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In the present study, our aim was to assess the effect of dietary black soldier fly oil (BSFO) with different lipid contents on the growth performance, body composition, lipid metabolism, and related gene expression in juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis). An 8-week feeding trial was conducted using four isonitrogenous diets (32.0% crude protein) containing two lipid levels: 6% (control (CT) group) and 9% (high lipid (HL) group), both using soybean oil as the oil source. The other two diets contained BSFO on the basis of 6% and 9% lipid, referred to as (CT + BSFO) and (HL + BSFO) groups. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein retention ratio, and feed utilization were significantly increased by using higher dietary lipid levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, the gene expression of lipid synthesis markers was significantly up-regulated in intra-peritoneal fat but significantly down-regulated in the hepatopancreas due to increased dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). No negative effects on feed utilization or growth performance were observed in fish fed diets containing BSFO. However, the intra-peritoneal fat index, adipocyte size, and hepatopancreas lipid content were significantly decreased in the CT + BSFO group compared to the CT group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BSFO also up-regulated the expression of lipid lipolysis markers in the hepatopancreas and intra-peritoneal fat (P < 0.05). Moreover, the use of BSFO also increased the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) while reducing the content of n-6 PUFA in the muscle (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HL diets improved the growth of the fish and increased the lipid deposition. BSFO in the diet resulted in a reduction of lipid deposition in the hepatopancreas and intra-peritoneal fat, likely due to an increase in lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. While cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) core biomarkers have been considered diagnostic biomarkers for a long time, special attention has been recently dedicated to lipoproteins and metabolites that could be potentially associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurodegeneration. Herein, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the levels of CSF core biomarkers including Aβ-42, TAU, and P-TAU and plasma lipoproteins and metabolites of patients with AD from the baseline cohort of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Method. Using the ADNI database, fourteen subclasses of lipoproteins as well as a number of lipids and fatty acids and low-molecular metabolites including amino acids, ketone bodies, and glycolysis-related metabolites in blood samples were measured as potential noninvasive markers, and their association with the CSF core biomarkers was statistically investigated controlling for age and gender. Results. A total number of 251 AD subjects were included, among whom 71 subjects were negative for the Apo-E ε4 allele and 150 were positive. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding cognitive assessments, CSF core biomarkers, and lipoproteins and metabolites except the level of Aβ-42 (p < 0.001) and phenylalanine (p = 0.049), which were higher in the negative group. CSF TAU and P-TAU were significantly correlated with medium and small HDL in the negative group, and with extremely large VLDL in the positive group. Our results also indicated significant correlations of metabolites including unsaturated fatty acids, glycerol, and leucine with CSF core biomarkers. Conclusion. Based on our findings, a number of lipoproteins and metabolites were associated with CSF core biomarkers of AD. These correlations showed some differences in Apo-E ε4 positive and negative groups, which reminds the role of Apo-E gene status in the pathophysiology of AD development. However, further research is warranted to explore the exact association of lipoproteins and other metabolites with AD core biomarkers and pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) is a major susceptibility gene for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its rs738409 (I148M) polymorphism is associated with the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related hepatocyte lipoapoptosis contributes to the progress of NAFLD. PNPLA3 is also known as a member of the calcium-independent phospholipase A2ε family, which can hydrolyze fatty acids to generate lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) that induces ER stress-related hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Whether the PNPLA3 risk genotype 148M/M is involved in more severe ER stress-associated lipoapoptosis is unclear. Methods. A PNPLA3148I knock-in HepG2 cell model was constructed based on HepG2 expressing PNPLA3 148M/M using the Cas9/sgRNA system. PNPLA3 148M/M, I/M, and I/I cells were treated with 0.3 mM palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h to induce lipid deposition. Cellular lipid deposition was detected by oil red staining. Apoptosis was observed by TUNEL. LPC was determined by ELISA, and the expression of PNPLA3, the ER stress marker Bip, molecules involved in the ER stress PERK/elF-2a pathway, and its downstream C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-mediated apoptotic pathway were detected by western blot. Results. The results showed no difference in PNPLA3 basal expression and basal hepatocyte lipid content between the three genotypes of cells. Lipid deposition and apoptosis were more severe in PNPLA3 148M/M and 148I/M cells than in I/I cells after PA treatment. PA-induced upregulation of protein expression of Bip, ER stress-responsive PERK pathway molecules p-PERK, p-eIF2α, CHOP, and CHOP-associated apoptotic molecules PUMA and Bax were more pronounced in PNPLA3 148M/M cells than in PNPLA3 148I/I cells. The basal LPC levels and the PA-treated increase of LPC levels in the cell culture supernatants did not differ between the three genotypic cells. Conclusion. PNPLA3 148M/M cells were more susceptible to PA-induced lipid deposition and ER stress-related apoptosis than 148I/I cells, and the proapoptotic susceptibility of PNPLA3 148M/M is independent of LPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeus vannamei were reared at six different water salinities (3, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50‰) for 45 days to explore its effect on lipid class and fatty acid composition. The results revealed that the total lipid content was high (p < 0.05) at 30‰ (3.14%), and low (p < 0.05) at 20‰ (2.15%). Both phospholipids and cholesterol were found to be high (p < 0.05) at 40‰ (1.30% and 0.38%, respectively), while it was at 30‰ for triacylglycerides (0.71%). A higher correlation coefficient was observed for phospholipids (R2 = 0.5975) with rearing salinity and triacylglycerides (R2 = 0.8487) with total lipid. A total of saturated fatty acids (SFA), mono unsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids was increased in all treatments compared to ambient salinity (20‰), and the increase was quite high with 30‰ (38.83,% 37.07% and 48.76%, respectively), whereas it was 17.47%–24.94% in SFA, 7.85%–26.05% in MUFA and 20.69%–33.82% in PUFA at hypo (3–10‰) and hyper (40–50‰) saline conditions. The correlation coefficient determinant was high for MUFA (R2 = 0.8682) followed by SFA (R2 = 0.7370) and PUFA (R2 = 0.6542) against total lipid, whereas it was much less (R2 = 0.0402–0.0588) when performed against water salinity. The daily value of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was >100%, and was ranged between 2.81% and 3.24% for α‐linolenic acid (ALA). The results concluded that the rearing salinity had a significant effect on lipid class and fatty acid composition in P. vannamei and their deposition was quite high in the group reared at 30‰. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to characterize the lipid profile of five black soybean (BS) produced in Indo‐Himalayan regions. Among seven fatty acids (FAs), methyl linoleate and cis‐9‐oleic acid methyl ester were maximum. Unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was highest (6.10%) in BSALB (big spherical shape seed). Unsaponifiable matters and tocopherols were also higher (3.09% and 1305 μg/kg, respectively) in BSALB, while β‐carotene was improved in BSALS (small oval‐shaped seed). Flavor analysis reported 46 compounds in the oil, which were maximum in BSALS. There was significant difference (p < 0.02) in the flavor components. Crop cycle temperature is inversely correlated with major lipid constituents. The results suggest that the BS seeds produced comparatively in high‐altitude regions retain the maximum lipid antioxidants and flavor compounds. Presence of these phytoconstituents may be explored to utilize black soybean in flavor and nutraceutical industries to boost the application of this underutilized crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finasteride is considered the drug of choice for androgenic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia. The aim of the study was to formulate nanodrug carriers of finasteride with enhanced retentive properties in the skin. The finasteride was formulated as solid lipid nanoparticles that were decorated with different concentrations of chitosan for improved retentive properties. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were synthesized by "high-speed homogenization technique" using stearic acid as a solid lipid while PEG-6000 and Tween-80 were used as surfactants. The SLNs were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug release behavior. The mean particle size of SLNs was in the range of 10.10 nm to 144.2 nm. The PDI ranged from 0.244 to 0.412 while zeta potential was in the range of 8.9 mV to 62.6 mV. The drug entrapment efficiency in chitosan undecorated formulations was 48.3% while an increase in drug entrapment was observed in chitosan-decorated formulations (51.1% to 62%). The in vitro drug release studies of SLNs showed an extended drug release for 24 hours after 4 hours of initial burst release. The extended drug release was observed in chitosan-coated SLNs in comparison with uncoated nanoparticles. The permeation and retention study revealed higher retention of drug in the skin and low permeation with chitosan-decorated SLNs that ranged from 39.4 μg/cm2 to 13.2 μg/cm2. TEM images depicted spherical shape of SLNs. The stability study confirmed stable formulations in temperature range of 5°C and 40°C for three months. It is concluded from this study that the SLNs of finasteride were successfully formulated and chitosan decoration enhanced the drug retention in the skin layers. Therefore, these formulations could be used in androgenic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia to avoid the side effects, drug degradation, and prolonged use of drug with conventional oral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The bacterial membrane plays a critical role in the survival of bacteria and the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides in protecting the host. The lipid constituents of the bacterial membrane are not evenly distributed, and they could be affected by clustering anionic lipids with cationic peptides with multiple positive charges. That could be harmful to bacteria because it prevents lipids from interacting with other molecular components of the cell membrane, disrupts existing natural domains, or creates phase boundary defects between the clustered lipids and the bulk of the membrane. This preliminary quantitative study is aimed at assembling a correlation between antibiotic resistance and bacterial lipid composition in E. coli, based on the function and arrangement of the bilipid coating of the bacterial cell, intimately associated with the path of antimicrobials through membranes. Methods. Fifteen multiresistant E. coli samples are collected from swine with enterocolitis tested for resistance levels using the disc diffusimetric method (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion). Pathogen identification completed using the API 20E multitest system revealed the E. coli presence in 11 samples. In these samples, bacterial membrane detection of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) operating a 240 MS Ion Trap (Varian) GC/MS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was performed, using the MIDI Sherlock recognition software model. Results. Interpreting the descriptive statistical method, the correlation matrix, and regression curves and after ANOVA analysis, we ascertained that the studied E. coli population statistically confirmed different degrees of resistance in most of the samples analyzed in this test. Conclusions. In one case, the methyl-(Z)-11-tetradecenoate acid was observed to have a relationship with the susceptibility evaluation by using the disc diffusimetric method, which has revealed the lowest rate of antimicrobial resistance, so it has importance in further resistance evaluation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fish oil can potentially be replaced by camelina oil in aquafeeds since 18:3n‐3 (α‐linolenic acid: ALA) accounts for 35% of the fatty acids. To test the effect of camelina oil on fish lipid composition, a feeding trial with tilapia (var. GIFT Oreochromis sp.) was carried out. Four experimental diets were formulated, one containing only fish oil (TFO), two where fish oil was replaced by camelina at low (Low‐CO) and medium (Med‐CO) levels, and another made only with camelina oil (TCO). A commercial diet (COM) was used as a reference diet. At the end of an 8‐week feeding trial, the liver, kidney, heart and brain were sampled. In terms of proportions across tissues, the liver showed the highest triacylglycerol and oleic acid content; the kidney was higher in arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); the heart had the highest total lipids, linoleic acid (LOA) and ALA, while the brain was higher in sterols, acetone‐mobile polar lipids (AMPL), phospholipids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In terms of concentration among diets within tissues, when comparing TFO vs TCO, the phospholipids and ARA increased in the kidney, while the phospholipids decreased in the heart and the DHA in the brain. The TCO diet significantly increased 20:1n‐9 and ALA in all analysed tissues. As expected, the COM diet significantly increased concentrations of EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (n‐3DPA) and DHA in all analysed tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The designer lipids (DL) synthesized using enzymatic acidolysis was used as a potential substitute for palm oil shortening (POS) in cookies. DL showed higher oxidative stability than POS and there was no trans‐fat found in the case of DL, offering advantage as compared to significant trans‐fat in POS. The unique fatty acid profile of DL containing about 62.9 ± 0.1% caprylic acid and 28.3 ± 0.0% linolenic acid enhanced the nutritional properties of DL and thus the cookies. The DL‐based cookies showed higher spread ratio, higher set time, and quick spreadability which are highly desirable. Due to lower aeration properties of DL, the cookies were harder than POS‐based cookies. The overall acceptability in terms of sensory attributes evaluated for 28 days was higher for DL‐based cookies. The DL proved to be a potential healthy replacement for commonly applied bakery POS having various health issues. Novelty impact statement: The work presents a novel approach of using designer lipids as a potential replacement to palm oil shortening with an objective to improve the quality and healthy nature.Detailed evaluation of different textural, physical, and sensory properties as well as oxidative stability has been presented so as to elucidate the beneficial application of designer lipids and associated value addition.The work is expected to be of much commercial relevance in the food and nutrition sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five hundred Nile tilapia were fed with two diets (with or without microalgae Schizochytrium sp. meal) for different periods (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the time of supply of Schizochytrium sp microalgae meat in the diet on growth, fatty acid profile and meat quality of Nile tilapia. At growth performance, only the feed consumption and the final weight of the animals varied quadratically, reducing the estimated period to 37 and 38 days respectively. For the characteristics of tilapia fillet meat, only the variable b* (yellowness) showed higher values (2.48) at 30 days of microalgae supply, differing from the control treatment. There was a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) for the total contents of omega‐3 and DHA in the fillet with maximum deposition at 49 days and 52 days respectively. The levels of total omega‐3 fatty acids and DHA in the head, viscera and spine of Nile tilapia increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increase in the period of offering diets containing Schizochytrium sp. microalgae. Our results suggest that the supply of diets containing Shizochytrium sp microalgae meal for 49 days is enough to increase the omega‐3 content, with massive participation of DHA, in the tilapia fillet without changing other parameters of its quality and zootechnical performance. With this period, the residues obtained from filleting, such as the head, spine and viscera, also benefit from an increase in omega‐3 and DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rickettsia conorii is a Gram‐negative, cytosolic intracellular bacterium that has classically been investigated in terms of endothelial cell infection. However, R. conorii and other human pathogenic Rickettsia species have evolved mechanisms to grow in various cell types, including macrophages, during mammalian infection. During infection of these phagocytes, R. conorii shifts the host cell's overall metabolism towards an anti‐inflammatory M2 response, metabolically defined by an increase in host lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Lipid metabolism has more recently been identified as a key regulator of host homeostasis through modulation of immune signalling and metabolism. Intracellular pathogens have adapted mechanisms of hijacking host metabolic pathways including host lipid catabolic pathways for various functions required for growth and survival. In the present study, we hypothesised that alterations of host lipid droplets initiated by lipid catabolic pathways during R. conorii infection is important for bacterial survival in macrophages. Herein, we determined that host lipid droplet modulation is initiated early during R. conorii infection, and these alterations rely on active bacteria and lipid catabolic pathways. We also find that these lipid catabolic pathways are essential for efficient bacterial survival. Unlike the mechanisms used by other intracellular pathogens, the catabolism of lipid droplets induced by R. conorii infection is independent of upstream host peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha (PPARα) signalling. Inhibition of PPARɣ signalling and lipid droplet accumulation in host cells cause a significant decrease in R. conorii survival suggesting a negative correlation with lipid droplet production and R. conorii survival. Together, these results strongly suggest that the modulation of lipid droplets in macrophage cells infected by R. conorii is an important and underappreciated aspect of the infection process. Take Aways: Host lipid droplets are differentially altered in early and replicative stages of THP‐1 macrophage infection with R. conorii.Lipid droplet alterations are initiated in a bacterial‐dependent manner and do not require host peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors α or ɣ activation.Pharmacological inhibition of host lipid catabolic processes during R. conorii infection indicates a requirement of lipid catabolism for bacterial survival and initiation of lipid droplet modulation.A significant increase in host lipid droplets during infection has a negative impact on R. conorii survival in THP‐1 macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cinnamic acid (CA) has been shown to have many beneficial effects including regulating lipid metabolism and reducing obesity. However, its effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFDL) has not been investigated in detail. Thus, we performed this study in order to explore CA's effect on hepatic lipid metabolism and the underlying mechanisms. Method. Oleic acid (OA) was used to induce lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. After coincubation with CA, the cells were stained with oil red O and the triglyceride (TG) content was assessed. Key genes in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation pathways were tested. Additionally, db/db and wt/wt mice were divided into three groups, with the wt/wt mice representing the normal group and the db/db mice being divided into the NAFLD and CA groups. After 4 weeks of oral treatment, all mice were sacrificed and the blood lipid profile and liver tissues were assessed. Results. CA treatment reduced the lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and in db/db mouse livers. ACLY, ACC, FAS, SCD1, PPARγ, and CD36 were significantly downregulated, while CPT1A, PGC1α, and PPARα were significantly upregulated. Conclusion. CA's therapeutic effect on NAFLD may be attributed to its ability to lower hepatic lipid accumulation, which is mediated by suppression of hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid intake, as well as increased fatty acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Obesity is a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation state, which causes insulin resistance, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. Baicalin is known to have anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effects. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular immunological effects of baicalin on obesity-induced inflammation. Methods. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups: the normal chow, high-fat diet (HFD), BC2 (HFD + baicalin 200 mg/kg), and BC4 (HFD + baicalin 400 mg/kg) group; the three groups except normal chow were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity followed by baicalin treatment with two doses for 8 weeks. The body weight, epididymal fat weight, liver weight, food intake, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), and serum lipids were measured. We evaluated insulin resistance by measuring the serum insulin level and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Also, the major obesity-associated immune cells including monocytes, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells in the blood, fat, and liver and the inflammatory and insulin signaling-related gene expressions in the fat and liver were evaluated. Results. Baicalin significantly reduced the body weight and liver weight and improved serum fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, free fatty acid, HDL cholesterol, and the levels of glucose and triglyceride at each time point in the OGTT and OFTT. In the analysis of immune cells, baicalin significantly decreased inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes, M1 adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), and M1 Kupffer cells. On the contrary, baicalin increased anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs and liver CD4+ T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio. In the analysis of inflammatory and insulin signaling molecules, baicalin significantly downregulated the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, F4/80, and C-C motif chemokine 2 while upregulated the insulin receptor mRNA expression. Conclusion. From these results, baicalin can be a promising treatment option for obesity and its related metabolic diseases based on its anti-inflammatory property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium officinale (DOF) is a traditional Chinese edible and officinal plant. Ultrafine DOF powder (DOFP) can regulate lipids and histopathology in the liver, but the underlying mechanisms of hepatic fatty acid (FA) metabolism, which is generally correlated with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether DOFP treatment alters hepatic FA metabolism in NAFLD mice by using multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) and analyse the underlying mechanisms. A 3-week DOFP treatment prevented lipid deposition and improved hepatic histopathology in NAFLD mice after withdrawal from the high-sucrose, high-fat (HSHF) diet, and it decreased triglyceride and FA content in the liver. Furthermore, the C16 : 0/C14 : 0 and C18 : 1/18 : 0 ratios in FAs were significantly decreased in the DOFP treatment group, and the C20 : 4/C20 : 3 and C22 : 4/C22 : 3 ratios were increased, and saturated FA was inhibited. Additionally, DOFP treatment significantly increased the content of two FA β-oxidation-related proteins (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1-α and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1). It also decreased the content of a FA synthesis-related protein (fatty acid synthase), a FA desaturation-related protein (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1), and a FA uptake-related protein (fatty acid transport protein 2). Moreover, DOFP treatment improved dysregulated levels of major phospholipids in the livers of model mice. The results of this study confirm that DOFP treatment in NAFLD mice has liver recovery effects by regulating FA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of three lipid sources on the growth and gonad development in juvenile sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Kelp (Laminaria japonica) and three formulated feeds with the supplementation of fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) or soybean oil (SO) as the sole lipid source. Results showed that sea urchins fed kelp had significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR) but lower gonadosomatic index (GSI), than those fed formulated feeds (p <.05). WGR and GSI of sea urchins fed SO were significantly lower than that fed LO and FO (p <.05). The content of EPA in the gonad of sea urchins fed LO was significantly higher than that fed SO (p <.05). The content of ARA in SO was higher than that in FO and LO (p >.05). The expression of elongase 4, Δ6 desaturase and Δ5 desaturase was significantly lower in the intestine of sea urchins fed FO than that fed LO and SO (p <.05). These results indicated that LO and FO, but not SO were the ideal lipid sources for the juvenile S. intermedius. The elevated transcription of fatty acid synthesis‐related genes could be responsible for the increased EPA and ARA deposition in LO and SO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced hyperlipidemia were treated with total Liriope spicata var. prolifera polysaccharides (TLSP: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight), simvastatin (3 mg/kg body weight), or saline for 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that TLSP had strong lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects on C57BL/6J mice with HFD-induced hyperlipidemia. TLSP administration significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and downregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the adipose and liver tissues of the mice. TLSP exerted hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects by activating lipid/bile acid metabolism via the FXH-SHP/CYP7A1 and SEBP-1c/FAC/ACC signaling pathways. Thus, TLPS is a promising natural polymer with hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dietary poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on the lipid and fatty acids (FA) in crustaceans were investigated using Artemia as model species. Supplying PHB either in crystalline or amorphous form significantly increased the whole‐body lipid contents of starved Artemia. Co‐supplying dietary PHB with bacterial PHB degrader Comamonas testosteroni at 106 cells ml−1 for 24 hr also significantly increased this parameter. These findings have important implications on the lipid‐saving effects of PHB in crustacean tissues. Dietary PHB, however, did not contribute to the increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the naturally DHA‐deprived Artemia. Alternative strategy of co‐supplying dietary PHB with highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA)‐rich emulsion for 24 hr effectively improved the nutritional contents of Artemia and at the same time assured efficient delivery of PHB to the larval predator. According to a 13C stable isotope tracer study, the significantly higher δ13C levels measured in Artemia 2 hr postfeeding with 13C‐labelled R. eutropha DSM545 indicate that PHB offered in natural matrix is rapidly assimilated. Overall, this study demonstrated the lipid‐saving effects of PHB in Artemia. PHB assimilation following gastrointestinal degradation could attribute to its reported beneficial effects in various aquatic farmed species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia and its associated obesity, hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD are worldwide problems. However, there is no ideal pharmacological treatment for these. Therefore, the complementary therapies that are both natural and safe have been focused. Healthy foods, such as fruit vinegar, may be one of the best choices. In this study, we made a special medicinal fruit vinegar, Schisandra fruit vinegar (SV), and examined its lipid-lowering effects and the underlying mechanisms in a high-fat diet rat model. The results showed that SV significantly reduced the body weight, liver weight, liver index, the serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), upregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR-α), peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) proteins, increased the contents of key component of antioxidant defense NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein, and downregulated the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). These results suggest that SV has weight loss and lipid-lowering effects in HFD rats, which may be related to its upregulation of the expressions of β-oxidation -elated PPAR-α, CPT1, and ACOX1 and the regulation of the expressions of antioxidant pathway-related KEAP1-NRF2-HO-1. Therefore, all these data provide an experimental basis for the development of SV as a functional beverage which is safe, effective, convenient, and inexpensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five experimental diets containing different lipid sources, fish oil (D1), soybean lecithin (D2), corn oil (D3), canola oil (D4) and olive oil (D5), were evaluated in Atractosteus tropicus larvae for the relative gene expression of the enzymes fatty acid synthase (fas), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (acc1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (cpt1c), in addition to their effects on larval growth, survival and cannibalism during a 30‐day feeding trial. Higher growth and survival were obtained in treatments D1 and D2, and lower performance in diets D3, D4 and D5. The highest levels of expression of fas and acc1 occurred in larvae fed with D1, which contained high amounts of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), mainly DHA and EPA FA are regulators of lipogenesis. The higher cpt1c expression in plant‐based diets is attributed to the fact that these diets are rich in α‐linolenic acid (ALA) and low DHA, EPA and ARA levels that favour ß‐oxidation. In conclusion, the diets with fish oil (D1) and soybean lecithin (D2) were the best treatments for larval growth, survival and cannibalism and thus appear to meet both lipid and energy requirements of A. tropicus larvae, meanwhile the use of vegetable oils influences the expression of intermediary lipogenic genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater amberjack is one of the major candidate species for aquaculture diversification; however, with the exception of sporadic data on the proximate (PC) and fatty acid (FA) composition, limited knowledge exists regarding the quality variations occurring between wild and reared Greater amberjack. To expand this knowledge, the current study examined, besides the PC and FA composition of raw tissue, the volatile compounds (VC) and sensory profiles of cooked tissue. The studied specimens originated both from the wild and from aquaculture and were of small commercial size (0.5–1 kg). The FA profiles varied with most profound differences being the lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio and the higher arachidonic (ARA) and docohexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions of wild counterparts. A superior lipid quality was found for reared fish, which was attributed, among other reasons to their significantly (p <.001) higher fillet lipid (wild: 0.27%; reared: 3.92%). The VC profiles differed with rearing origin. Reared Greater amberjack exhibited a significantly higher content in the majority of aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenes, while wild exhibited higher contents for the majority of compounds belonging to the alcohol, aldehyde and ketone groups. Minor sensory profile differences were observed, with reared and wild counterparts exhibiting higher butter and sardine flavour, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flavonoid dihydromyricetin (DMY) is the main component of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand-Mazz) W. T. Wang (AG), a daily beverage and folk medicine used in Southern China to treat jaundice hepatitis, cold fever, and sore throat. Recently, DMY and AG were shown to have a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism disorder. However, the mechanisms of how DMY and AG protect the liver during lipid metabolism disorder remain unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the chemical compounds of AG by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn. Of the 31 compounds detected, 29 were identified based on previous results. Then, the effects of DMY and AG on high-fat diet hamster livers were studied and the metabolite levels and metabolic pathway activity of the liver were explored by 1H NMR metabolomics. Compared to the high-fat diet group, supplementation of AG and DMY attenuated the high-fat-induced increase in body weight, liver lipid deposition, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, and normalized endogenous metabolite concentrations. PCA and PLS-DA score plots demonstrated that while the metabolic profiles of hamsters fed a high-fat diet supplemented with DMY or AG were both far from those of hamsters fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet alone, they were similar to each other. Our data suggest that the underlying mechanism of the protective effect of DMY and AG might be related to an attenuation of the deleterious effect of high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia on multiple metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism, energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and enhanced fatty acid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid profile and fecundity in the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated with graded lipid levels [A (5.02%), B (5.98%), C (6.91%), D (7.91%) and E (8.89%) respectively]. The results indicated that the values of body weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention presented a similar trend of increasing first and then decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Furthermore, prawns fed diets containing 6.91% lipid showed the best values on these parameters among all the treatments. EPA, DHA and n‐3/n‐6PUFA contents showed associated increasing with the increase in lipid deposition of prawn muscle. The activities of hepatopancreatic amylase, protease and lipase were also significantly (p <.05) improved by dietary 6.91% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid levels could not suppress early maturation with no differences detected in berried females throughout the feeding trial. Significant lower relative fecundity may contribute to describing the dietary moderate lipid level (6.91%) could promote the growth of spawners and decrease spawning quantity. The recommendation dietary lipid requirement, estimated by the broken‐line model based on specific growth rate against dietary lipid levels, was 7.19% of the dry matter for M. nipponense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mud crab increases the yield of farming in Southeast Asian countries. Scylla paramamosain, one of four mud crab species belonging to the Scylla genus, is a rich nutrient source during its soft-shell moulting period. In this study, we analysed the total lipid content, fatty acid components, and phospholipid molecular species of the S. paramamosain mud crab. The total lipid content was 1.62 ± 0.08%, which is similar to that of S. serrata previously reported. Twenty-one fatty acids were identified in S. paramamosain. The composition and molecular forms of the phospholipids were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Fifty-four different molecules belonging to six types of phospholipids were identified. Notably, phospholipids were made of fatty acids with C16 : 0; C18 : 0; C20 : 4; C20 : 5; and C22 : 6 main components. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of crab lipids and phospholipids were investigated for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity of the total and polar lipids had IC50 values of 71.5 and 68.6 μg/mL, respectively. The crab polar lipid fraction, which contained phospholipids, also presented high cytotoxic activity toward five cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 85.4 to 95.8 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated the effects of fish oil replacement with eicosapentaenoic acid‐enriched single‐cell microalgae in the diets of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp. Experimental diets containing different level of Nannochloropsis sp. powder (10, 40, 70 g/kg) and lipids (2, 8, 10, 14, 35, 58 g/kg) were evaluated. The substitution of fish oil with algal powder significantly improved shrimp growth compared to that in the control group, with the highest final body weight recorded at 70 g/kg in larvae and 40 g/kg in postlarvae. Larvae fed algal lipids with a dry weight percentage in the diet of greater than 10 g/kg showed significantly lower performance than those in the control group. The neutral lipids in the tissue of the postlarvae that had been fed algal lipids had an improved fatty acid profile, as the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids increased compared to that in the other groups. The content of docosahexaenoic acid increased in the tissue, indicating the possible occurrence of the metabolism and accumulation of Nannochloropsis sp. essential fatty acids. Algal powder could replace FO up to 140 g/kg in shrimp diets without compromising growth and FA profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, hybrid and inbred oysters were produced by factorial hybridization between two closely related species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Portuguese oyster C. angulata. Tissues samples were used for the analysis of total lipid content (TLC) and fatty acid composition (FAC). In general, FAC but not TLC in hybrid oysters was significantly different from inbred oysters. Hybrid oysters have significantly lower ∑SFA composition but higher ∑PUFA composition than inbred oysters, with heterosis for ∑SFA, ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA of −6.03%, −6.53% and 14.31% respectively. Moreover, hybrid oysters have significantly higher EPA + DHA content and n3/n6 PUFA ratio than inbred oysters, indicating higher lipid nutritional quality than inbred oysters. Among them, the hybrid ♀ C. gigas × ♂ C. angulata appears to be the most nutritious. These results indicated that the lipid nutritional quality of oysters can be improved by hybridization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five diets of different lipid levels, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% (L3, L6, L9, L12 and L15), were designed and fed to juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis for 8 weeks. The juvenile O. macrolepis grew better at L9 than at L3, L6 and L15 (p < .05). The viscera and hepatopancreas indexes increased as the dietary lipid levels increased. There appeared lower serum TG and HDL levels at lipid levels of 3.01%–9.01% (p < .05). Hepatic histology showed that the fish fed on L15 diet had more hepatic lipid droplets than those fed on the other diets. Fish fed on L9 diet showed increases in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities but decreases in malondialdehyde content in hepatopancreas (p < .05). The principle component analysis of fatty acid showed that n‐3 LC‐PUFA was mostly enriched in the fillet. There were lower transcript levels of FAS, ACC1 and SREBP1 found in the hepatopancreas of fish with increased dietary lipid levels, whereas CPT‐1, PPARα and ATGL expressions were elevated (p < .05). These results suggested that diets with a proper dietary lipid level of 9.01%–11.95% (optimum 9.68% was based on the specific growth rate) could improve the growth performance and health status of juvenile O. macrolepis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling to regulate cell proliferation and is associated with cell metabolism. However, the function of mTORC2 in lipid metabolism is not well understood. In the present study, mTORC2 was inactivated by the ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor AZD8055 or shRNA targeting RICTOR in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMECs). MTT assay was performed to examine the effect of AZD8055 on cell proliferation. ELISA assay and GC-MS analysis were used to determine the content of lipid. The mRNA and protein expression levels were investigated by RT/real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. We found that cell proliferation, mTORC2 activation, and lipid secretion were inhibited by AZD8055. RICTOR was knocked down and mTORC2 activation was specifically attenuated by the shRNA. Compared to control cells, the expression of the transcription factor gene PPARG and the lipogenic genes LPIN1, DGAT1, ACACA, and FASN was downregulated in RICTOR silencing cells. As a result, the content of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG), palmitic acid (PA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other 16 types of fatty acid was decreased in the treated cells; the accumulation of TAG, PA, and DHA in cell culture medium was also reduced. Overall, mTORC2 plays a critical role in regulating lipogenic gene expression, lipid synthesis, and secretion in pBMECs, and this process probably is through PPARγ. This finding provides a model by which lipogenesis is regulated in pBMECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted on Labeo rohita fingerlings to evaluate the effect of dietary oxidized oil and vitamin E. Nine experimental diets were made, based on three degrees of oil oxidation (fresh oil, low oil oxidation and high oil oxidation), and each level of oxidation was further supplemented with three levels of vitamin E (0, 100 and 1,000 mg/kg). Weight gain% and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed fresh fish oil and low oil oxidation level were significantly higher than highly oxidized oil. Moreover, vitamin E supplemented fish also showed better growth performance. Oil oxidation caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of α‐tocopherol and increase in TBARS level and antioxidant enzyme activities in fish liver and muscles. However, increasing the dietary vitamin E abrogated these effects. Dietary vitamin E supplementation improved the fatty acid, more specifically polyunsaturated fatty acids profile of oxidized oil fed fish. In conclusion, dietary oxidized fish oil increased the oxidative stress condition of fish but supplementation of high dose of vitamin E prevented lipid oxidation, improved growth performance and fatty acid profile of L. rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the obesity-related complications are due to ectopic fat accumulation. Recently, the activation of the cell-surface receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been associated with lipid accumulation in different organs. Nevertheless, the role of RAGE and sRAGE, the soluble form that prevents ligands to activate RAGE, in intramyocardial lipid accumulation is presently unknown. To this aim, we analyzed whether, in obesity, intramyocardial lipid accumulation and lipid metabolism-related transcriptome are related to RAGE and sRAGE. Heart and serum samples were collected from 10 lean (L) and 10 obese (OB) Zucker rats. Oil red staining was used to detect lipids on frozen heart sections. The lipid metabolism-related transcriptome (84 genes) was analyzed by a specific PCR array. Heart RAGE expression was explored by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Serum levels of sRAGE (total and endogenous secretory form (esRAGE)) were quantified by ELISA. Genes promoting fatty acid transport, activation, and oxidation in mitochondria/peroxisomes were upregulated in OB hearts. Intramyocardial lipid content did not differ between OB and L rats, as well as RAGE expression. A slight increase in epicardial adipose tissue was observed in OB hearts. Total sRAGE and esRAGE concentrations were significantly higher in OB rats. sRAGE may protect against obesity-induced intramyocardial lipid accumulation by preventing RAGE hyperexpression, therefore allowing lipids to be metabolized. EAT also played a protective role by working as a buffering system that protects the myocardium against exposure to excessively high levels of fatty acids. These observations reinforce the potential role of RAGE pathway as an interesting therapeutic target for obesity-related complications, at least at the cardiovascular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astilbe chinensis Franch. et Savat. (AC) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, arthralgia, and gastralgia. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of AC extract on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat-diet-fed C57BL/6N obese mice. We found that AC extracts dramatically decreased the lipid content of 3T3-L1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The action mechanism of AC extract was demonstrated to be the inhibition of lipid accumulation and dose-dependent decrease in the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Furthermore, AC extract increased the mitochondrial phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipolysis-related factors. In amice model of high-fat-diet-induced obesity, the mice administered AC extract experienced significant decrease of 64% in weight gain, 55% in insulin resistance index, 22% in plasma triglycerides (TG), 56% in total cholesterol (TC), and 21% in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels compared with those in the high-fat diet-fed control mice. Collectively, these results indicated that AC extract exerted antiobesogenic activity through the modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway, inhibition of adipogenesis, decreased lipid content, and reduced adipocyte size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have compared molecular components between red and white skeletal muscles in mammals. However, mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of mixed types of muscle fibers. In the current study, we analyzed and compared the distributions of titin, lipid, phosphate ions, and fatty acid levels in red and white muscles using a fish model (Tilapia), which is rich in red and white muscles, and these are well separated. Oil-red O staining showed that red muscle had more-abundant lipids than did white muscle. A time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometric (TOF-SIMS) analysis revealed that red muscle possessed high levels of palmitic acid and oleic acid, but white muscle contained more phosphate ions. Moreover, elastica-van Gieson (EVG) and Mito-Tracker green FM staining showed that collagen and elastic fibers were highly, respectively, distributed in connective tissues and mitochondria in red muscle. An electron micrographic analysis indicated that red muscle had a relatively higher number of mitochondria and longer sarcomere lengths and Z-line widths, while myofibril diameters were thicker in white muscle. Myofibrillar proteins separated by SDS-PAGE showed that the major giant protein, titin, was highly expressed in white muscle than in red muscle. Furthermore, ratios of titin to myosin heavy chain (MHC) (titin/MHC) were about 1.3 times higher in white muscle than red muscle. We postulated that white muscle is fit for short and strong contractile performance due to high levels of titin and condensed sarcomeres, whereas red muscle is fit for low intensity and long-lasting activity due to high levels of lipids and mitochondria and long sarcomeres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low birth weight increases neonatal morbidity and mortality, and surviving infants have increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances later in life, as well as other neurological, psychiatric, and immune complications. A gestational excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a well-known cause for fetal growth retardation, but the biological basis for this association remains elusive. Placental growth is closely related to fetal growth. The placenta is the main regulator of nutrient transport to the fetus, resulting from the difference between placental nutrient uptake and the placenta’s own metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyze how excess hydrocortisone affects placental glucose and lipid metabolism. Human placenta explants from term physiological pregnancies were cultured for 18 hours under different hydrocortisone concentrations (2.75, 5.5, and 55 mM; 1, 2, and 20 mg/ml). Placental glucose and lipid uptake and the metabolic partitioning of fatty acids were quantified by isotopic techniques, and expression of specific glucose transporter GLUT1 was quantified by western blot. Cell viability was assessed by MTT, immunohistochemistry and caspase activity. We found that excess hydrocortisone impairs glucose uptake and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, coincident with a GC-dose dependent inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and esterification. None of the experimental conditions showed an increased cell death. In conclusion, our results show that GC overexposure exerts a dysfunctional effect on lipid transport and metabolism and glucose uptake in human placental explants. These findings could well be directly related to a reduced placental growth and possibly to a reduced supply of nutrients to the fetus and the consequent fetal growth retardation and metabolic programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background and Aims: The volatile thiols, such as 3‐mercaptohexanol, 3‐mercaptohexyl acetate and 4‐mercapto‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one, are major aroma compounds responsible for the distinctive tropical notes (passionfruit and grapefruit) in New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc wines. Previously, it was observed that traces of linoleic acid in grape juice can significantly affect the development of these volatile thiols and other aroma compounds in wine. Here, we examined the effect of the fatty acids commonly found in Sauvignon Blanc grape juice as well as juice lipid lipolysis on the development of aroma compounds in the resulting wines. Methods and Results: Experiments were performed to increase the total free fatty acid concentration in grape juice through juice treatment with acidic lipase from Aspergillus niger and through co‐cultured fermentations with non‐Saccharomyces lipase‐secreting yeasts. We observed a significant reduction in the production of 3‐mercaptohexyl acetate in fermented wines upon supplementation with linoleic acid and lipase. Supplementation with lipase increased the concentration of 3‐mercaptohexanol and all ethyl esters detected, while reducing the development of acetate esters. Co‐cultured fermentations also affected the development of many classes of aroma compounds. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the aroma profile of wines could be effectively manipulated by altering the amount of free unsaturated fatty acids in grape juice through lipolytic enzyme supplementation or co‐fermentation with non‐Saccharomyces lipolytic yeast species. Significance of the Study: The key findings of this study may lead to new winemaking strategies through the manipulation of the lipid component of grape juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The lipid‐regulating effects of astaxanthin (ASTX) have been widely reported in terrestrial animals. However, little relevant information has been available in fish although ASTX has been used as exogenous pigment and antioxidant in fish feed. A 74‐day feeding study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ASTX on lipid accumulation in the marine teleost tiger puffer. Four experimental diets differing only in ASTX supplementation, that is, 0 (control), 50 (ASTX50), 100 (ASTX100) and 500 (ASTX500) mg kg‐1, were randomly assigned to 12 tanks of juvenile tiger puffer. Compared to control, the liver lipid content in group ASTX50 was significantly higher, while those in groups ASTX100 and ASTX500 were lower. The muscle lipid contents in group ASTX500 were significantly higher compared to control. Group ASTX50 had the best growth performances, while diet ASTX500 seemed to have adverse effects. In the liver, compared to control, groups ASTX50 and ASTX100 showed significantly lower mRNA expressions of genes related to triglycerol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis, transport and uptake, but higher expressions of genes related to β‐oxidation and monoglycerol hydrolysis. In the muscle, compared to control, ASTX100 showed higher expressions of genes related to β‐oxidation. ASTX50 resulted in higher contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids but lower contents of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. In conclusion, astaxanthin in diets for tiger puffer differentially regulated the lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle, both in dose‐dependent manners. Excess dietary astaxanthin (500 mg/kg) had adverse effects on tiger puffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.The dried mature fruit of Amomum villosum has been historically used in China as food and in the auxiliary treatment of digestive system disorders. Numerous studies have shown that gastrointestinal function is closely related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via the "gut-liver" axis. Objective. The present study aimed to explore whether the mechanism underlying the regulation of lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may affect related disorders using the active ingredients in A. villosum. Design. Male Sprague-Dawley rats on a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD were administered water extract of A. villosum (WEAV), volatile oil of A. villosum (VOAV), or bornyl acetate. After treatment, serum and liver total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levelsweremeasured.The regulatory role of A. villosumin the microecology of the intestines was assessed using the V4 region of the 16S rDNA sequencing.Theexpression of the intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 was also measured.The influence of A. villosumon TLR4-mediated chronic low-grade inflammation was evaluated based on the concentrations of key proteins of the TLR4/NF-ΚB signaling pathway. Results. A. villosum effectively inhibited endogenous lipid synthesis, reduced TG, TC, and FFA accumulation, regulated the expression of LDL-C, and decreased lipid accumulation in liver tissues. VOAV effectively regulated the intestinal microflora, improved chronic low-grade inflammation by promoting ZO-1 and occludin protein expressions, and inhibited the TLR4/NF-ΚB signaling pathway. Conclusion. The present study provides scientific basis for the potential application of A. villosum in NAFLD prevention and treatment. Additional chemical constituents other than bornyl acetate also contributed to the preventive effects of A. villosumonNAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels produced from microalgal biomass have received growing worldwide recognition as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived fuels. Among the processes involved, the downstream refinement process for the extraction of lipids from biomass greatly influences the sustainability and efficiency of the entire biofuel system. This review summarizes and compares the current techniques for the extraction and measurement of microalgal lipids, including the gravimetric methods using organic solvents, CO2-based solvents, ionic liquids and switchable solvents, Nile red lipid visualization method, sulfo-phospho-vanillin method, and the thin-layer chromatography method. Each method has its own competitive advantages and disadvantages. For example, the organic solvents-based gravimetric method is mostly used and frequently employed as a reference standard to validate other methods, but it requires large amounts of samples and is time-consuming and expensive to recover solvents also with low selectivity towards desired products. The pretreatment approaches which aimed to disrupt cells and support subsequent lipid extraction through bead beating, microwave, ultrasonication, chemical methods, and enzymatic disruption are also introduced. Moreover, the principles and procedures for the production and quantification of fatty acids are finally described in detail, involving the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and their quantification and composition analysis by gas chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by a mixture of alternative vegetable oils (VO) on Seriola dumerili culture performance. A 154‐day feeding experiment was conducted using juveniles (39.2 ± 1.6 g average weight). Three isolipidic and isoenergetic meal‐based diets were formulated varying their lipid component. The control diet contained 100% FO (FO100), whereas diets VO50 and VO100 included 1/2 of oil blend and all the oil from blend of palm oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) as substitute for FO, respectively. Dietary regime did not significantly affect growth performance, biometric indices, feed efficiency, plasma chemistry and liver and muscle lipid contents. Nonetheless, dietary VO inclusion impacted on the fatty acid profile of target tissues, especially in the liver. Fatty acid profiles of the fillets reflected those of the dietary oils except that there was apparent selective utilization of palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n‐9) and apparent selective retention of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n‐3). The nutritional value and the potential ability to prevent the development of coronary heart diseases of the flesh lipid fraction decreased with gradual FO substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to characterize Tunisian cactus pear ( Opuntia ficus indica L.) flower through its lipids, essential oils, phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The total lipid content of cactus pear flower was about 2% with the neutral lipid amount, especially monoacylglycerols, being the highest. The lipids were rich in linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. The essential oil yield was 0.01% with the presence of 29 components in a complex mixture of monoterpenes. The main components of the essential oil were benzenacetatealdehyde, D-3-carene, hexanol, and α-pinene. Solvents with different polarities had significant effect on polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of cactus pear flower. RP-HPLC analysis allowed characterization of 20 phenolic compounds mainly belonging to phenolic acid and flavonoid classes. Based on its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity, cactus pear flower could be used in food, industrial, and biomedical applications. Practical applications The interest in naturally occurring antioxidants has recently increased for use in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products to replace synthetic antioxidants, which are being restricted because of their carcinogenicity. The cactus pear flower constitutes one of the by-products in cactus industry and generally discarded by separation from the fruit. This study aimed to valorize cactus pear flower through its lipids, essential oils, phenolics, and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dojo loach ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish in several East Asian countries. However, a little information is available in its nutritional requirements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth, fatty acid composition and antioxidant-related gene expressions in juvenile loach. Six practical diets at three levels of protein (30%, 40% and 50%) and two levels of lipid (6% and 12%) were fed to loach juveniles (initial weight 0.40 g) in triplicated groups (20 fish per replicated) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that regardless of lipid level, body weight gain of fish was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased by dietary protein levels, and the lowest value was observed in fish fed dietary protein levels of 50%, regardless of dietary lipid level. Moreover, the percentage of 22:6n-3 in viscera was significantly increased by different protein levels. The expression level of catalase was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level with both lipid levels. Meanwhile, the expression level of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2) was downregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 6% of lipid level, but the expression was upregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 12% of lipid level. In conclusion, these data suggested that 6% lipid and 50% protein in diet was optimal for loach during early development stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for efficient oleaginous microorganisms, which can be an alternative to fossil fuels and biofuels obtained from oilseed crops, has been going on for many years. The suitability of microorganisms in this regard is determined by their ability to biosynthesize lipids with preferred fatty acid profile along with the concurrent utilization of energy-rich industrial waste. In this study, we isolated, characterized, and identified kefir yeast strains using molecular biology techniques. The yeast isolates identified were Candida inconspicua, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kazachstania unispora, and Zygotorulaspora florentina. We showed that deproteinated potato wastewater, a starch processing industry waste, supplemented with various carbon sources, including lactose and glycerol, is a suitable medium for the growth of yeast, which allows an accumulation of over 20% of lipid substances in its cells. Fatty acid composition primarily depended on the yeast strain and the carbon source used, and, based on our results, most of the strains met the criteria required for the production of biodiesel. In particular, this concerns a significant share of saturated fatty acids, such as C16:0 and C18:0, and unsaturated fatty acids, such as C18:1 and C18:2. The highest efficiency in lipid biosynthesis exceeded 6.3 g L−1. Kazachstania unispora was able to accumulate the high amount of palmitoleic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, changes in lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile and volatile compounds of traditional Kazakh dry-cured beef were investigated during its processing and storage. The moisture content decreased from 740.77 to 587.41 g/kg during processing, and the fat content increased from 21.03 to 35.69 g/kg. The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by processing and storage time. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased during processing, whereas the saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify 38 volatile compounds. Aldehydes were the most abundant volatile compounds in the final product. Principal component analysis results showed that the first principal component was dominated by fat, SFA, TBARS, furans, PUFA, moisture and hydrocarbons; the second principal component was dominated by esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and pH. Practical Applications Flavor is one of the most valuable quality characteristic for Kazakh dry-cured beef. Knowledge of the effect of lipid oxidation on development of flavor will allow producers to control flavor quality for this product. This study is significantly practical for industrial development of traditional dry-cured beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to analyse the fatty acid ( FA) profiles of the streaked (starry) weever ( Trachinus radiatus), a prized food fish in the countries of its distribution. Fish ( N = 20) were sampled in July 2011. Location: 42.761019°N, 17.765090°W; Adriatic Sea, Elaphite Islands near Dubrovnik, Croatia, at 5-10 m depth using longline hooks; body length ranges: 24.1-47.2 cm, weight ranges: 120-960 g. Morphological species determination was genetically confirmed (Folmer region of COI gene). Biochemical analysis of T. radiatus muscular tissue (filet) revealed average ± SD dry matter of 252.3 ± 14.8 g/kg w.w.; moisture of 747.7 ± 14.8 g/kg w.w., and ash of 28.0 ± 6.9 g/kg w.w. Intramuscular crude protein content exceeded the total lipid ( TL = 11.9 ± 4.0 g/kg w.w.) content approximately 17.7 fold. Unsaturated FA ( UFA) was higher than saturated FA ( SFA), with a predominance of polyunsaturated FA ( PUFA). The ω3:ω6 ratio was 4.9:1, respectively. Among individually determined fatty acids, the PUFA 22:6n3 ( DHA) was highly present (29.99 ± 2.75% TL) followed by a relatively high 20:5n3 ( EPA) content. There was 25 fold higher EPA content than of substrate α LNA, and a 15.5 fold higher DHA content to DPAn3. Such ratios indicate that besides trophic ingestion, FA bioconversion elongase/desaturase synthesis pathways toward ω3 PUFA in Weevers could be highly efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough analysis of the fatty acid profiles of stipe and blade from the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea is presented. Lipid extracts were fractionated into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids, prior to derivatization and GC-MS analysis. A total of 42 fatty acids were identified and quantified, including the n-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The fatty acid amounts are higher in blade than in stipe (7.42 mg/g dry weight and 2.57 mg/g dry weight, resp.). The highest amounts of n-3 fatty acids are found within the neutral lipid fractions with 590.6 ug/g dry weight and 100.9 ug/g dry weight for blade and stipe, respectively. The amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are 3.4 times higher in blade than stipe. The blade had the highest PUFA/SFA ratio compared to stipe (1.02 versus 0.76) and the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio (0.8 versus 3.5). This study highlights the compositional differences between the lipid fractions of stipe and blade from L. hyperborea. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to saturated- and monounsaturated fatty acids is known to influence human health. In the pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries, this can be of importance for production of different health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine whether a moderate zinc deficiency alters hepatic lipid composition. Male weanling rats, assigned to five groups (8 animals each), were fed low-carbohydrate high-fat diets supplemented with 7 or 50 mg Zn/kg (LZ or HZ) and 22% cocoa butter (CB) or 22% safflower oil (SF) for four weeks. One group each had free access to the LZ-CB and LZ-SF diets, one group each was restrictedly fed the HZ-CB and HZ-SF diets in matching amounts, and one group had free access to the HZ-SF diet (ad libitum control). The rats fed the LZ diets had significantly lower energy intakes and final body weights than the ad libitum control group, and lower plasma and femur Zn concentrations than the animals consuming the HZ diets. Hepatic cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid concentrations, and fatty acid composition of hepatic triacylglycerols and phospholipids did not significantly differ between the LZ and their respective HZ groups, but were greatly affected by dietary fat source. In conclusion, the moderate Zn deficiency did not significantly alter liver lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of two rearing conditions: outdoor environment with great volume tanks (500 m³) and low stocking density (∼0.4 kg m-3); and indoor environment with smaller volume tanks (10 m³) and higher stocking density (∼5 kg m-3), on muscle, liver and ovary lipid composition of Seriola dumerili broodstock born in captivity. The rearing conditions tested seem to affect the pattern of lipid body deposition in broodstock fish of S. dumerili, increasing the muscle and liver triacylglycerides (TG) accumulation of fish kept under indoor conditions, probably due to reduced energy expenditure in swimming, with some variations in the fatty acid profile that may respond to the differences in the culture conditions tested. No significant differences were found for Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) or ovary lipid deposition between groups in this study, which may suggest that the conditions tested do not have a major effect on ovary development. However, one season later the females kept under outdoor conditions released eggs spontaneously, whereas those kept under indoor conditions did not spawn, suggesting that the conditions tested actually have an effect on the broodstock's reproductive fitness. More studies are needed in order to evaluate whether the conditions tested have or not any influence on ovary development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to formulate ciprofloxacin (CIP) in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in an attempt to develop a controlled drug delivery system. An ultrasonic melt-emulsification method was used for preparing CIP-loaded SLNs. Key findings included that SLNs were successfully produced with average particle sizes ranging from 165 to 320 nm and polydispersity index in the range of 0.18–0.33. High entrapment efficiency values were reported in all formulations. The atomic force scanning microscopic images showed spherical shape with the size range closer to those found by the particle size analyzer. CIP release exhibited controlled-release behavior with various lipids. Ciprofloxacin solid lipid nanoparticles formula containing stearic acid (CIPSTE) displayed the strongest burst effect and the most rapid release rate. The release data revealed a better fit to the Higuchi diffusion model. After storing the CIPSTE formula at room temperature for 120 days, no significant difference in particle size and zeta potential was found. CIP-loaded SLNs exhibited superior antibacterial activity. Incorporation of CIP into SLNs leads to controlled release and a superior antibacterial effect of CIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary protein to lipid ratio (P/L) for Starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (30.7 ± 0.7 g initial weight). Nine fishmeal-based diets with three protein levels (40%, 45% and 50%) and three lipid levels (8%, 11% and 14%) were fed to 30 fish in triplicate. Results showed that the growth performance was affected by dietary P/L ratio significantly, and the best weight gain rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were appeared at fish fed P45L14 and P50L11 diets. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein was increased with increasing dietary lipid, but lipid digestibility was decreased by dietary lipid. Lipid deposition in tissues was increased with increasing dietary lipid at each protein level and was higher for the lower protein diets. In liver, the per cent of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were increased by dietary protein. High dietary protein level (50%) at high lipid level (14%) increased arachidonic acid significantly. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were affected significantly by dietary P/L ratios. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol of 45% protein groups were significantly higher than others. The study revealed that the optimum dietary protein to lipid ratio for starry flounder was P45L14 or P50L11, or P/E ratios were 25.49 and 27.70 mg protein kJ−1 gross energy respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thie study evaluated the changes in proximate composition and fatty acid profile in the muscle, liver and ovarian tissues of wild-caught Brazilian mojarra Eugerres brasilianus females during sexual maturation as a starting point for the development of broodstock diets. A total of 114 females captured in the Santa Cruz Canal, Itapissuma, PE, north-eastern Brazil, from August 2012 to April 2013, were classified into four stages of gonadal development by histological analyses. Ovarian protein and total lipid levels increased with maturation, and a simultaneous decrease in liver protein and lipid levels was observed. The levels of arachidonic acid ( ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA, 22:6n-3) also increased in the ovary as the gonadal development proceeded; they represented 96.4% of the total highly unsaturated fatty acids ( HUFA) in the ovaries of fully mature females. These findings highlight the need to include protein and lipid-rich sources containing n-6 HUFA, particularly ARA, and n-3 HUFA ( EPA, DPA and DHA) in the diets of Brazilian mojarra breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and condition of membrane lipids, the morphology of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin distribution were explored with the help of laser interference microscopy (LIM) and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant changes in the composition of their phospholipids and the fatty acids of membrane lipids. Furthermore, the microviscosity of the membranes and morphology of the erythrocytes are altered causing disordered oxygen transport by hemoglobin. Basic therapy carried out with the use of antiaggregants, statins, antianginals, beta-blockers, and calcium antagonists does not help to recover the morphofunctional properties of erythrocytes. Based on the results the authors assume that, for the relief of the ischemic crisis and further therapeutic treatment, it is necessary to include, in addition to cardiovascular disease medicines, medication that increases the ability of erythrocytes’ hemoglobin to transport oxygen to the tissues. We assume that the use of LIM and Raman spectroscopy is advisable for early diagnosis of changes in the structure and functional state of erythrocytes when cardiovascular diseases develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina meal Camelina sativa ( CM) is a potential protein source in aquaculture feeds, because of its crude protein level (39%) and essential amino acids. Two feeding experiments were conducted with Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Cod in Experiment I (19.4 g fish−1) were fed diets with 0%, 12% or 24% CM for 9.5 weeks at 10°C; and cod in Experiment II (14.4 g fish−1) were fed diets with 0%, 15%, 30% or 40% CM for 13 weeks at 10°C. Growth, lipid and amino acid tissue composition were compared amongst cod fed varying levels of CM. In Experiment I, cod could tolerate the highest level of CM inclusion (24%) without affecting growth compared to cod fed the control diet. In Experiment II, growth performance was significantly affected at 30% CM inclusion compared to the control treatment, and cod fed 15% CM displayed some signs of depressed growth (reduced feed intake and weight gain). Both treatment and duration were interacting factors ( P = 0.015) that determined growth performance when comparing both experiments. Muscle tissue composition was relatively unaltered with less than 30% CM inclusion; however, multivariate statistics revealed significant differences in muscle tissue fatty acid composition between cod fed 40% CM and the control diet. The tissue amino acid profile was generally unaltered because the dietary amino acid profile was consistent after CM inclusion. A few antinutritive compounds in CM may have affected palatability in diets with greater than 30% CM inclusion, which may have resulted in reduced growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]