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International audience; This study was done to verify if the lack of increase of milk fat content observed in Alpine dairy goats under once daily milking (ODM) compared to twice daily milking (TDM), results from disturbances of animals and/or milk ejection reflex. In this respect, we determined the milk yield and composition in the same 12 multiparous Alpine dairy goats when they were managed first under TDM (period 1: P1) and then under ODM (period 2: P2). Furthermore, oxytocin (OT) and cortisol (CORT) releases and milk emission kinetic of these goats were measured at morning milking 2 and 4 times in P1 and P2, respectively. ODM compared to TDM, caused 18 and 23% reductions, respectively in daily milk yield and milk fat content without milk protein content modification. Although baseline concentration of blood OT was lower under ODM than TDM management (7.0 pg/mL vs 17.8 +/- 2.0 pg/mL, respectively), ODM did not modify the total amount of OT released during milking (15,484 pg/mL/32 min vs 18,996 +/- 2865.3 pg/mL/32 min, respectively), the peak concentration of OT (57.2 pg/mL vs 73.6 +/- 10.5 pg/mL, respectively) or the time to reach it (3.0 min vs 2.0 +/- 0.5 min, respectively) by comparison to TDM. ODM compared to TDM, never modified the baseline concentrations of CORT (6.1 ng/mL vs 7.1 +/- 1.1 ng/mL. respectively), the total amount of CORT released (11,727 ng/mL/32 min vs 10,073 +/- 1522.2 ng/mL/32 min. respectively), the peak concentrations of CORT (16.1 ng/mL vs 15.1 +/- 2.1 ng/mL, respectively) and the time to reach it (13.1 min vs 11.0 +/- 1.5 min). During ODM, milk flow latency was reduced (-61%) while the mean flow rate was increased (+28%) by comparison to TDM. CDM compared to TDM management, did not modify the maximum flow rate (1.6 L/min vs 1.6 +/- 0.2 L/min, respectively) or the time to reach this maximum (103.0 s vs 95.0 +/- 10.0 s, respectively). The total milking duration at morning milking was not different (250.0 s vs 221.0 +/- 22.0 s, respectively) although the morning milk yield was significantly higher under ODM management (2.63 kg/d vs 1.87 +/- 0.1 kg/d. respectively). This results show that milk emission is improved under ODM management in Alpine goats without inhibition or disturbance of neuro-hypophyseal OT release pattern and lack of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ad renal axis and plasma cortisol increase, disproving our initial hypotheses of a disturbance of animals and/or incomplete milk ejection to explain the low fat content of milk under ODM in this breed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.