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Background and Objective: Emergency evacuation planning is one of the most central protective measures in emergency situations. Determination of the emergency muster points is one of the principal requirements of emergency evacuation planning. In this regard, this study aimed to represent a framework for determining emergency muster points in process industries. Materials and Methods: After examining various texts, the effective criteria for determining emergency muster points were identified, and the relative weight of each criterion was calculated using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method. Finally, the fuzzy technique for order preference by the similarity of an ideal solution (FTOPSIS) method was utilized to prioritize and determine optimal emergency muster points. Results: According to the calculations by the FAHP method, from the total 12 criteria surveyed in this study, the first eight criteria from any factors with the highest weight were introduced as the most significant factors. The criteria of external factors affected relative weights, dis-tances from the hazard centers, prevailing wind conditions, nature of probable scenarios, and the presence of vulnerable groups. On the other hand, the criteria of internal factors included the potential impact of the accident, easy accessibility, visibility, and monitoring, as well as travel time. Conclusion: Identification and evaluation of emergency muster points shall be made based on distances from the hazard centers, prevailing wind conditions, nature of probable scenarios, presence of vulnerable groups, the potential impact of the accident, easy accessibility, visibility, and monitoring, as well as travel time.

Background and Objective: Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are always considered a guide for performing tasks in industries. The present study aimed to identify the effective factors in increasing the usability of safety SOPs. Materials and Methods: In this observational-analytical study, guidelines, books, and studies in the SOPs were used to identify factors that improve their usability. These factors were assigned to four main groups. A Delphi study was conducted to investigate and ensure the effectiveness of these factors. Data analysis, including validity and reliability, was performed in SPSS software (version 22). Results: In this study, which aimed to design and develop a tool for increasing the usability of SOP, 22 factors were identified and categorized into four main groups. After the Delphi study, the content validity ratio (CVR) for the designed instrument was 0.83, the content validity index (CVI) was calculated at 0.955, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.819. Conclusion: In this study, 22 factors in four main groups were identified to be effective in increasing the usability of safety SOPs. Their effectiveness was evaluated and proven. According to this study, all procedures in the industry should be developed in a specific framework, their applicability should be examined in a specific period of time, and if necessary, they should be reviewed and amended.

Background: The most important demand of people in disasters is health and the provision of coordinated, integrated, continuous, and accessible health services. Effective disaster management depends on anticipating and identifying disaster problems and considering the necessary facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety status and functional, structural, and non-structural preparedness of health centers in disasters. Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 49 health centers of Hamadan in 2021. To collect data, standard interviews, observation, and checklist methods were used based on disaster risk assessment guidelines in the health care network system. These checklists examine the safety status of health centers in three areas of functional preparedness, structural safety, and non-structural safety. The average functional preparedness, structural and non-structural, is considered a safety score, and health centers are in one of the levels of "low" safety (0-50), "moderate" safety (50-70), and "optimal" safety (70-100). Results: According to the results in the health centers of Hamadan city, the level of functional preparedness is 56.23%, the level of non-structural safety, structural safety, and total safety are 63.96, 89.39, and 75.13%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the level of non-structural and structural safety of health centers in Hamadan was at an acceptable level that can be improved, however, the level of functional preparedness was assessed at a moderate level. This could be due to a lack of coherent organization, disaster risk management, adequate budget, and knowledge.

Background: The most important demand of people in disasters is health and the provision of coordinated, integrated, continuous, and accessible health services. Effective disaster management depends on anticipating and identifying disaster problems and considering the necessary facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety status and functional, structural, and non-structural preparedness of health centers in disasters. Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 49 health centers of Hamadan in 2021. To collect data, standard interviews, observation, and checklist methods were used based on disaster risk assessment guidelines in the health care network system. These checklists examine the safety status of health centers in three areas of functional preparedness, structural safety, and non-structural safety. The average functional preparedness, structural and non-structural, is considered a safety score, and health centers are in one of the levels of "low" safety (0-50), "moderate" safety (50-70), and "optimal" safety (70-100). Results: According to the results in the health centers of Hamadan city, the level of functional preparedness is 56.23%, the level of non-structural safety, structural safety, and total safety are 63.96, 89.39, and 75.13%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the level of non-structural and structural safety of health centers in Hamadan was at an acceptable level that can be improved, however, the level of functional preparedness was assessed at a moderate level. This could be due to a lack of coherent organization, disaster risk management, adequate budget, and knowledge.

Background and Objective: Central oxygen is one of the vital parts of hospitals responsible for supplying oxygen. Therefore, any defect in this system can result in human and financial losses. Therefore, effective risk analysis is of utmost importance in the prevention and mitigation of such potential accidents. In the light of aforementioned issues, the current study aimed to analyze the scenarios of accidents in the oxygen central unit of the hospital using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Layer Of Protection Analysis (LOPA) methods. Materials and Methods: In the first step, probable errors in oxygen leakage were identified and then FTA was plotted. Dangerous scenarios in central oxygen were identified and the risks were analyzed using the semi-quantitative LOPA method. Finally, control measures were proposed to reduce oxygen leakage. and semi-quantitative LOPA method was used for risk analysis. Finally, control measures to reduce oxygen leakage were predicted Results: As evidenced by the obtained results, the most important accident scenarios include oxygen release, explosion, and fire. Independent protection layers are suitable for oxygen storage and production tanks, and the use of Independent Protection Layers (IPL) can significantly reduce the risk. The most important cause of leakage in the patient's room was due to the mask being removed from the respiratory area or the lack of fit with the patient's face. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the independent protective layers in central oxygen are sufficient to prevent oxygen leakage. It is also necessary to use a sensor to determine the concentration of oxygen in the patient's room and a special alarm to increase the concentration of oxygen in order to reduce the risk of oxygen leakage in the environment. Furthermore, periodic training to all employees and maneuvers should be implemented in the crisis management measures in hospitals.

Background and Objective: Population growth and development of cities has several consequences, including an increase in residential fires. Residential fire is one of the most important scenarios requiring quick response which encompasses various and serious threatening risks for responding to team members. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the critical tasks of fire operation response to structural fire scenarios using Task and Training Requirements Analysis Methodology. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 10 fire stations in Hamadan, Iran. Among various operational scenarios, the residential fire scenario was selected for further analysis using expert opinions. The selected scenario was analyzed in detail by Hierarchical Task Analysis. The final selected task was assessed regarding skill decay, practice effectiveness, task sensitivity, and teamwork level. Results: Out of 126 tasks for residential fire scenarios, 54 tasks encompass the most skill decay potential and 71 tasks include the highest level of team supporting activities. Considering the sensitivity and teamwork level, 9 tasks had the highest levels of vulnerabilities. Securing the incident scene in coordination with other organizations showed the highest level of vulnerability. Conclusion: Due to the variety of scenarios and tasks of firefighter teams, some duties possess higher levels of skill decay potential. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, analyze, and manage those activities through a systematic approach.

Background and Objective: Population growth and development of cities has several consequences, including an increase in residential fires. Residential fire is one of the most important scenarios requiring quick response which encompasses various and serious threatening risks for responding to team members. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the critical tasks of fire operation response to structural fire scenarios using Task and Training Requirements Analysis Methodology. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 10 fire stations in Hamadan, Iran. Among various operational scenarios, the residential fire scenario was selected for further analysis using expert opinions. The selected scenario was analyzed in detail by Hierarchical Task Analysis. The final selected task was assessed regarding skill decay, practice effectiveness, task sensitivity, and teamwork level. Results: Out of 126 tasks for residential fire scenarios, 54 tasks encompass the most skill decay potential and 71 tasks include the highest level of team supporting activities. Considering the sensitivity and teamwork level, 9 tasks had the highest levels of vulnerabilities. Securing the incident scene in coordination with other organizations showed the highest level of vulnerability. Conclusion: Due to the variety of scenarios and tasks of firefighter teams, some duties possess higher levels of skill decay potential. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, analyze, and manage those activities through a systematic approach.

Introduction: Firefighting is a stressful job with great degree of physical and psychological demands. The effort-reward imbalance and fatigue need for recovery in this occupational group can lead to the serious consequences. The present study tries to assess the influences of the personal variables on the effort-reward imbalance and fatigue need for recovery. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 107 industrial firefighter were recruited in 2018. The effort-reward imbalance and fatigue need for recovery questionnaire were used to collect the required information. The data analyzed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 16 and statistical significance level was less than 0.05. Results: More than 70 percent of the population study reported a desirable level of effort-reward imbalance and fatigue need for recovery status. The results of regression analysis revealed a meaningful relation among personal variables and contractual status with need for recovery index. In addition, a meaningful relation was found between the type of contractual status, sleep disorders and hypnotic drug with over-commitment. However, there was no meaningful relation for effort-reward imbalance. Conclusion: The results showed a relative desirable status for effort-reward imbalance and need for recovery in the study group. It is recommended to intervene in working condition to obtaining more precise results.

Background: emergencies can impose huge dolls on the organizations. Such consequences, due to aggregation of the experts, could lead to the more catastrophic outcomes in the academic environments. Usually, the academic environments are less familiar with the management of the emergencies. The present paper tries to measure the preparedness level against the emergencies in the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Method: a basic checklist was developed based on the ISO 22399:2003. The, an audit team was established and conducted the audit process. Five core element that were investigated included: planning, organizational structure, resources, communication and scenario analysis. These items were scored 0-3 according to the sampling audit evidences. Results: the overall status of all elements were assessed as the "unacceptable". The least score belonged to the scenario analysis and the most was related to the resources. Discussion: regarding the obtained results, it seems that there is a vital need to establishing an emergency management system for Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The most practical offer is following the accepted standards for implementing an emergency management system.

Introduction: LPG storage tanks contain of large volumes of flammable and pressurized gases. Release of these fluids can lead to disastrous accidents such BLEVE, fiery explosion. Therefore, identifying the causes, consequences, probabilities and scenarios of accidents using Bowtie technique, that is combination of Fault Tree Analyses (FTA) and Event Tree Analyses (ETA), is imperative and the purpose of this study. Methods: The hazards of the mentioned in Tehran Refinery LPG tanks were identified by Fault Tree Analyses and the consequences of the top event were predicted by Event Tree Analyses. Then probabilities of the events were calculated and the accident route, from causes phase to consequences phase, was drawn by Bowtie diagram. Results: In total, 21 events and 11 minimal cut sets with their occurrence probabilities and importance measure were determined at the left side of the Bowtie diagram. Also 9 consequences and scenarios of the top event were determined at the right side of the diagram. The occurrence probability of the top event (LPG release of spherical tanks) was calculated 3.45×10-2. Conclusion: All factors involved in the occurrence of accidents and their consequences are showed in the Bowtie diagram. According to the obtained data, failure of cathodic protection systems and instrumentation, and overflow of tanks are included as important defects of the LPG tanks. Due to the high probability of the consequences, preventing systems such as cooling systems and Fire stop systems are required for installing in the studied unit to reduce the consequences of accidents.

Background & Objectives : The sound planning is needed for effective implementation of an emergency exercise. The exercise planning is manifested in the scenario development process. Despite the frequent execution of exercises in the industries and the public domain, there is no uniform pattern for designing scenarios. The present paper aims at devising a new pattern based on the project management body of knowledge ( PMBOK) approach. Methods: Ten principles of the PMBOK and their substructures were analyzed. The application processes were extracted in two parts the structural and executive parts. Then, these processes were translated into the its equivalent norms in the emerging scenario development process. Finally, a pattern was proposed for preparing an emergency scenario. Result: The proposed method was developed in a ten step process. Step by step implementation of these processes can help one to make an acceptable scenario. In comparison with the two most common international patterns for developing a scenario, the present method has some unique characteristics. Quality, Time, Cost and Interested Parties management are the mentioned properties. In general, the present method has some components that represent more details for users.. Conclusions : Using the project management body of knowledge approach one can develop a standard frame for developing an emergency scenario.

Introduction: A systematic approach is needed for effective coping an incident. In such a system, the preparedness is the top priority. The organization’s readiness depends on some factors, including regular exercises. To conduct a proper exercise it is necessary to have a comprehensive scenario. Despite of repetitive execution of exercises, there is no commonly accepted template for it. The present study aims at selecting preferred method for developing an emergency exercise. Methods: In the present study, ISO 22398 and HSEEP as the two common patterns were compared through quantifying their usability and chosen by AHP. A panel of crisis experts scored the usability criteria of methods and selected the preferred method. Results: The assessment of usability of both patterns revealed the preference of ISO pattern in comparison with the HSEEP pattern. The HSEEP method had the better score in learnability and satisfaction, but, the effectiveness, efficiency and total score were higher for ISO 22398. Conclusion: To develop an emergency scenario, it is necessary to follow a suitable pattern. The pattern presented by ISO 22398 is more usable in comparison with HSEEP paten.

Introduction: using fossil fuels, some hazards such as explosion and fire are probable. This study was aimed to consequence modeling of fire on Methane storage tanks in a gas refinery using analyzing the risk, and modeling and evaluating the related consequences. Method: Hazard analysis by PHA was used to choosing the worst-case scenario. Then, causes of the scenario were determined by FTA. After that, consequence modeling by the PHAST software was applied for the consequence analysis. Results: Based on some criteria, the fire of methane gas tank (V-100) was selected as the worst-case scenario at the refinery. The qualitative fault tree showed three factors including mechanical, process, and human failures contribute in gas leakage. The leakage size and weather conditions were effective on the distance of radiation. Using consequence modeling, thermal radiation was considered as the major outcome of the incident. Finally, for outcome evaluating, probit equations were used to quantify losses and the percentage of fatalities due to the methane gas leakage and fire occurrence. The maximum number of fatalities caused by fire was obtained 23 persons. Conclusions: In conclusion, the methane gas vessel in the refinery can be considered as the main center of hazard, therefore the implementation of the safety rules, eliminating mechanical failures, personal protection and education, and Effective measures to prevent and fighting of fire are proposed for decreasing the probable losses and fatalities.