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1. Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe

Author

Hodnik, Jaka Jakob, Acinger-Rogi��, ��aklin, Alishani, Mentor, Autio, Tiina, Balseiro, Ana, Berezowski, John, Carmo, Luis Pedro, Chaligiannis, Ilias, Conrady, Beate, Costa, Lina, Cvetkovikj, Iskra, Davidov, Ivana, Dispas, Marc, Djadjovski, Igor, Duarte, Elsa Leclerc, Faverjon, C��line, Fourichon, Christine, Fr��ssling, Jenny, Gerilovych, Anton, Gethmann, J��rn, Gomes, Jacinto, Graham, David, Guelbenzu, Maria, Gunn, George J, Henry, Madeleine K, Hopp, Petter, Houe, Hans, Irimia, Elena, Je��ek, Jo��ica, Juste, Ramon A, Kalaitzakis, Emmanouil, Kaler, Jasmeet, Kaplan, Selcuk, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Kovalenko, Kaspars, Kne��evi��, Nada, Knific, Tanja, Koleci, Xhelil, Madouasse, Aur��lien, Malakauskas, Alvydas, Mandelik, Rene, Meletis, Eleftherios, Mincu, Madalina, M��tus, Kerli, Mu��oz-G��mez, Violeta, Niculae, Mihaela, Nikitovi��, Jelena, Ocepek, Matja��, Tangen-Opsal, Marie, ��zsv��ri, L��szl��, Papadopoulos, Dimitrios, Papadopoulos, Theofilos, Pelkonen, Sinikka, Polak, Miroslaw Pawel, Pozzato, Nicola, Rapaliut��, Egl��, Ribbens, Stefaan, Niza-Ribeiro, Jo��o, Roch, Franz-Ferdinand, Rosenbaum Nielsen, Liza, Saez, Jose Luis, Nielsen, S��ren Saxmose, van Schaik, Gerdien, Schwan, Ebba, Sekovska, Blagica, Stari��, Jo��e, Strain, Sam, ��atran, Petr, ��eri��-Hara��i��, Sabina, Tamminen, Lena-Mari, Thulke, Hans-Hermann, Toplak, Ivan, Tuunainen, Erja, Verner, Sharon, Vil��ek, ��tefan, Yildiz, Ramazan, Santman-Berends, Inge M G A, University of Ljubljana, Ministry of Agriculture [Zagreb, Croatia], University of Prishtina, Finnish Food Authority, Partenaires INRAE, Universidad de León [León], University of Bern, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Complexity Science Hub Vienna (CSHV), Politécnico de Portalegre = Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, University of Novi Sad, Sciensano [Bruxelles], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Universidade de Évora, Ausvet Europe, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Veterinary Institute [Uppsala] (SVA), V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), National Scientific Centre - Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine [Kharkiv, Ukraine] (NSC - IECVM), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV), Animal Health Ireland (AHI), Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Norwegian Veterinary Institute [Oslo], Research and Development Institute for Bovine Balotesti (RDIB), Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario [Derio] (NEIKER), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Tekirdag Namik Kemal University (NKÜ), University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), University of Latvia (LU), Podravka d.d, Agricultural University of Tirana, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences [Kaunas, Lithuania], University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy [Košice, Slovakia], Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), University of Zurich, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, University of Banja Luka, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, University of Veterinary Medicine [Budapest, Hungary], National Veterinary Research Institute [Pulawy, Pologne] (NVRI), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Animal Health Care Flanders, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Royal GD [Deventer], Farm and Animal Health, Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, State Veterinary Institute Prague, University of Sarajevo, UNIVERZITET U SARAJEVU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Ecological Modelling [UFZ Leipzig], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Animal Health ETT, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, This article is based upon work fromCOST Action Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control) CA17110 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)3. COST is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation., Balseiro Morales, Ana María [0000-0002-5121-7264], FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, and Balseiro Morales, Ana María

Subjects
Europe, 630 Agriculture, General Veterinary, Control programmes, Disease control, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Output-based standards, SOUND control, Veterinary Science, Cattle, veterinary(all), Original Research
Abstract

13 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas., The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

Published
2021

2. SVEPM 2020 — Resilience and community support in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: The Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Annual Conference, extraordinarily held online

Author

Dórea, Fernanda, Vergne, Timothée, Brennan, Marnie, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Barrett, Damien, Carmo, Luís Pedro, Robinson, Philip, Brodbelt, Dave, McIntyre, K. Marie, National Veterinary Institute [Uppsala] (SVA), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Schools of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, Royal GD [Deventer], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, University of Bern, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Universität Bern [Bern], Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Harper Adams University, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College - University of London, University of Liverpool, and Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract

International audience; The 2020 Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (SVEPM) was scheduled to take place in Westport, Ireland, March 25−27. The committee reviewed 68 abstracts and prepared a scientific programme that included 21 oral presentations, 89 posters, 30 poster pitches, and five hands-on workshops. The local organising committee, chaired by Damien Barrett, prepared an excellent social schedule to welcome delegates to Westport. All this work was nearly finished when, in January 2020, the world focussed on news describing the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As epidemiologists we followed closer still, and in a true disease outbreak mitigation approach, by the time the World Health Organization (WHO) announced on March 11 2020 that the COVID-19 outbreak was a pandemic, our preparation phase had already begun with the committee having met in a virtual environment several times. We had discussed the ramifications and implications of physically convening for 202 registered participants at our annual event; we were ready to communicate a decision to not go ahead with the physical meeting in Westport. To keep our membership informed of our planning, we held our Annual General Meeting online, consistent with the planned meeting schedule.

Published
2021

3. Key Learnings During the Development of a Generic Data Collection Tool to Support Assessment of Freedom of Infection in Cattle Herds

Author

Van Roon, Annika, Rapaliute, Egle, Koleci, Xhelil, Muñoz, Violeta, Mercat, Mathilde, Faverjon, Céline, Santman-Berends, Inge, Nielen, Mirjam, More, Simon, Graham, David, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria, Madouasse, Aurélien, Fourichon, Christine, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Lithuanian University of health Sciences [Kaunas], Agricultural University of Tirana, SAFOSO AG, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ausvet Europe, GD Animal Health [Deventer, the Netherlands], University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Animal Health Ireland (AHI), FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, and dFAH AVR

Subjects
output-based, data collection, Freedom from disease, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Output-based, veterinary(all), freedom from disease, sound control, Sound control, control programmes, cattle, Control programmes, Data collection, Cattle
Abstract

International audience; Various European Member States have implemented control or eradication programmes for endemic infectious diseases in cattle. The design of these programmes varies between countries and therefore comparison of the outputs of different control programmes is complex. Although output-based methods to estimate the confidence of freedom resulting from these programmes are under development, as yet there is no practical modeling framework applicable to a variety of infectious diseases. Therefore, a data collection tool was developed to evaluate data availability and quality and to collect actual input data required for such a modeling framework. The aim of the current paper is to present the key learnings from the process of the development of this data collection tool. The data collection tool was developed by experts from two international projects: STOC free (Surveillance Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of FREEdom from infection, www.stocfree.eu ) and SOUND control (Standardizing OUtput-based surveillance to control Non-regulated Diseases of cattle in the EU, www.sound-control.eu ). Initially a data collection tool was developed for assessment of freedom of bovine viral diarrhea virus in six Western European countries. This tool was then further generalized to enable inclusion of data for other cattle diseases i.e., infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Johne's disease. Subsequently, the tool was pilot-tested by a Western and Eastern European country, discussed with animal health experts from 32 different European countries and further developed for use throughout Europe. The developed online data collection tool includes a wide range of variables that could reasonably influence confidence of freedom, including those relating to cattle demographics, risk factors for introduction and characteristics of disease control programmes. Our results highlight the fact that data requirements for different cattle diseases can be generalized and easily included in a data collection tool. However, there are large differences in data availability and comparability across European countries, presenting challenges to the development of a standardized data collection tool and modeling framework. These key learnings are important for development of any generic data collection tool for animal disease control purposes. Further, the results can facilitate development of output-based modeling frameworks that aim to calculate confidence of freedom from disease.

Published
2021

4. Development of a Surveillance analysis Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of the confidence of freedom generated by control programmes

Author

Santmann, Inge, Madouasse, Aurélien, Mercat, Mathilde, Moré, S, Fourichon, Christine, Graham, David, Frössling, Jenny, Lindberg, Ann, Gethmann, Jörn, Sauter-Louis, Carola, Gunn, George, Gomes, Carla, Henry, Madeleine, Van Roon, Annika, Nielen, Mirjam, van Duijn, Linda, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University [Utrecht], GD - Animal Health Service, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Ireland, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Royal Veterinary College - University of London, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

5. Using heterogeneous information for the estimation of the probability of freedom from infection with BVD virus: A conceptual model mapping information onto infection biology

Author

Mercat, Mathilde, van Roon, Annika, Santmann, Inge, Nielen, Mirjam, van Duijn, Linda, van Schaik, Gerdien, Moré, S, Graham, David, Frössling, Jenny, Lindberg, Ann, Gethmann, Jörn, Sauter-Louis, Carola, Gunn, George, Gomes, Carla, Henry, Madeleine, Fourichon, Christine, Madouasse, Aurélien, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University [Utrecht], GD - Animal Health Service, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Ireland, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Royal Veterinary College - University of London, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

6. Early detection of emerging vector-borne diseases in cattle using routinely collected production data

Author

Veldhuis, Anouk, Brouwer, Henriette, Marceau, Alexis, Madouasse, Aurélien, Van Der Stede, Yves, Welby, Sarah, Fourichon, Christine, De Wever, Paul, Van Schaik, Gerdien, GD - Animal Health Service, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oniris, UMR BioEpAR, PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Sciensano [Bruxelles], and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Published
2014

7. Comparison of Time-Series versus Scan Statistics Based Approaches for the Detection of the 2007 Bluetongue Virus Emergence in France

Author

Madouasse, Aurélien, Lehébel, Anne, Marceau, Alexis, Brouwer-Middelesch, Henriëtte, Veldhuis, Anouk, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Van Der Stede, Yves, Fourichon, Christine, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oniris, UMR BioEpAR, PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), GD - Animal Health Service, Sciensano [Bruxelles], and Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Published
2014

8. Use of milk production data to improve Early Detection of vector borne Diseases

Author

Brouwer, Henriette, Veldhuis, Anouk, Madouasse, Aurélien, Van Schaik, Gerdien, GD - Animal Health Service, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oniris, UMR BioEpAR, and PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages
Abstract

Traditional surveillance for detection of disease outbreaks are triggered by specific symptoms, whereas syndromic surveillance focuses on deviations of non-specific disease indicators such as drop in milk production. Milk production data on herd and test-day level are continuously available for 80-85% of Dutch dairy herds. Real time analyses of milk production data may allow detection of disease outbreaks before any confirmation by laboratory diagnosis and therefore can accelerate the detection of emerging diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate to what extent syndromic surveillance on milk production data can contribute to early detection of vector borne diseases in the Dutch cattle population. Data were used from January 1st 2003 to March 31st 2012 and evaluated for the detection of bluetongue (re) emergence in 2006 and 2007 (1st analysis) and the Schmallenberg outbreak in 2011 (2nd analysis). Therefore, the methodology described by Madouasse et al. was applied on Dutch data. For the first analysis, a multilevel linear regression model was fitted on 2005 (in which no epidemics occurred) and mean milk production was predicted for 2006-2007. For the second analysis, a multilevel linear regression model was fitted on 2009-2010 and mean milk production was predicted for 2011 and 2012. The differences between observed and predicted milk production for the two models were plotted and analyzed with SaTScan to detect spatio-temporal clusters of decreased milk production. The results showed that no significant drop in milk production was detected during the 2006 and 2007 bluetongue outbreak, whereas a significant drop in milk production was detected at the start of the Schmallenbergvirus outbreak in the eastern part of the Netherlands. This study shows that real time analysis of milk production data can trigger an early signal in a surveillance program.

Published
2013

9. Surveillance of emerging diseases in cattle based on reproduction data

Author

Fourichon, Christine, Marceau, Alexis, Lesuffleur, Thomas, Madouasse, Aurélien, Lehébel, Anne, Van Der Stede, Yves, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oniris, UMR BioEpAR, PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Sciensano [Bruxelles], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and GD - Animal Health Service

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract

The recent emergence of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 and Schmallenberg disease in European cattle illustrates the increasing risks of disease emergence due to global changes. To early detect emergence of unforeseen diseases in cattle, syndromic surveillance based on data collected routinely, used as non specific indicators of health status is of interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate if and how reproduction data in dairy cattle can be used for surveillance. The bluetongue outbreak in France in 2007 was used as a case model. Five indicators targeting different effects of disease on reproduction were defined. The capacity of statistical models for temporal series to early detect bluetongue emergence was evaluated in districts with different levels of prevalence of bluetongue. The criteria for evaluation were: ability to detect a significant increase in the district during the bluetongue outbreak, precocity of the detection (in comparison to notification of clinical cases), number of false alarms (i.e. detection of an increase in the indicator in a time-period without bluetongue). Four indicators based on frequency of return-to-service and duration of gestation showed a detectable increase during the outbreak. The occurrence of early calvings was the most sensitive. The time between the detection based on reproduction data and the first case notification varied from -15 to 60 days depending on the threshold to trigger an alarm. The proposed surveillance method based on reproduction data was effective to early detect of bluetongue, with a limited number of false alarms and is of potential interest for surveillance of diseases with an effect on reproduction.

Published
2013

10. Syndromic surveillance in dairy cattle: development of indicators and methods based on reproduction data for early detection of emerging diseases

Author

Marceau, Alexis, Madouasse, Aurélien, Lehébel, Anne, Lesuffleur, Thomas, Van Der Stede, Yves, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Fourichon, Christine, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Oniris, UMR BioEpAR, PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Sciensano [Bruxelles], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and GD - Animal Health Service

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract

Over the last decade, there has been an increase of disease emergence and in particular of vector borne diseases. In order to support specific surveillance or control programmes there is a need for syndromic surveillance. One way to achieve this is to utilise an extensively large amount of data which is produced frequently and automatically by veterinary health agencies, administration bodies and/or farmers’ organisations. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate both a set of indicators based on reproduction data, and various statistical methods, to detect the emergence of a disease with known effects on reproduction in dairy cattle. The bluetongue outbreak in four districts in France in 2007 was used as a case model. Five reproductive indicators based on occurrence of return-to-service or gestation length were proposed and evaluated. Using the indicator with the highest elevations during the epidemic, five statistical models combined with a CUSUM (cumulative sum of differences between expected and observed data) method to trigger alarms were implemented and evaluated. Four indicators were able to flag the epidemic in all infected districts except one in which the cumulated yearly prevalence was very low. The indicator based on short gestation had the longest and the earliest elevations from prediction. The alarm system was effective in detecting the epidemic with all statistical models. Performance of the alarm system was good and varied with the threshold parameter value of the CUSUM method. A good compromise between a low number of false alarms (2-4 alarms over 4 years) and early timeliness (~3 weeks) was obtained for a parameter around 0.015.

Published
2013

11. Modelling study: certification-and-monitoring program to control herd infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis

Author

Ezanno, Pauline, Van Schaik, Gerdien, Weber, Maarten F., Heesterbeek, Johan A.P., Gestion de la Santé Animale (GSA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), GD - Animal Health Service, and Utrecht University [Utrecht]

Subjects
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2005

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