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Since the beginning of the 21st century, it has been noted that the rate of energy consumption has increased globally due to the technological progress that has taken place. The industrial sector occupies one of the first sectors in the consumption of electrical energy. Therefore, this paper aims to use the method of artificial neural networks (ANN) to model, analyze, and forecast electricity consumption in Jordan's industrial sector. In the present analysis, several factors affecting energy consumption in this sector are studied and verified, namely: the number of the industrial establishments (ES), the number of employees (EM), the electricity price (E$), the price of fuel (F$), gross output (G), structural effect (GI/GN) and the capacity utilization (CU). Several networks are executed and tested in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The results of this study implicated that the electricity consumption levels in the Jordanian industrial segment are highly driven by the number of industrial establishments and employees followed by the gross output, among others. Additionally, the present ANN-predicted electricity consumption results are compared with literature and showed superior accuracy. Finally, this ANN model is combined with the time series analysis approach to forecast the electricity needs of the Jordanian industrial sector for the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most unmanned vehicle path tracking methods ignore video image processing, resulting in a lot of interference information and severe distortion in the original video image, unable to accurately obtain road information, and reducing the accuracy of path tracking. This paper proposes a vehicle path tracking method based on video image processing. The original road condition image is filtered by median filtering method to reduce the interference of noise on image quality; the filtered road condition image is binarized to distinguish the image from the target image and the background image; and the boundary contour of the binary image is extracted by four neighborhood method to obtain the required road condition feature information. At the same time, the computational complexity is reduced. Based on the road condition characteristic information, the preview deviation angle and path curvature are calculated by preview point sequence; the driving speed is determined according to the path curvature, and the longitudinal control is realized; the preview deviation angle is converted into the control quantity of front wheel rotation angle by Pure Pursuit algorithm, and the lateral control is realized. The experimental results show that the driverless vehicle can track the reference trajectory quickly with different reference speeds, and then its position deviation is controlled within 0.05 m. The average energy consumption of path tracking is 355.13 J, which shows that the driverless vehicle using this method can achieve precise path tracking with low energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption in the world is increasing greatly owing to the growing population, and to increasing energy consumption per capita. This high energy consumption is associated with a high life quality. Due to this fact, and to the energy price and availability and to the potential threat of global climate changes, there is a great motivation to use energy from renewable sources such as solar energy. Jordan is a developing non-oil production country and its energy needs are imported from abroad as oil and petroleum products. On the other hand, Jordan has an abundance amount of solar radiation 300 days a year. Photovoltaic modules provides safe, reliable, maintenance-free, without noise, and environmentally friendly source of power. This paper evaluates the performance of different solar modules in semi arid climate as in Jordanian. An experiment to investigate the performance of two photovoltaic modules is conducted at different times of the year. The measured parameters in this paper are: output open circuit voltage and short circuit current from the PV modules, ambient temperature and solar intensity. The relationship between the performance and the efficiency of monos crystalline PV and multi crystalline PV is measured in this experiment. The performance value of the PV solar module is identified and compared with the output values supplied by the producer of the PV modules and with other PV models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jordan's high reliance on foreign energy sources forced the country to reconsider its energy consumption policies and address the issue of reliance on international energy markets for direct imports. Moreover, renewable energy sources offer important environmental, social and economic benefits. Wind and Solar energy, in particular, carries a very good potential in solving the energy problem in Jordan, diversify its energy supplies and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. This paper focuses on the Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction associated with the implementation of Jordan energy strategy's solar and wind projects. Four different scenarios were investigated based on the replaced traditional fuel type used for electricity generation that the proposed project will replace. The study shows that the proposed solar and wind project will result in a significant reduction of the country's projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 1.93 - 3.21 mega tons of CO2e annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing pollution and increasing energy efficiency are two tests extensive studies for combustion. Methane is a fuel of choice; it releases a large amount of heat and its molecular simplicity allows it to produce less pollutants. In many systems, the use of methane combustion takes place by diffusion flame. In the present paper, we developed impact of a magnetic field gradient to develop a laminar flame with an axisymmetric actuator CH4/air. Results are explained by the effects of magnetic force, and thermo magnetic convection which involves the thermal variation of magnetic susceptibility. The gradient of a magnetic field reduces the air velocity and the spatial gradient of the mass fraction of methane, which are important effects of reducing the lift-off height and increasing the propagation flame velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify main drivers behind changes in electricity and fuel consumptions in the industrial sector in Jordan; a Laspeyers decomposition technique was used to identify the factors affecting this demand during 1998-2005 years Changes have been disaggregated into production, structural, and efficiency effects. Results of the decomposition analysis prove that rapid increases in industrial production output had the most important implications on increasing energy demand in this sector which causes an annual energy increase of 10.9% yr-1. However, these increases were countered mainly by efficiency gains and to a lesser extent by structural changes in the industrial sector. The analysis showed that the structural effect contributes to an annual energy decrease of around 2.28% yr-1 while the efficiency effect contributes to an annual energy decrease of 5.65% yr-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on wall-following exploration algorithm using two cooperating mobile robots. The aim is to decrease the exploration time and energy consumption. The new technique is a combination of wall-following exploration algorithm and frontier-based exploration algorithm. The proposed algorithm is divided into two stages: Firstly, one of the robots follows (detects) the entire of the environment walls. And secondly, they employ frontier-based algorithm to complete exploring the remaining unexplored areas in the environment. During these two stages, the robots sweep the line-of-sight between them in each step to maximize the exploration efficiency. Numbers of simulation experiments are presented. Moreover, testing with real robots will be introduced. In these experiments, the negatives and shortcomings of this exploration algorithm will be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental research into the use of LPG in converting spark-ignition four stroke outboard (experimental) engine. Engine was modified to operate either on gasoline or on alternative fuel. Two different methods were adapted for operation with LPG; the first method is using vacuum produced by engine which supplies a constant mixture to the engine carburetion while the second one is accomplished using fuel injection (LPG). The results obtained indicate that with the use of injected LPG; torque, engine brake power and brake specific fuel consumption were lower compared to gasoline, while for vacuum system are higher except brake power. On the other hand, the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were less in LPG mode as compared to gasoline mode while the higher hydrocarbons (HC) emissions were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the effects of the increase in surfaces backward sweep angle of horizontal tail and the hydrofoil of a typical submarine on its hydrodynamic drag are investigated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results show that with the increase in the horizontal tail backward sweep angle about 50° in constant surface area, hydrodynamic drag can reduce 6% than zero backward sweep angle condition. This value is equal to 44 N reductions in hydrodynamic drag force and 180 watt of consumption power in 4 m/s speeds of this submarine. Also, with increasing 60° of this submarine hydrofoil backward sweep angle, the constant hydrofoil volume can reduce 14% from hydrodynamic drag rather than zero hydrofoil backward sweep angle. This hydrodynamic drag reduction of this typical submarine in cruising speed (4 m/s) is equal to 97 N force, saving 388 watt of the consumption power. In general, the 50° of horizontal tail backward sweep angle and 60° of hydrofoil backward sweep angle can reduce 19% of hydrodynamic drag rather than zero tail and hydrofoil backward sweep angles. These amounts of drag reduction and power saving in this typical submarine can increase the range and the endurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas from organic waste has a good potential to substitute fossil-based fuels. It is a good example of the circular bioeconomy where low quality waste is turned into a high-quality fuel, while bio-nutrients are recovered at the end of the digestion process. This renewable gas can play a vital role for future energy needs. In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out on a 5 hp single cylinder Honda GX140 gasoline engine coupled to a TD115 Hydraulic Dynamometer, operating with raw biogas and gasoline. The biogas used to fuel the engine is produced from cow manure at mesophilic conditions. Under two engine loading conditions; 0 and 3.5 N.m, the engine performance characteristics were investigated. A significant increase in the exhaust gases' temperature and fuel mass flow rate was observed for the case of raw biogas. The results also revealed that raw biogas generated higher brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption compared to gasoline. This will open the door for biogas to substitute partially fossil-based fuels and give positive societal effects in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel engines are the most ideal prime-movers for automobiles, railways, and marine transport to generate power. A hasty switch to alternative fuels is crucial to meet the diesel fuel demand as well as to safeguard the environment from the pollution caused by the diesel fuel combustion. In recent periods, biodiesel becomes an established possible substitute fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engines as it offers numerous important advantages like bio-degradability and renewability. It also produces comparable engine performance and relatively lowers toxic emissions. A single cylinder, 4.4 kW rated power CI engine was operated with biodiesel with Pyrogallol (PY) stored at optimized storage conditions (B100 (PY)), biodiesel stored at 4.5 months at ambient condition (B100) and diesel fuel. The engine performance results indicate that the brake specific fuel consumption by B100 (PY) was lower with 9.62% than that of B100 and 15.09% higher than the base line diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of the engine fuelled with B100 (PY) was comparable with diesel. The engine thermal efficiency with diesel and B100 (PY) is 31.79% and 29.53% respectively. Further, there was no significant changes in combustion characteristics, viz. heat release rate and gas pressure available in cylinder between B100 (PY) and diesel fuel. The Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) with B100 (PY) was 15.04% higher than diesel. This is because of 10 - 11% oxygen substance present in biodiesel. However, the NOx concentration by B100 (PY) was 8.43% lower than B100. Similarly, the smoke density with B100 (PY) was 9.83% and 25.72% lower than B100 and diesel fuel respectively. The engine performance results thus showed that waste frying oil (WFO) biodiesel has to be stored under optimum conditions to obtain equivalent engine performance and lower emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target control and industrial transfer are important methods to regulate energy conservation and emission reduction in the region, so measuring the influence of each industry to energy consumption is the basis of regional industrial structure adjustment. Firstly, an energy flow network model is constructed based on the theory of Industrial Complex Network. It describes the mutual input and consumption of material and energy among industrial sectors. Then, the index system is designed to evaluate the influence of each industry on energy consumption in the economic system. According to the evaluation, methods are searched for to regulate energy-saving and emission-reducing on the industrial level. Based on the data of Shandong Province, the strategies of energy saving and emission reduction are put forward: research and develop new technologies; Sort management, focusing on the control of "key industries", and paying attention to the industries that consume less energy but relevant more with others appropriately; Rational layout industry, optimize industrial structure and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation industry expands rapidly, fuel is a main cost element in air transportation industry. Worldwide airline networks strive to adopt a method, which enables them, to schedule their flights, with the minimum quantity of fuel to transport passengers through hub and spoke airlines networks. Therefore, fuel consumption should be investigated as economically as possible. To minimize the voyage fuel consumption for a set of aircraft routes, merging airfreight transportation routes through the hub and spoke networks plays a significant value in reducing the redundancy of long flights. A transshipment network of various numbers of international airports is developed; the developed transshipment network is then converted into a transportation network that is assumed to transfer passengers from their source airport to their intended destination airport directly. The methodology has been applied to three different real-life cases. Obtained solutions are tested and validated. Rationality of solutions are decided. A scientific methodology for the analysis and for the scheduling oqf passengers' transportation is presented. The methodology generated valid solutions that have been found workable which can improve transportation economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase stability of DE and DBE blends at different component concentrations, as well as the effects of using DBE blends including ethanol of various proportions on a CI engine performance are experimentally investigated. The engine was operated with DBE blends having 5, 10, 15 and 20% ethanol with fixed 10% biodiesel on a volume basis, to solve the phase separation problem, as well as on diesel fuel alone at constant load and at engine speed ranges from 800 to 1600 rpm for each run. The experimental results of the phase stability revealed that the DE blends is not stable and separated after 2, 5, 24 and 80 hours, for 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% ethanol concentration, respectively. Whereas for DBE blends the separation time is longer than of the first system and reached 1, 3 and 9 days for 20%, 15%, 10% ethanol concentration, respectively. The blend of DBE5 was of the best stability with very little separation. The experimental results of the engine performance indicated that the equivalence air-fuel ratio and the brake specific fuel consumption for the fuel blends are higher than that of diesel fuel and increases with the increase of the ethanol concentration in the blends. The brake power for the fuel blend of 5% ethanol concentration is close to that of diesel fuel and decreases with higher concentrations. The brake thermal efficiency was increased with fuel blends of 5 and 10% ethanol concentration and decreases with a higher ethanol proportion in the blends. In conclusion, among the different fuel blends, the blends containing 5 and 10% ethanol concentration are the most suited for CI engines due to its acceptable engine performance and to the fuels solubility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of internal combustion engines should be improved depending on some technological requirements and rapid increase in the fuel expenses. On the other hand, the improvements in engine materials are forced by using alternative fuels and environmental requirements. Therefore, the performances of engine materials become increasingly important. The purpose of PZT loaded cyanate modified epoxy system (60EPCY 20PI) is to focus on developing binder systems with low thermal conductivity and improve the coating durability under high load condition. The coating material is made up of 20% Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) in 60% Cyanate modified Epoxy system. The triazine ring of cyanate ester offers better thermal resistance characteristics to the epoxy system. Experimental investigation is carried out under different load condition on a single cylinder diesel engine with PZT loaded cyanate modified epoxy resin system of 0.5 mm thickness to the piston, cylinder head with valves and cylinder liner. The result showed 15.89 %of reduced specific fuel consumption. Emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide are reduced whereas NOx is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free cooling techniques can be used to substantially reduce energy costs. During cold weather, the outside ambient temperature can help in saving energy in refrigeration systems. The low temperature of the cooling ambient air supply enables free cooling technique to store fresh fruits and vegetables. This energy-efficiency measure can save enough compressor electric power to pay for modulating damper installation costs in approximately one year. Free cooling has a motorized damper that conducts the two flows of internal and external air. When the damper is open it takes the air necessary for cooling directly from the exterior, excluding compressor operation. It starts the evaporator fan that takes external air if Texternal < Tinternal. A case study has been carried out for 17 Ton cooling load in a storage room and the COP can be reached to 24 where the only energy consumption is from the use of evaporative fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]