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This research focuses on an assessment and design of a hybrid Photo Voltaic (PV)-wind system for rural electrification in Jamataka village, Botswana. The assessment revealed the most pressing factors for the need for reliable energy and the issues that the village community had with existing electricity sources. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software was used to perform all the hybrid system configurations, simulations, and selections. The assessment research was carried out using questionnaires and physical data collection on site. With a peak load of 27.31 kW, the annual average demand is 165.29 kWh/day. The results show that the PV/wind/battery system generates the most economic and technical benefits, as measured by the Net Present Cost (NPC). Due to the high initial expenditures on renewable energy systems, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of the system is 65 percent higher than the present energy cost in Botswana for households and 57 percent higher for companies. The International Renewable Energy Agency’s global report of renewable energy generation costs between 2010 and 2020 revealed a significant decrease, with utility-scale solar PV costs falling by 85% and onshore wind costs falling by 56 percent. As a result, the LCOE decreases as the cost of renewable energy decreases. Subsidies for renewable energy systems, on the other hand, can significantly reduce the LCOE.

Nowadays, the major threat to humans occurs due to water quality deterioration. The quality of water creates a new sign for the public to prevent them from waterborne diseases. This study uses sensitive water quality parameters obtained from the northeast monsoon season, October 2021, at different locations in Mooli Kulam lake (11°07′17.6″ N, 77°22′59.9″ E) of Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The parameters considered for the analysis of lake water quality are closely included with drinking and irrigation parameters. The northeast monsoon samples collected from the lake were analysed and the Water Quality Indexing was applied to the dataset using three methods, namely, the Weight Arithmetic method, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, and Horton’s method. The parameters are divided into drinking water variables and irrigation water variables. This study includes water quality index mapping using Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation of the spatial distribution method using ArcMap 10.8. The dataset was subjected to correlation and regression analysis in order to determine the most significant pollutant. A total of 10 sampling stations and 23 water quality parameters have been analysed. The results obtained show that the lake has high eutrophication with compounds of potassium, iron, and nitrates.

The disposal practices of pharmaceutical-generated pollutants have become a serious threat to mankind’s health, safety, and environmental concerns. Pharmaceutically polluted effluents have been demonstrated as endocrine disruptors which mimic growth hormones when consumed at nG/L to mG/L concentrations. The production stages utilize both organic and inorganic compounds, which contribute to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) heavily. Conventional technologies have failed to accomplish zero liquid minimization. To achieve zero minimization, it is necessary to develop modernization techniques in effluent treatment streams. A novel technique to recover solids and organic matter removals as well as zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) flash mixer, stripping, and multi-effect evaporator (MEE) processes is employed. Flash mixing is a pre-treatment stage, and stripping enables solvent reclamation. The multi-effect evaporators involve heat transfer equipment mainly used for volume reduction and cutting down on waste handling costs. The multi-effect evaporator not only is able to eliminate pharmaceutical xenobiotics but also requires pre-treatments such as flash mixture and stripping column sections. Thus, this research emphasizes efficiently removing high total dissolved solids (HTDS) and high chemical oxygen demand (HCOD) from pharmaceutical effluent. The removal efficiency was found to be 85% for TDS and TSS, 93% for BOD, and 81% for COD, which is more than the conventional mode of treatment.

Remote area electrification is a crucial need in sub-Saharan Africa’s drive to attain universal electrification. In Sierra Leone, with a rural population of over 5 million, the electrification rate accounts for less than 10% of the total inhabitants. This paper presents a comparative techno-economic analysis carried out to determine the most feasible of four individual options for off-grid mini-grid power generation system utilizing sources that include: Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV), Diesel Generator (DG), and Battery Storage (BS) system, to provide electricity for a rural and remote village located in the northwestern part of Sierra Leone (longitude 9.1°W and latitude 12.6°N), with an average daily solar irradiance between 4.6 and 6 kWh/m2/day. An assessment of the total electrical load estimated an expected daily consumption of 178 kWh. Simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analyses of each one of the individual power generation systems were carried out using HOMER software. Economic parameters such as Cost of Capital (CC), Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)), technical parameters (energy production characteristics), and greenhouse gases emissions were compared and analyzed. Key findings from the simulation result indicate that systems consisting of DG only ($29,750) and SPV/BS ($110,131) obtained the least and highest CC, respectively. Similarly, in a respective manner, the highest and least NPC were obtained for systems with DG only ($496,336) and PV/DG/BS ($152,491) over a 25-year project lifetime. Furthermore, the least LCOE was obtained for the system comprising PV/DG/BS ($0.336/kWh). With an expected annual generation of (75,121 kWh), PV/DG/BS was obtained to be the most optimal solution. The sensitivity analysis observed that a reduction in the discount rate consequently reduces the LCOE of such a system. Furthermore, the model accounts for a 90% renewable energy fraction, with a significant reduction in the amount of annual GHG emissions, when compared with a generation system using diesel generator only.

In this paper, a modified resonant voltage multiplier rectifier (RVMR) has been developed to improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the proposed converter on PV interconnected renewable energy systems. To acquire the most energy from the PV source, the improved RVMR scheme uses an altered Perturb and Observe (P&O)-based MPPT approach. This paper develops a modified variable step size P&O MPPT algorithm that can increase the PV system’s dynamic and steady-state performance at the same time. The recommended variable step size technique addresses the constraints of traditional P&O MPPT. The suggested study uses the MATLAB/Simulink environment to analyze and evaluate voltage gain and efficiency.