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National audience; Based on several personal experiences, this article deals with the perception of "atypical looking" and the discrimination based on appearance - called lookism - that still takes place in the working world.; À partir de plusieurs expériences personnelles, cet article traite de la perception des corps au "look atypique" et de discriminations basées sur l'apparence — appelées lookisme — qui ont toujours lieu dans le monde du travail.

This thesis, which is part of a clinical approach with a psychoanalytical orientation in Sciences of education, proposes to conduct a study about the look in the teacher/student relationship in their classroom and, more broadly, in their teaching practice. It’s about attempting to understand the psychic work implemented by the teachers, over the course of their careers, to deal with the real or fantasized glances, that they look at and which are looked upon themselves. Initially thought in the teacher-student link, for teachers, the question of the look has proved above all their identity construction and their place in the institution. This thesis is structured in four main parts. The first part presents the personal involvement of the researcher which connects her to her object research, its implicit guiding thread. The second part unfolds the bibliographic research work realized and what it brought; but also, the disciplinary field in which this study fits into and the elements regarding the approach and the research methodology used. The third and the four parts are dedicated to clinical research interviews and to their analysis, among ten female and male teachers about the place of the look in the class area. A perspective of these analysis is proposed as a conclusion of this thesis., Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans une démarche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique en Sciences de l’éducation, se propose d’étudier le regard dans la relation enseignant/élèves dans la classe et, plus largement, dans la pratique enseignante. Il s’agit d’essayer de comprendre le travail psychique mis en œuvre par les enseignants, tout au long de leur parcours professionnel, pour faire face aux regards, réels ou fantasmés, qu’ils portent et qui sont portés sur eux. Initialement pensée dans le lien enseignant-élève, la question du regard pour des enseignants s’est avérée concerner avant tout leur construction identitaire et leur place dans l’institution. La thèse comporte quatre parties : la première partie présente l’implication personnelle de la chercheuse qui la relie à son objet de recherche et qui en est le fil conducteur implicite. La deuxième partie déroule le travail de recherches bibliographiques réalisé et ce qu’il a apporté ; mais aussi le champ disciplinaire dans lequel s’inscrit cette étude et les éléments concernant la démarche et la méthodologie de recherche utilisées. La troisième et la quatrième partie sont consacrées aux entretiens cliniques à visée de recherche et à leur analyse, auprès de dix enseignantes et enseignants du primaire et du secondaire sur la place du regard dans l’espace classe. Une mise en perspective des analyses est proposée en conclusion de la thèse.

International audience; As a follow-up to Goffman’s work of resurgence following a stigma, this article shows how mastering the « the story of oneself » of people with skin stigmas operates this resurgence. Thus, it attracts the attention of researchers in social sciences on the need to take into account in their analyses such stories. If the article focuses primarily on the experience of a severe burn, links are initiated with other skin disorders that, both on the occasion of a normal (and legitimate) exposure as well as on a claimant exposure, will provoke similar reactions from spectators-visitors. This article therefore tries to shed some light on the different ways in which people successfully manage their skin stigmas, by developing all kinds of interactive skills and using certain « recent tools », such as the use of social networks to tell there stories.

As a follow-up to Goffman’s work of resurgence following a stigma, this article shows how mastering the « the story of oneself » of people with skin stigmas operates this resurgence. Thus, it attracts the attention of researchers in social sciences on the need to take into account in their analyses such stories. If the article focuses primarily on the experience of a severe burn, links are initiated with other skin disorders that, both on the occasion of a normal (and legitimate) exposure as well as on a claimant exposure, will provoke similar reactions from spectators-visitors. This article therefore tries to shed some light on the different ways in which people successfully manage their skin stigmas, by developing all kinds of interactive skills and using certain « recent tools », such as the use of social networks to tell there stories.

In the modern societies, the answer to the criminal act is a prison sentence. Due to the nature of certain acts, with this prison sentence, some court-ordered treatments (COT) (obligations and injunctions of treatments) have been added. Ethically, this law request and its social asking don’t exempt to think about the prisoner ‘asking, which is the trigger of psychotherapies. There is any retroactivity of the law and of pronounced sentence. For this research, the prisoners were selected on their own asking of care (the court-ordered treatments couldn’t applicate). The asking of the prisoners is therefore a criterion common to them (these prisoners). In this context, the acts have distinguished according to the mechanisms which have governed the nature of the act: recourse of act or acting out. Many experts agree on the existence of premature narcissistic failures. However, discussions persist on the nature of the act and on its aspect, either single dimension or multiple and complex dimensions (objective behavior, social consequences and underlying mechanisms ...). Yet all these theoretical models on narcissistic failures lean on the “recourse to act” as if there was only a simple nature to act.; L’approche de la problématique des agirs via les tests projectifs en se penchant sur l’expression des défaillances narcissiques du sujet, propose, le plus souvent, une vision unitaire basée sur le mécanisme du recours à l’acte tel que définit par Balier. Nous proposerons de traiter cette question à partir d’une dimension plurielle différenciant deux types d’agirs : le recours à l’acte (Balier) et l’acting-out (Lacan). Nous présenterons une étude mixte, quantitative et qualitative, à partir de la comparaison de Rorschach et TAT administrés à 24 sujets. Notre analyse de ces deux formes d’agir portera principalement sur la capacité du sujet à pouvoir ou non se différencier de l’environnement. Le groupe recours à l’acte se caractérise par une continuité intérieur / extérieur et un transitivisme morbide expression d’une absence de constitution d’un soi différencié. Le groupe acting-out présente une problématique narcissique spécifique dans la validation du spéculaire par le symbolique. Les prises en charges thérapeutiques peuvent ainsi s’aider de ces résultats pour proposer des approches différentielles au sein desquelles les tests projectifs pourraient avoir une fonction pré-thérapeutique.

International audience; Patients' bodies are altered by the disease and the treatments. These images come to saturate the psychic space of the subject. In the hand-to-hand relationship of the subject with the medical team, we question the effects of health care workers' look on the patients' perceptions of their bodies, of themselves. The care would ask for a look « in hollow », a « watchful eye », susceptible to welcome the subject and to open him/her to his/her words.; La clinique fait état des corps « altérés » par la maladie et les traitements, images qui viennent saturer l'espace psychique du sujet, dans un corps-à-corps du sujet avec le corps médical. Ce corps-à-corps est d'abord un face-à-face. Nous nous interrogeons sur les effets de nos regards de soignants sur le regard que portent les patients sur eux-mêmes. Le soin demanderait un regard « en creux », susceptible d'accueillir le sujet et l'ouvrir à sa parole, une parole qui touche-autrement-le corps.

International audience; Au cinéma, quand celui qui est filmé dirige son regard au-delà du cadre visible par le spectateur, il implique la présence de quelque chose qui pourrait lui être accessible. En revanche, lorsqu'il regarde l'objectif de la caméra, il envoie son regard autre part, hors du monde où il se trouve. Le regard-caméra, comme un regard lancé hors de l'écran, transforme les impressions de distances entre le spectateur et les images. Cet article se propose de mesurer différents effets du regard-caméra sur le spectateur : le regard qui lui rappelle sa place face à l'écran, celui qui au contraire l'invite dans l'histoire, ou encore le regard qui se sait aveugle, celui qui dit l'impossibilité d'une rencontre.

Greco-Roman myths Ancient people’s beliefs and mental conceptions. Thus, theanalysis of myths seems to be an area of work at once pertinent to analyzing thelinks between Seeing and Knowing, and innovative because this approach to theways of thinking in Antiquity permits one to broach an aspect of the Greek man thathas been studied little until now. Twenty myths and their variants, forming a bodyof more than a hundred texts, gathered from around thirty authors, constitute thebeginning of an investigation on the role of sight in knowledge, approached fromdifferent angles : What could be seen of divinity ? What was forbidden ? How didmyths convey the values of the Ancients ? To what extent did they participate in theformation of the Greek man ? The whole answers the main objective consisting ofbetter grasping Ancient people’s mental conceptions to understand them better; Les mythes gréco-romains sont révélateurs des croyances et des conceptions mentales des Anciens. À ce titre, le dépouillement des récits mythologiques apparaît comme un axe de travail à la fois pertinent pour analyser les rapports entre Voir et Savoir et novateur car cette approche des schèmes de pensée de l’Antiquité permet d’aborder un aspect de l’homme grec qui n’a que peu été étudié jusqu’à maintenant. Vingt mythes et leurs variantes, formant un corpus de plus de cent textes regroupés autour d’une trentaine d’auteurs, constituent ainsi l’entrée d’une enquête sur le rôle de la vue dans la connaissance et abordée sous différents angles : que pouvait-on voir du divin ? Quels étaient les interdits ? Comment les mythes véhiculaient-ils les valeurs des Anciens ? Dans quelles mesures participaient-ils à la construction de l’homme grec ? L’ensemble répond à l’objectif principal consistant à mieux cerner pour mieux les comprendre les conceptions mentales des Anciens.

International audience; Major surveys in France present student lifestyles as being closely intertwined with leisure activities and “going out”, and, most particularly, with athletic activities. Because the last mentioned afford the occasion for getting together with one’s own kind, the peer group representing one of the two poles of student sociability. Because they help them “meet people”, seduction strategies developing greatly at that time of life. This article proposes exploring in situ what is at stake at the heart of an activity propo­sed by the university athletic services, right in the situations, right with the actors. Thus salsa courses, which were added to the university’s athletic activities offer some ten years ago, seem ideal laboratories for studying the process of student socialization. In relying on a survey carried out using ethnographic observations and interviews, this article shows how the methods of practicing this activity participate in a certain form of student sociability.; En France, les grandes enquêtes présentent les modes de vie des étudiants comme étant étroitement mêlés aux loisirs et aux sorties, aux activités sportives plus particulièrement. Parce que ces dernières donnent l’occasion d’être entre soi, le groupe de pairs constituant l’un des deux pôles de la sociabilité étudian­te. Parce qu’elles permettent de “faire des rencontres”, les stratégies de séduction se développant fortement à cet âge de la vie. Cet article se propose d’ex­plorer in situ ce qui se joue au cœur d’une activité proposée par les services universitaires des sports, au plus près des situations, au plus près des acteurs. Ainsi, les cours de salsa qui, depuis une dizaine d’années, ont intégré l’offre d’activités sportives universitaires, apparaissent comme autant de laboratoires d’étude du processus de socialisation des étudiants. En s’appuyant sur une enquête menée par observations et entretiens ethnographiques, cet article montre comment les modalités de pratique de cette activité participent d’une certaine forme de sociabilité estudiantine.

Humans have only finite discriminatory capacities. This simple fact seems to be incompatible with the existence of appearances. As many authors have noted, the hypothesis that appearances exist seems to be refuted by reductio: Let A, B, C be three uniformly coloured surfaces presented to a subject in optimal viewing conditions, such that A, B, and C resemble one another perfectly except with respect to their colours. Their colours differ slightly in the following way: the difference between A and B and the difference between B and C are below the discrimination threshold, but the difference between A and C is above this threshold. According to an intuitive construal of what an appearance is, given that A and B appear (to the subject) identical in colour, A and B have the same (colour1) appearance P1; likewise, B and C have the same appearance P2. B's appearance is both P1 and P2. This seems to imply that P1=P2. But then, A and C also have the same appearance, which contradicts the hypothesis that A and C are discriminable. If A and C are discriminable with respect to their colour, they do not have the same appearance with respect to colour. The paradox arising from such a series of judgments of sameness or difference between pairs of coloured surfaces seems to belong to the class of sorites paradoxes. I will show that there is a way to construe colours and their appearances in a way that does not fall prey to the reduction just sketched.

In this paper, we investigate the evolution from imperatives to discourse markers in Romance, with a corpus-based approach. We focus on the case of items coming from verbs meaning ‘to look’, in a semasiological perspective: Spanish and Catalan mira, Portuguese olha, Italian guarda, French regarde, Romanian uite. We show that they all share many uses, among which turn-taking, introduction of reported speech, hesitation phenomenon, topic-shifting and modalization, except for French regarde. We then establish (against Waltereit, 2002) that the development of these uses is the result of a process of grammaticalization, from lexical, clause-internal uses to uses as discourse markers, in a cline which tends to confirm the predictions made by Brinton and Traugott (2005). The lesser grammaticalization of French regarde could seem unimportant, but is in apparent contradiction with the now well-established fact that French is, of all Romance languages, the most grammaticalized. We try, in conclusion, to address this paradox: is French not so grammaticalized after all, or is this just an exception to the rule?

International audience; In this paper, we investigate the evolution from imperatives to discourse markers in Romance, with a corpus-based approach. We focus on the case of items coming from verbs meaning 'to look', in a semasiological perspective: Spanish and Catalan mira, Portuguese olha, Italian guarda, French regarde, Romanian uite. We show that they all share many uses, among which turn-taking, introduction of reported speech, hesitation phenomenon, topic-shifting and modalization, except for French regarde. We then establish (against Waltereit, 2002) that the development of these uses is the result of a process of grammaticalization, from lexical, clause-internal uses to uses as discourse markers, in a cline which tends to confirm the predictions made by Brinton and Traugott (2005). The lesser grammaticalization of French regarde could seem unimportant, but is in apparent contradiction with the now well-established fact that French is, of all Romance languages, the most grammaticalized. We try, in conclusion, to address this paradox: is French not so grammaticalized after all, or is this just an exception to the rule?

This study has for main object the naturalistic work which the abbess Hildegarde de Bingen tells to have composed in the 1150s, today known as two different treatises, Liber subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum alias Physica on one hand and Cause et cure on the other. It focuses on the dialectic between vision and glance which is the mainspring of Hildegard's medicine and natural science : endowed with visions and prophecy, Hildegarde brings back the origin of all her writings, even her correspondence, to God only, she proclaims herself "simple human being " and claims to have been never exposed to any human knowledge. Yet the description which she gives of the natural world draws certainly much from the personal observation as well as from readings (direct or indirect), which she hides carefully., cette étude a pour principal objet l'œuvre naturaliste que l'abbesse Hildegarde de Bingen dit avoir composée dans les années 1150 et aujourd'hui connue comme deux écrits distincts, Liber subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum alias Physica et Cause et cure. On met ici en évicence la dialectique entre vision et regard qui en est le moteur : douée de visions et de prophétie, Hildegarde rapporte l'origine de tous ses écrits à Dieu seul et se proclame " simple être humain " en même temps que vierge de tout savoir humain. Or à l'évidence, la description qu'elle donne du monde naturel puise aussi tant dans l'observation personnelle que dans certaines lectures, directes ou indirectes, qu'elle tient soigneusement cachées.

http://edel.univ-poitiers.fr/corela/document.php?id=813; National audience; The constructions and the semantics of three English verbs are examined in this paper. A distinction is made between appear and seem on the one hand and look on the other hand. From a cognitive point of view, the first ones pertain to the idea of perception, ie. subject orientated visibility, whereas the other one pertains to what we call «constructed appearance», ie. target orientated observation. These verbs then represent two different kinds of conceptual integrations.; Les constructions et la sémantique de trois verbes anglais sont analysées dans cette étude. Une distinction est établie entre appear et seem d'un côté, et look de l'autre. D'un point de vue cognitif, les premiers se rapportent à l'idée de perception, c'est-à-dire de visibilité orientée vers le sujet, alors que le second se rattache à ce que j'appelle les « apparences construites », c'est-à-dire, observation orientée vers la cible. Ces verbes représentent ainsi deux type différents d'intégration conceptuelle.