consistency =.806) as confirmed by the Confirmative Factor Analysis. Conclusions: The comprehensive nature of the UNCS can contribute to the establishment of a common reference measure of the phenomenon worldwide although its psychometric properties require future investigation in different cultural contexts, languages and clinical settings. Implications for Nursing Management: Measuring Unfinished Nursing Care provides information on the processes implicated in the development of adverse events before these become visible; moreover, it can increase awareness on nurses' performance and inform appropriate interventions to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance. Nonsanctioned occupations are those deemed socially unacceptable, unhealthy, or illegal, yet they hold meaning for individuals. A gap in occupational therapy evaluation and intervention to address a broader perspective on occupations prompted the adaptation of the Activity Card Sort tool to explore participation in nonsanctioned occupations. Methods. Develop a new version of the Activity Card Sort-Advancing Inclusive Participation to include occupations experienced by the homeless population, including nonsanctioned occupations. This study occurred in two phases: (1) tool development (item selection, content expert review, line development drawing, and assessment of content validity) and (2) tool use to determine face validity. Participants were selected through a convenience sample at a local homeless shelter and academic institution. Participants experiencing homelessness (phase 1: N = 13 , phase 2: N = 10) were required to be seeking services at the homeless shelter, while nonhomeless participants (phase 2: N = 30) worked full-time, resided with a significant other, and had personal transportation. Results. An assessment of 76 occupations, corresponding line drawings, and follow-up questions was created. An initial construct validity study demonstrated differences between occupational participation of those who are homeless and nonhomeless in the areas of social engagement, nonsanctioned occupations, work and education, and home management. Both groups reported previous, current, or desired engagement in the occupations identified in the assessment. Conclusions and relevance. The purpose of this study was to create an inclusive assessment for use in the homeless population and complete a construct validity study of the assessment tool. Although the results indicated some differences in the frequency with which occupations were performed, the results demonstrated that all individuals participate in occupations that many not contribute to their health and wellness. This initial work supports the future development of a tool that is inclusive of all occupations to obtain a holistic picture of an individual's participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To perform the cross‐cultural validation process of the Dutch Norman Questionnaire (NQ), a questionnaire for the detection and characterisation of breast‐cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) using self‐reported signs and symptoms. Methods: Test‐retest reliability and construct (including convergent, divergent and known‐groups validity), face and content validity were examined in breast cancer patients with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) lymphoedema. For concurrent validity, first, agreement between the diagnostic item of the NQ and a clinical diagnosis were analysed. Second, correlations between NQ scores and clinical arm volume assessment were tested. Results: Test‐retest reliability was found to be strong to very strong (ICC 0.79–0.96) in the lymphoedema group and moderate to very strong (ICC 0.64–0.99) in the non‐lymphoedema group. Seventeen out of 20 hypotheses on convergent and divergent validity were accepted. There was good face, content and known‐groups validity as well. For concurrent validity, agreement between evaluation methods was only 0.462. Moderate correlations were found between 6 out of 9 symptom scores (r = 0.422–0.630) of the NQ and clinical assessment. Conclusion: The Dutch NQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire for the characterisation of BCRL using self‐reported signs and symptoms. Only moderate agreement for the detection of BCRL was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To translate and psychometrically validate the Emotional Labour Scale (ELS) for nurses in China. Background: Emotional labour is an indispensable component of nursing practice. We currently lack a standard instrument to assess nurses' emotional labour that fits the nursing context in China. Method: Using convenience sampling, 561 nurses were recruited from five tertiary comprehensive hospitals. Internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability, split‐half reliability, face validity, content validity, criterion validity and construct validity were used to evaluate the psychometric attributes of the scale. Results: Exploratory factor analysis verified a three‐factor scale structure with a cumulative variance contribution of the factors of 61.281%. The three factors were 'emotional control effort in profession,' 'patient‐focused emotional suppression' and 'emotional pretence by norms.' Cronbach's alpha values were 0.881, 0.807 and 0.764, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the three factors were consistent with the original scale structure. Conclusion: The C‐ELS for nurses is a reliable and valid instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. Future studies should recruit a more representative sample of nurses in China to verify the applicability of the scale. Implications for nursing management: A reliable and quantitative instrument is available for leaders to evaluate clinical nurses' emotional labour and establish effective emotional labour management strategies based on the measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA) measures satisfaction with mobility devices in daily life. However, in Brazil, there is a lack of instruments which measure functional mobility. Objective. We aim to report the cross-cultural adaptation process and face validity of the FMA for use in Brazil. Methods. Two international guidelines were used in the cross-cultural adaptation process. Two independent translators translated the instrument from English to Brazilian Portuguese, and the two versions were reconciled. Two different translators back translated this reconciled version, and an expert committee analysed the resulting synthesis. For face validity, the FMA was applied with 24 participants, divided into two groups, users with disabilities (n = 12) and occupational therapy students (n = 12), to verify their understanding of each item of the instrument. Results. The cross-cultural adaptation of the FMA was concluded, and its face validity presented that both groups understood most or completely all instrument items. Conclusion. The Brazilian version of FMA is now available in Brazilian Portuguese and has face validation. Further studies should test its psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine prevalence of bullying among nurses and explore associations of organizational betrayal and support with well‐being among nurses exposed to bullying. Background: Bullying is a problem in many nursing workplaces, and organizations have an obligation to support nurses who are bullied. Support or betrayal after bullying could affect nurse well‐being, including burnout. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study among U.S. nurses, data were collected in a survey using the Negative Acts Questionnaire‐Revised for Nursing, the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire for Health, the Well‐Being Index, a job satisfaction scale and demographic questions. Results: Prevalence of weekly/daily bullying was 31% (N = 242). Among nurses exposed to any bullying (N = 173), organizational betrayal increased odds of burnout (OR 2.62, p =.02), job dissatisfaction (OR 2.97, p =.04) and absenteeism (OR 6.11, p <.001). Organizational support decreased odds of job dissatisfaction (OR 0.30, p =.001) and absenteeism (OR 0.50, p =.04). Conclusion: Analysis of study findings suggests organizational betrayal increases likelihood of burnout, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism, and support decreases likelihood of dissatisfaction and absenteeism. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurse leaders should be aware of the issue of organizational betrayal and support in relation to well‐being. Future studies can further explore the concepts of betrayal and support to provide additional evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At least half of the 20% of mothers who experience mental health problems (MHPs) during pregnancy or after birth are not receiving the help they need that will lead to recovery. In order to identify where improvements need to be made, it is necessary to describe exactly what is being done and the barriers and facilitators that compromise or enhance optimal care. The majority of mothers experience mild to moderate anxiety or depression. The expectation is that primary care professionals, such as health visitors (HVs), can provide the support they need that will lead to recovery. The aim of this study was to explore the views of HVs regarding the content and purpose of an intervention to support mothers with MHPs, described as 'listening visits' (LVs). A link to an online survey was offered to the members and champions of the Institute of Health Visiting (n = 9,474) March–May 2016. The survey was completed by 1,599 (17%) of the target population, of whom 85% were offering LVs. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist was used to provide a framework to describe commonalities and variations in practice. There appeared to be a shared understanding of the rationale for LVs but a lack of agreement about what the intervention should be called, the techniques that should be used and the duration, frequency and expected outcomes of the intervention. Contextual factors such as staff shortages; conflicting priorities; the needs and circumstances of mothers; the capability and motivation of HVs; inadequate training and supervision; and the absence of clear guidance contributed to variations in perceptions and practice. There are many ways in which the HV contribution to the assessment and management of mothers with MHPs could be improved. The intervention delivered by HVs needs to be more clearly articulated. The contextual factors influencing competent and consistent practice also need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Diet and lifestyle interventions positively contribute to the management of dyslipidemia. Adequate knowledge of the correct diet for dyslipidemia is an effective preventive strategy against cardiovascular disease. Method. This study developed a questionnaire to test dyslipidemia dietary knowledge. The initial, multiple-choice dyslipidemia dietary knowledge questionnaire (DDKQ) was formed based on a literature review of previous studies. Two Delphi rounds were performed to ensure content validity and face validity, items were pretested and filtered through item analysis, and the reliability and validity of the final questionnaire were checked. Results. The DDKQ consisted of 5 parts, with 25 items in total. It demonstrated adequate content validity (0.94), face validity, internal consistency (KR20 = 0.67), and test-retest reliability (0.74). The mean item difficulty (P) was 0.55 and ranged from 0.15 to 0.83, and the mean item discrimination index (D) was 0.36, ranging from 0.21 to 0.58. The questionnaire was also able to distinguish between participants with/without a medical background; medical workers produced significantly higher total scores (16.70±2.84 vs. 14.57±4.26, p< 0.05). Conclusion. The DDKQ is a reliable and valid measure of dyslipidemia dietary knowledge. It is suitable for providing scientific assessments for targeted health education interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lateral violence and bullying affect nurses' professional and health status. Worldwide prevalence ranges from 1% to 87%. Aim: To investigate prevalence and risk factors of lateral violence and bullying among Italian nurse peers in different work settings, inside and outside hospitals. Methods: Web survey using the 17‐item "Negative Interactions Among Nurses Questionnaire." Emails were sent to 5,009 nurses in three Tuscan public health care institutions. Results: Response rate was 18.6% (n = 930). Twenty‐six respondents were removed as they reported working with no peer colleagues. Negative interactions were experienced by 35.8% (n = 324), 42.3% of whom (n = 137) were bullied. Psycho‐physical consequences of negative interactions were reported by 59% (n = 191). Victims who thought of leaving nursing were 21.9% (n = 71). Conclusions: Lateral violence and bullying among nurses are consistently present in all studied settings. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurse managers could play a crucial role in preventing negative interactions among nurses. Strategies could include continuing education programs to promote awareness of this problem; implementation of an anonymous reporting system for bullying; introduction of occupational psychologists in wards with larger numbers of reported negative interactions and bullying; and increasing changes in staff composition within shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elder abuse has been gaining public, state, and scientific attention for the past 40 years, but research focusing on emotional reactions of older adults to victimisation is still scarce. The study describes the emotions and feelings of older adults who experienced abuse in a community setting, and the association between these emotions and individual or abuse characteristics. The cross‐sectional study comprises 510 older adults who were identified and referred by four institutions. Participants answered a questionnaire on elder abuse experiences, including the emotion or feeling brought out by the act of abuse that was perceived to be the most serious. Fear and sadness comprised 67.1% of all provided responses. Emotional reactions were associated with functional status, the presence of depressive symptoms, relationship with the perpetrator and, to a limited degree, to the experience of multiple types of abuse. The most significant and meaningful variable was the relationship with the perpetrator. This study demonstrates that older adults present very similar patterns of emotional reactions, but individual characteristics and the established relationship with the perpetrator might mediate the emotional response. Implications for prevention and intervention of elder abuse are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artciel discusses that the therapeutic options and advances in breast surgery techniques, quality-of-life outcomes are currently considered an important parameter to help physicians and patients decide on the most appropriate approach. It mentions that the Instruments that assess patient satisfaction and quality of life are widely used to evaluate the results and success of breast surgery, both aesthetic and reconstructive.

Rationale. Improving end-of-life care (EOLC) in long-term care (LTC) homes requires quality measurement tools that assess families’ satisfaction with care. This research adapted and pilot-tested an EOLC satisfaction measure (Canadian Health Care Evaluation Project (CANHELP) Lite Questionnaire) for use in LTC to measure families’ perceptions of the EOLC experience and to be self-administered. Methods and Results. Phase 1. A literature review identified key domains of satisfaction with EOLC in LTC, and original survey items were assessed for inclusiveness and relevance. Items were modified, and one item was added. Phase 2. The revised questionnaire was administered to 118 LTC family members and cognitive interviews were conducted. Further modifications were made including reformatting to be self-administered. Phase 3. The new instrument was pilot-tested with 134 family members. Importance ratings indicated good content and face validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (range: .88–.94) indicated internal consistency. Conclusion. This research adapted and pilot-tested the CANHELP for use in LTC. This paper introduces the new, valid, internally consistent, self-administered tool (CANHELP Lite Family Caregiver LTC) that can be used to measure families’ perceptions of and satisfaction with EOLC. Future research should further validate the instrument and test its usefulness for quality improvement and care planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To develop and perform reliability and validity assessments of the international Multidimensional Nursing Generations Questionnaire. Background There are three generations of nurses in the European workforce. There is little research on the characteristics of these generations and the ways in which to manage them professionally, and no instrument has yet been developed to measure these aspects specifically. Methods With results from previous studies, 69 nursing generations-oriented items were created in English, translated into Italian and Finnish, and pretested to form the basis of an instrument that was tested between September and October 2014 on a sample of Finnish and Italian nurses ( n = 1302) using principal component analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results Fifty-four items and eight components (Cronbach's α range: 0.61-0.81) were identified in the instrument: (1) conflicts between generations; (2) patient safety view; (3) relationships between generations; (4) working as a multigenerational team; (5) orientation to change; (6) presenteeism and job propensity; (7) intention to leave, and (8) flexibility and availability. Conclusions The instrument showed acceptable preliminary psychometric properties and satisfactory internal consistency. Implications for nursing management The Multidimensional Nursing Generations Questionnaire is a useful tool to measure the characteristics of different generations of nurses and to develop management strategies tailored to those generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test an explanatory model of nurses' intention to report adverse drug reactions in hospital settings, based on the theory of planned behaviour. Background Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions is an important problem among nurses. Methods A cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected with the adverse drug reporting nurses' questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the factor validity of the adverse drug reporting nurses' questionnaire, and structural equation modelling was used to test the explanatory model. Results The convenience sample comprised 500 Italian hospital nurses (mean age = 43.52). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factor validity of the adverse drug reporting nurses' questionnaire. The structural equation modelling showed a good fit with the data. Nurses' intention to report adverse drug reactions was significantly predicted by attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control ( R² = 0.16). Conclusions The theory of planned behaviour effectively explained the mechanisms behind nurses' intention to report adverse drug reactions, showing how several factors come into play. Implications for nursing management In a scenario of organisational empowerment towards adverse drug reaction reporting, the major predictors of the intention to report are support for the decision to report adverse drug reactions from other health care practitioners, perceptions about the value of adverse drug reaction reporting and nurses' favourable self-assessment of their adverse drug reaction reporting skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To develop an instrument for the assessment of safe nursing care ( ASNC) within the Iranian context and psychometrically evaluate its reliability and validity. Background There is a need for a valid and reliable instrument to assess how nurses employ the components of safe nursing care in clinical practice in non-Western countries. Method This methodological study was conducted in two phases: (1) a qualitative phase of instrument development, and (2) a quantitative phase of psychometric evaluation of the assessment of safe nursing care ( ASNC). The instrument's content validity was assessed by experts in the field of safe nursing care. The reliability of this instrument was examined using internal consistency reliability and intra-rater reliability analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted to establish the instrument's initial construct validity. Results The instrument developed was a questionnaire with 32 items. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale was 0.92, and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient for intra-rater reliability was 0.78. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a four-factor solution: (1) evaluation of nursing skills, (2) assessing the patient's psychological needs, (3) assessing the patient's physical need, and (4) Assessing nurses' teamwork. The four factors accounted for 63.54% of the observed variance. Conclusion The ASNC can be applied to a wide variety of settings because of the broad range of methods utilised to generate items and domains, its comprehensive consideration of the principles of safe care, and its initial reliability and validity. Implications for nursing management The ASNC can help nurse managers assess whether clinical nurses are prepared to apply their safe care skills in clinical practice. It can also be used by clinical nurses to assess their own and peers' practice to detect potential areas for improvement in nursing care and help nurse managers with planning appropriate quality improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims (1) To explore the attitudes and perceived barriers to reporting medication administration errors and (2) to understand the characteristics of - and nurses' feelings - about error reports. Background Under-reporting of medication administration errors is a global concern related to the safety of patient care. Understanding nurses' attitudes and perceived barriers to error reporting is the initial step to increasing the reporting rate. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive survey with a self-administered questionnaire was completed by the nurses of a medical centre hospital in Taiwan. Results A total of 306 nurses participated in the study. Nurses' attitudes towards medication administration error reporting were inclined towards positive. The major perceived barrier was fear of the consequences after reporting. The results demonstrated that 88.9% of medication administration errors were reported orally, whereas 19.0% were reported through the hospital internet system. Self-recrimination was the common feeling of nurses after the commission of an medication administration error. Conclusions Even if hospital management encourages errors to be reported without recrimination, nurses' attitudes toward medication administration error reporting are not very positive and fear is the most prominent barrier contributing to underreporting. Implications for nursing management Nursing managers should establish anonymous reporting systems and counselling classes to create a secure atmosphere to reduce nurses' fear and provide incentives to encourage reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of Malay version of the Inventory of Functional Status after Childbirth (IFSAC). Design. A cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods. A total of 108 postpartum mothers attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia, were involved. Construct validity and internal consistency were performed after the translation, content validity, and face validity process. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Moment Structure version 18 and Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 20. Results. The final model consists of four constructs, namely, infant care, personal care, household activities, and social and community activities, with 18 items demonstrating acceptable factor loadings, domain to domain correlation, and best fit (Chi-squared/degree of freedom = 1.678; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.923; comparative fit index = 0.936; and root mean square error of approximation = 0.080). Composite reliability and average variance extracted of the domains ranged from 0.659 to 0.921 and from 0.499 to 0.628, respectively. Conclusion. The study suggested that the four-factor model with 18 items of the Malay version of IFSAC was acceptable to be used to measure functional status after childbirth because it is valid, reliable, and simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To describe and compare standard practice with a revised, assisted method for calculating emergency department nursing workforce requirements (using the emergency nursing workforce tool, ENWT) within 27 Queensland public hospital emergency departments ( ED). Background Despite the presence of several methodologies used for staffing calculations, there is a necessity to refine measures of emergency department complexity and workload to determine appropriate staffing in order to meet patient safety needs and health service key priority indicators. Methods A descriptive comparative study design was employed. Of the 27 ED nurse unit managers ( NUM) invited, 18 (67%) participated. Results No significant difference was noted in the full time equivalent ( FTE) nursing requirement when standard vs. new ( ENWT) methods were compared. The ENWT was more efficient (i.e. timely) and had better predictability than existing methods for calculating FTE nursing requirement. Conclusion The methodology underpinning the ENWT may be useful to apply or adapt to settings other than the ED (e.g. intensive care, operating room) and disciplines within the ED other than nursing (e.g. medicine, allied health, porterage) to inform staffing requirements. Implications for nursing management Findings from this research can be used to inform ED managers and health service planners regarding a standardized approach to calculating emergency nursing workforce needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxford ElbowScore (OES) is a patient-reported questionnaire used to assess outcomes after elbowsurgery. Theaimof this study was to validate and adapt the OES into Persian language. After forward-backward translation of the OES into Persian, a total number of 92 patients after elbow surgeries completed the PersianOES along with the Persian DASHand SF-36. To assess test-retest reliability, 31 randomly selected patients (34%) completed the PersianOES again after three days while abstaining fromall forms of therapeutic regimens. Reliability of the Persian OES was assessed by measuring intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to test the construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92 showing excellent reliability. Cronbach's alpha for function, pain, and social-psychological subscales was 0.95, 0.86, and 0.85, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.85 for the overall questionnaire and 0.90, 0.76, and 0.75 for function, pain, and social-psychological subscales, respectively. Construct validity was confirmed as the Spearman correlation between OES and DASH was 0.80. Persian OES is a valid and reliable patient-reported outcome measure to assess postsurgical elbow status in Persian speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether Black and White nurses' beliefs about causes of health disparities differ. Conclusions: Analyses reveal that overall Black nurses perceived external factors to contribute significantly more to health disparities than White nurses. Black nurses considered four specific causes dealing with physician and societal factors, such as “discrimination in society,” to be more significant contributors to health disparities than White nurses, whereas White nurses considered genetic factors to be a greater contributor. Practice Implications: Different views of the causes of health disparities are discussed, particularly in light of cultural competency training and other efforts to ameliorate health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) is a 19-item questionnaire for the assessment of disability caused by foot pain. The aim was to develop a Danish language version of the MFPDI (MFPDI-DK) and evaluate its reproducibility and construct validity. Methods. A Danish version was created, following a forward-backward translation procedure. A sample of 84 adult patients with foot pain was recruited. Participants completed two copies of the MFPDI-DK within a 24- to 48-hour interval, along with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), and a pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Reproducibility was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95%limits of agreement (Bland-Altman plot).Construct validity was evaluated with Pearson's Rho, using a priori hypothesized correlations with SF-36 subscales and VASmean. Results. The MFPDI-DK showed very good reliability with an ICC of 0.92 (0.88-0.95). The 95% limits of agreement ranged from -6.03 to 6.03 points. Construct validity was supported by moderate to very strong correlations with the SF-36 physical subscales and VASmean. Conclusion. The MFPDI-DK appears to be a valid and reproducible instrument in evaluating foot-pain-related disability in Danish adult patients in cross-sectional samples. Further research is needed to test the responsiveness of the MFPDI-DK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the psychometric properties of a new gout-specific patient reported outcomes questionnaire. The Gout Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ) and the SF-36 were administered to 126 subjects in a multicenter Phase II program of febuxostat, an investigational treatment for hyperuricemia (serum uric acid >8.0 mg/dl) in patients with chronic gout. The questionnaire was administered at baseline and 1, 6 and 12 months later. The majority of subjects, mean age 54 years, were male, Caucasian and had experienced a gout flare within the last year. Seven domains were identified, all met criteria for reliability and validity. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.78 to 0.97. Pearson correlations between GAQ and SF-36 scales were generally low to moderate, with the highest correlation between Gout Pain and Severity and SF-36 Bodily Pain, r = 0.45. Guyatt's statistic (measure of responsiveness) ranged from 0.24 to 1.00 at 12 months. Minimal clinically important differences ranged from 2 (Gout Concern) to 10 points (Productivity). The GAQ has acceptable psychometric properties. Further research is required to confirm results, which may provide more information to improve the GAQ for use in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire (BIBCQ) in a series of outpatients with breast cancer. One hundred sixty-four breast cancer patients attending outpatient clinics completed questionnaires at baseline. The patients’ BIBCQ scores were compared with their scores on related psychological measures including depression, self-esteem, quality of life, and sexual functioning. Scores on the BIBCQ for women after mastectomy and breast conservation were compared. Select items of the BIBCQ were compared between women with and without breast cancer. Patients received a second questionnaire after a 2 week interval to assess test-retest reliability. Good reliability was found for the six scales (ranging from 0.77 to 0.87). The BIBCQ correlated with similar measures as predicted, but not with a measure of social desirability. The BIBCQ distinguished between women treated with lumpectomy and mastectomy, and between women with breast cancer and a control group, supporting the validity of the BIBCQ. The BIBCQ provides a reliable and valid assessment of the long-term impact of breast cancer on body image. It is suitable for use in research focusing on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this survey was to explore the knowledge, attitude and current practice of Iranian oncologists about fertility preservation (FP) services provided to cancer patients. Oncologists who completed this survey were a convenience sample of 103 specialists in radiation oncology and haematology who attended large national and international congresses and symposia across Iran. A 23‐item self‐administered questionnaire included questions on knowledge, attitudes and practice. The most well known of the FP methods among Iranian oncologists were gonadotropin‐releasing hormone therapy and sperm cryopreservation, with scores of 2.77 (1.10) and 2.64 (1.00) respectively. These scores were above the median value of 2.5 on a 4‐point Likert scale, in contrast to a mean knowledge score across all the FP options of 2.25 (0.71). With regard to attitudes, age was the most important reason for discussing FP with patients, mean score 3.75 (0.54), while heredity was the least important, mean score 2.98 (0.87). In terms of practice, most oncologists did not provide their patients with written information about FP. However, 74 (72.5%) said they referred cancer patients on to reproductive specialists. This sample of Iranian oncologists would benefit from more information on FP methods and prevent loss of fertility among cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]