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Projection: WGS 84. QGIS 3.14.16Sources:* DEM: GEBCO (https://doi.org/10.5285/A29C5465-B138-234D-E053-6C86ABC040B9)* Borders: Límites municipales, provinciales y autonómicosRecintos municipales y líneas límite (municipales, provinciales y autonómicos). BDLJE CC-BY 4.0.

International audience; The book collects the papers presented at the 2018 Paris Congress in three sessions about the history of archaeology.The first session, From stratigraphy to stratigraphic excavation in pre- and protohistoric archaeology organized by Massimo Tarantini and Alessandro Guidi, concerns a sort of review of the development of stratigraphical methods in archaeology in many European countries.The second session, Epistemology, History and Philosophy of Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the History of Archaeology, organized by Sophie A. de Beaune and Oscar Moro Abadia is characterized by different examples of intersections between archaeology and other disciplines like history and philosophy of science.Finally, we collected four papers dedicated to the development of different types of interdisciplinarity in Europe and South America presented in the third session, Archaeology and interdisciplinarity, from the 19th century to present-day research, organized by Laura Coltofean, Géraldine.Delley, Margarita Díaz-Andreu and Marc-Antoine Kaeser.

The years 1904-1918 were marked by an intense debate of ideas to situate Iberian ceramics in time and space. Although José Ramón Mélida recognised the existence of “Celtiberian” vases in 1883, it was not until 1904 and the publication of the Essai sur l’art et l’industrie de l’Espagne primitive, written by Pierre Paris, that a first complete study on this subject was available. This book was the starting point of a controversy that continued until the end of the First World War. Our study will focus on three main points: the context in which the Essai took shape; Pierre Paris’s interpretation of this material; and, finally, the reception of the Essai. The aim will be to show that, at this early stage of the history of the academic discourse on Iberian ceramics, the consensus reached around1915-1918 was fundamentally the product of collective reflection., Los años 1904-1918 estuvieron marcados por un intenso debate de ideas para situar la cerámica ibérica en el tiempo y en el espacio. Si bien José Ramón Mélida reconoció en 1883 la existencia de vasos “celtibéricos”, no fue hasta 1904 y la publicación del Essai sur l’art et l’industrie de l’Espagne primitive de Pierre Paris cuando se dispuso de un primer estudio completo sobre este tema. Este libro fue el punto de partida de una controversia que continuaría hasta el final de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En nuestro estudio se abordarán tres puntos principales: el contexto en el que toma forma el Essai, la interpretación que hizo Pierre Paris de este material en 1904 y, finalmente, la recepción del Essai. El objetivo será, pues, mostrar que, en esta primera etapa de la historia del discurso académico sobre la cerámica ibérica, el consenso alcanzado hacia 1915-1918 era fundamentalmente el producto de la reflexión colectiva.

International audience; Over the past 25 years, archaeologists have shifted from rejecting and trivializing the history of archaeology (traditionally considered as a harmless amusement for their leisure hours) to considering that this discipline plays a central role in the understanding of archaeological research. This resurgence has been spurred by the emergence of a new generation of scholars who have met modern historiographical standards and practices. In this setting, historians of archaeology have benefited a great deal from a growing dialogue with historians, philosophers and sociologists of science. It is not by chance, for instance, that most of the French-speaking historians who have played a role in the reinvigoration of the history of archaeology in the last two decades are historians and epistemologists of science. However, there are still few studies on the many epistemological, philosophical and sociological facets of archaeological knowledge. In this setting, this volume seeks to explore the relationships between the history of archaeology and other disciplines, include history, epistemology and sociology of science.

International audience; This paper aims at describing how archaeological archives have been scattered and at opening new leads that would help going beyond a simple – even if always necessary – use of these archives to obtain new data on ancient excavations. The main lead would be to show how the archives helps in critiquing earlier archaeology, with a further scope to develop a proper history of archaeology as a discipline.Using the excavations made in Herculaneum during the 20th c. as a case-study, this paper shows, through the exploration of administrative archives, how A. Maiuri could not attend frequently to the excavations and thus had to delegate their monitoring. Furthermore, new insights are given on the works made after World War II and on their funding.

The excavation of the so-called "Kaniška" stupa at Shaji-ki-Dheri (near Peshawar) and the discovery of a reliquary... : history of this event and his reception, with unpublished letters of Spooner to Alfred Foucher., La fouille du dit "stupa de Kanishka" à Shaji-ki-Dheri (près de Peshawar) et la découverte d'un reliquaire : histoire de cet événement et de sa réception, aves des lettres inédites de David B. Spooner à Alfred Foucher.

International audience

En 1995, Anick Coudart et Laurent Olivier expliquaient la réception française du postmodernisme en archéologie à partir de l’idée que les pratiques scientifiques sont déterminées par des mentalités nationales. Cette idée, fréquente depuis le xixe siècle, a été réinvestie cette dernière décennie en histoire et en sociologie des sciences. Appuyé sur ces travaux, cet article renouvelle l’analyse des développements « théoriques » en archéologie. Les variations nationales dans le développement de la New Archaeology et de la Post-processual archaeology sont expliquées, non pas par des mentalités différentes, mais par 1) les dynamiques entre générations académiques, 2) les modèles disciplinaires d’organisation, 3) les statuts accordés aux études des sciences au sein des disciplines scientifiques. L’importance des apports des études des sciences, qui dotent la communauté archéologique de méthodes et de données pour analyser les rapports de forces établis dans la discipline, est finalement défendue. In 1995, Anick Coudart and Laurent Olivier explained the French reception of postmodernism in archaeology based on the idea that scientific practices are determined by national mentalities. This idea, which has been common since the 19th century, has been reinvested in the history and sociology of science over the past decade. Based on this work, this article renews the analysis of “theoretical” developments in archaeology. The national variations in the development of New Archaeology and Post-processual archaeology are explained, not by different mentalities, but by 1) the dynamics between academic generations, 2) disciplinary models of organization, 3) the status granted to science studies within scientific disciplines. The importance of the contributions of scientific studies, which provide the archaeological community with methods and data to analyse the balance of power established in the discipline, is finally defended.

International audience; Problems related to the standardization and communication of archaeological information were addressed long before the “digital era”. From 1972 to 1987, they interested the authors of the Dialektikê journal. This paper presents the technical choices made for the online diffusion of this journal. Its rediscovery contributes to the recent history of archaeology, about the relationship between French and English-speaking approaches, and about the relationship between scientific and political practices.; Les problèmes de standardisation et de communication de l’information archéologique furent soulevés avant l’actuelle « ère numérique ». Entre 1972 à 1987, ils intéressèrent les auteurs de la revue Dialektikê. Cet article expose les choix techniques adoptés pour la diffusion d’une version numérique de cette revue. Sa redécouverte contribue à l’histoire récente de l’archéologie en France, à propos de ses rapports avec les approches anglophones, et des liens entre pratiques scientifiques et politiques.

International audience; The proposed paper aims to address the topic of re-use of the Aegean past in the 19th and 20th centuries, under the scope of the politics of preservation of the material cultural heritage.The artists Émile Gilliéron - father and son- contributed fundamentally to the early phases of discovery, interpretation, restoration, replication and propagation of knowledge concerning the ancient civilizations unearthed in Greece between 1876 and 1939. The quantity and high quality of their work led the artists to process the major finds, museum objects and replicas of educational character. They can both be considered as pioneering Conservators of Antiquities in Greece. Renowned as collaborators of excavators like Schliemann, Evans or Pernier, the list of their missions is much longer, comprising numerous institutions, projects or archaeologists. Their most famous creations concern Bronze Age artifacts (Minoan or Mycenean), but there is hardly any style of Art, from Neolithic to late Byzantine, which is not to be found amidst their repertoire. Their missions range from Greece to Egypt, Asia Minor and Italy, at least.The Gilliéron artists have repeatedly attracted scholarly attention, mainly from Bronze Age specialists, an interest due to their intime relationship to the major excavation sites of Crete and the Peloponnese. This does not mean that their influence and contribution to later phases of Greek Archaeology is less significant. The Gilliérons have to be considered under a diachronic gaze, in order to be fully understood as a phenomenon. Concerning ancient Art (whether ‘Aegean’ or ‘Greek’), their work has visually shaped the perception of their contemporaries, as of later generations. They are part of the History of the Archaeology of Greece.Hardly known is another artist, of the third generation: Émile’s son, Alfred (1920-2010). Having lost direct contact to the archaeological milieu, he continued the art of his ancestors on the free market, transferring the archaeological motives towards the growing industry of tourism. The use, reuse and adaptation of motives, shapes and themes launched by his elders in the late 19th and 20th centuries, turns Alfred Gilliéron into a vivid link between the age of pioneering discoveries and the age of “consumption” of the Aegeans. His creative span is contemporary to the establishment of mass tourism, from after WW II to the entrance of Greece into the European Union in the early 1980s.Since 2015, the French School at Athens (EFA) is in possession of the Archives of three generations of Gilliéron artists, as of the material rests of their artistic atelier, preciously preserved by the descendant of the fourth generation, Émile Gilliéron (III). This ensemble comprises artistic equipment, molds, impressions, original replicas or later generations of copies, in several materials (galvanoplastic replicas, bronze, plaster, clay, wood etc.), of a multitude of periods, styles, themes, categories and sizes. In combination with the archive, it is a conserved heritage of unique originality as a source of knowledge, concerning the history of Archaeology in Greece. The present paper aims to present the Fonds Gilliéron of the EFA to the scientific community, and to point out the major axes of research that can/will be launched in the near future.

International audience; The relationship between archaeology and other sciences has only recently become a research topic for sociologists and historians of science. From the 1950s to the present day, different approaches have been taken and the aims of research studies have changed considerably. Besides methodological textbooks, which aim at advancing archaeological knowledge, historians of archaeology have tackled this question by exploring the development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. More recently, collaborations between archaeologists and other scientists have been examined as a general phenomenon regarding transfers of knowledge and power relationships between specialists, organizations, and scientific tools, where archaeology is considered as a scientific practice. Adopting a sociohistorical perspective, this entry examines the specificity of aims, facts, and procedures shared by archaeologists and other scientists regarding the crucial question of measuring time and computations.

International audience; This paper examines the national and international growth of prehistoric archaeology in Italy from 1875 to 2000. A bibliometric approach is proposed for a case study of a scientific discipline, language and period that are poorly represented in current bibliographic databases. These constraints led to the generation of a data set with articles from 5 journals (2842 articles and 1221 unique authors). Publication language and author nationalities were manually included in the data set. Journal internationality measures and coauthorship network analyses showed: 1) that internationalisation was not the most striking change over the study period: it was one of a number of features that journal editors addressed in their own way; 2) results confirm a change in the social organisation of scientific production in archaeology, with the emergence of co-authorship and reflect the differentiation of local research trends. This is discussed with reference to previous work on the history of prehistoric archaeology.; Une analyse bibliométrique des aspects nationaux et internationaux du développement de l’archéologie préhistorique en Italie de 1875 à 2000 est proposée, soit une discipline, une langue et une période peu couvertes dans les bases bibliographiques usuelles. Ceci a conduit à créer un jeu de donnée ad hoc intégrant 5 revues (2842 articles, 1221 auteurs uniques). Les langues de publication et la nationalité personnelle des auteurs ont été décrits. Mesurer l’internationalité des revues et analyser le réseau de co-auteurs montre: 1) que l’internationalisation ne fut pas le fait le plus marquant de cette période, constituant une ressource – parmi d’autres – diversement employée par les éditeurs; 2) une transformation dans l’organisation sociale de la production (co-autorat) ainsi que la différenciation d’orientations locales de recherche, confortant ainsi des études antérieures sur l’histoire de l’archéologie préhistorique.

International audience; This paper examines the national and international growth of prehistoric archaeology in Italy from 1875 to 2000. A bibliometric approach is proposed for a case study of a scientific discipline, language and period that are poorly represented in current bibliographic databases. These constraints led to the generation of a data set with articles from 5 journals (2842 articles and 1221 unique authors). Publication language and author nationalities were manually included in the data set. Journal internationality measures and coauthorship network analyses showed: 1) that internationalisation was not the most striking change over the study period: it was one of a number of features that journal editors addressed in their own way; 2) results confirm a change in the social organisation of scientific production in archaeology, with the emergence of co-authorship and reflect the differentiation of local research trends. This is discussed with reference to previous work on the history of prehistoric archaeology.; Une analyse bibliométrique des aspects nationaux et internationaux du développement de l’archéologie préhistorique en Italie de 1875 à 2000 est proposée, soit une discipline, une langue et une période peu couvertes dans les bases bibliographiques usuelles. Ceci a conduit à créer un jeu de donnée ad hoc intégrant 5 revues (2842 articles, 1221 auteurs uniques). Les langues de publication et la nationalité personnelle des auteurs ont été décrits. Mesurer l’internationalité des revues et analyser le réseau de co-auteurs montre: 1) que l’internationalisation ne fut pas le fait le plus marquant de cette période, constituant une ressource – parmi d’autres – diversement employée par les éditeurs; 2) une transformation dans l’organisation sociale de la production (co-autorat) ainsi que la différenciation d’orientations locales de recherche, confortant ainsi des études antérieures sur l’histoire de l’archéologie préhistorique.

International audience

Notice thèse accessible sur : http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0045; International audience; During the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in ‘New Archaeology’ were spreading worldwide. This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples’ methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and described. The effects of introducing mathematical and automation procedures on the division of labour and the distribution of recognition are analysed. The success or failure of the methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation. This thesis generates new information on the development of rescue and preventive archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences. The analysis draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric datasets (extracted from pre-existing databases or constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research also intends to illustrate the possible use of computing and formalised procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using Wiki, the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analysed.; La seconde moitié du XXe siècle donna lieu à un accroissement des tentatives de redéfinir en termes opérationnels divers domaines de l'activité sociale tant scientifique, militaire, administratif ou industriel. Ces tentatives tirèrent parti des innovations scientifiques et techniques de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, puis de la généralisation de l'automatique. Cette thèse en propose une sociologie historique, menée à partir du cas particulier de l’archéologie. Ce domaine scientifique fait alors l’objet d’efforts accrus de disciplinarisation et de professionnalisation. C’est également le cas des mathématiques appliquées puis de l’informatique : cette étude porte précisément sur les rapports établis à l’intersection de ces trois domaines. En France, au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les innovations méthodologiques et conceptuelles y ont été particulièrement importantes. Pourtant, par la suite, leur réception s’est révélée relativement mineure. En archéologie, les innovations relatives aux mathématiques appliquées, à la formalisation du langage et à l’automatique n’ont pas donné lieu au développement d’une spécialité fondée sur le calcul. Cette situation contraste avec celle d’autres disciplines ou d’autres pays, et ceci alors même que les redéfinitions théoriques et méthodologiques de la « New Archaeology » anglophone se diffusaient à l’échelle internationale. La thèse explore les cas de trois entreprises collectives, menées respectivement autour de Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin et Jean Lesage, entre France, Espagne et Italie. Ces cas sont complétés par ceux d’un ensemble d’acteurs ayant été à la fois ingénieurs et archéologues. D’un point de vue général, cette étude porte sur les statuts cognitifs et sociaux des contributions méthodologiques dans l’activité scientifique. Trois modèles de relations entre spécialistes d’un domaine scientifique et spécialistes des sciences formelles sont identifiés et décrits. Les transformations entraînées par l’introduction des mathématiques et de l’automatique dans la division du travail et la distribution des formes de reconnaissance sont analysées. La réception de ces propositions méthodologiques est discutée à l’aune de différents facteurs et modèles de l’innovation scientifique. Ce sont, au final, des éclairages nouveaux sur le développement de l’archéologie de sauvetage puis préventive et sur la genèse des recours aux technologies « numériques » en sciences de l'homme qui sont proposés. L’analyse tire parti de 82 entretiens, 23 fonds d’archives et de plusieurs jeux de données bibliométriques (pré-existants ou constitués pour cette étude). En écho aux travaux pris pour objets, cette thèse entend également être une proposition et une illustration d’un usage possible de la formalisation et de l’informatique en sciences sociales. Fondées sur l’emploi d’un wiki et les principes de la programmation lettrée et de la reproductibilité des analyses, les architectures documentaire et démonstrative de cette étude font elles-mêmes l’objet d’une analyse.

International audience

During the second half of the twentieth century, attempts at operational redefinitions of social activities increased, relying on the scientific and technical innovations developed during the Second World War and then strengthened by the generalization of automation. Scrutinizing the particular case of archaeology, this research addresses these attempts from an historical sociology perspective. During that period, archaeology showed an increasing process of disciplinarization and professionalization. The same happened for applied mathematics and then computer science: this study is precisely about the relationships between these three fields. At their intersection, methodological and conceptual innovations notably increased in France during the 1950's and 1960's. However, their scientific reception was relatively low afterwards. In this case, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not led to the emergence of an archaeological specialty based on computation. Such a situation shows a striking contrast with what happened in other scientific disciplines or in archaeology in other countries, whereas the theoretical and methodological propositions of the “New Archaeology” trend spread worldwide.Three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology are explored, respectively led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, concerning both France, Spain and Italy. These main cases are supplemented by those of a set of actors who articulated both a career in engineering and in archaeology. Generally speaking, this study tackles the cognitive and social aspects of methodological contributions in the scientific activities. Three models of relationships between experts in formal methods and experts in the application domain are empirically identified and described. Effects of the introduction of mathematics and automated procedures on the division of labor and the distribution of recognition are analyzed. The success or failure of the reception of those methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation.This work leads us to shade new light both on the roots and growth of rescue archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences. This study draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric dataset (extracted from pre-existing databases of constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research is also intended to illustrate a possible use of computing and formalized procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using a Wiki and the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analyzed., Amplifiées par les innovations scientifiques et techniques de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, puis par la généralisation de l’automatique, les tentatives de redéfinitions opérationnelles des activités sociales apparaissent comme une caractéristique de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle.Cette thèse en propose une sociologie historique, menée à partir du cas particulier de l’archéologie. Ce domaine scientifique fait alors l’objet d’efforts accrus de disciplinarisation et de professionnalisation. C’est également le cas des mathématiques appliquées puis de l’informatique : cette étude porte précisément sur les rapports établis à l’intersection de ces trois domaines. En France, au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les innovations méthodologiques et conceptuelles y ont été particulièrement importantes. Pourtant, par la suite, leur réception s’est révélée relativement mineure. En archéologie, les innovations relatives aux mathématiques appliquées, à la formalisation du langage et à l’automatique n’ont pas donné lieu au développement d’une spécialité fondée sur le calcul. Cette situation contraste avec celle d’autres disciplines ou d’autres pays, et ceci alors même que les redéfinitions théoriques et méthodologiques de la « New Archaeology » anglophone se diffusaient à l’échelle internationale. La thèse explore les cas de trois entreprises collectives, menées respectivement autour de Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin, et Jean Lesage, entre France, Espagne et Italie. Ces cas sont complétés par ceux d’un ensemble d’acteurs ayant été à la fois ingénieurs et archéologues.D’un point de vue général, cette étude porte sur les statuts cognitifs et sociaux des contributions méthodologiques dans l’activité scientifique. Trois modèles de relations entre spécialistes d’un domaine scientifique et spécialistes des sciences formelles sont identifiés et décrits. Les transformations entraînées par l’introduction des mathématiques et de l’automatique dans la division du travail et la distribution des formes de reconnaissance sont analysées. La réception de ces propositions méthodologiques est discutée à l’aune de différents facteurs et modèles de l’innovation scientifique. Ce sont, au final, des éclairages nouveaux sur le développement de l’archéologie préventive et sur la genèse des recours aux technologies « numériques » en sciences de l'homme qui sont proposés. L’analyse tire parti de 82 entretiens, 23 fonds d’archives et de plusieurs jeux de données bibliométriques (pré-existants ou constitués pour cette étude). En écho aux travaux pris pour objets, cette thèse se veut également une proposition, par le fait, d’un usage possible de la formalisation et de l’informatique en sciences sociales. Fondées sur l’emploi d’un wiki et les principes de la programmation lettrée et de la reproductibilité des analyses, les architectures documentaires et démonstratives de cette étude font elles-mêmes l’objet d’une analyse.

The majority of analyses investigating the professionalisation of scientific domains tend to assume the linear and general features of this transformation. These studies focus on the shift from a non-professionalised state to a professionalised state. This dual approach, however, crucially lacks some other aspects of the process of professionalisation. This issue is discussed within the context of the growth of prehistoric archaeology in France from the 1940s, by observing scientific societies, national research organisations and their social networks. Looking at the scale of Georges Laplace’s career and that of his research group, which studied the typologie analytique method, this article demonstrates the benefits of a ternary model which also encompasses the modes of refusal of professionalisation., http://www.ihnpan.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/final_6_plutniak_texte-illustr.pdf

International audience; Review of the Proceeding about the French scholar Victor Bérard.‭

International audience; Prehistoric archaeology was created in the mid 19th century as discipline focused on the study of material evidence of remote societies that aimed at fostering a positivist reading of human history in which the idea of universal progress became central. However, the recognition of cave art painting at the turn of the century opened the path for new approaches in which the “artistic” and intellectual capacities of prehistoric humanity could be also studied. In the first decades of the 20th century, the study of prehistoric cave art became the spearhead of the discipline, and moreover, it also became a powerful tool for national identity building, particularly in the case of Spain. Focusing on the exhibitions in which prehistoric cave art was displayed (by means of reproductions), in France, Spain and Portugal, this presentation aims to reflect on the ways prehistoric cave art was mobilised in support of political or social projects in the Interwar period.

Archaeologists have long acknowledged that disciplinary history is very important for understanding not only how far wehave come, but also for understanding why we do things in certain ways and not others. Further, it is clear that there are differentregional bents to the history of archaeology. In the Pacific, much of the surface archaeology is composed of stone architecture, fromthe massive stone moai of Rapa Nui, to more humble stone walls, terraces, and house sites that cover this and many other islands. InOceania, and especially Polynesia, the development of the ‘settlement pattern approach’ from the 1960s onwards has been especiallyinfluential in regional archaeological history and contemporary practice. The settlement pattern ‘turn’ in Oceania included a notablevisual change with the integration of site plans at various scales as a way of describing archaeological landscapes. Maps obviouslyhave a much longer history in the representation of cultures as well as archaeological sites in Oceania as well. Exploring the history ofvisual representations of past places, and the techniques through which these images were produced, is an important part of the historyof archaeology in the Pacific and elsewhere. In the 21st century, the traditional mapping equipment available to archaeologists (tapeand compass, alidade and plane table, theodolite) has been augmented with a host of modern technologies (GPS, 3-dimensional laserscanning, LIDAR, CAD, GIS, and other mapping software). Yet the advent of high-tech mapping solutions does not negate the valueof more traditional techniques, and in fact there are many reasons why the old methods persist. While our technology gets faster andmore precise, there is still much to recommend approaches that require the mapping of Pacific archaeological landscapes by hand,‘stone-by-stone’ when searching for meaning in past settlement patterns. This is especially true in regards to training future generationsof Pacific archaeologists, and the increasing consideration of alternative (especially indigenous) epistemologies in Pacific archaeology.

The transfer of the concept of “style” from art history to the analyse of scientific biographies is discussed from an examination of the life narratives of three scientists who worked during the second half of the 20th century in Toulouse (France): the archaeologist Jean Guilaine, the molecular biologist Jean-Pierre Zalta and the biological anthropologist Georges Larrouy. A typology of the narrative combinations between the scientific activities and the personal life is finally presented., Le transfert du concept de « style » depuis l'histoire de l'art vers l'analyse des biographiques scientifiques est discuté à partir d'un examen des récits de vie de trois scientifiques actifs à Toulouse au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle: l'archélogue Jean Guilaine, le biologiste moléculaire Jean-Pierre Zalta et l'anthropologue biologiste Georges Larrouy. Une typologie des combinaisons narratives entre activités scientifiques et vie personnelle est finalement présentée.

International audience; Cet article réévalue la place occupée par Messène dans les itinéraires péloponnésiens des premiers voyageurs européens, avant les fouilles et les relevés de l’expédition scientifique de Morée (1829), et fait le point sur leur contribution à la connaissance du site archéologique et de ses vestiges. Une vingtaine de visites ont été recensées, entre 1447 et 1828, impliquant dix‑sept Britanniques, onze Français, cinq Allemands, un Italien et un Danois. L’accent est mis sur les représentations graphiques, souvent inédites, qui accompagnent les récits de plusieurs d’entre eux.

National audience; Drawing from a set of unpublished material, this paper revisits the 1953 excavation of the Early Bronze Age mound of Kervingar in Plouarzel (Finistère) by Pierre-Roland Giot (1919-2002). Reviewing these documents in a historical scientific context allows us to present the excavation of this site as a key example of the scientific revival occurring within French archaeology in the late 1940s. Above all, Kervingar represents a fundamental early example of the scientific rigor characteristic of the Laboratoire d’Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Protohistoire et Quaternaire armoricains, a laboratory that would come to lead most of the regional research in Western France throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, previously unreleased footage of the fieldwork in Kervingar presents an opportunity to conduct an innovative image analysis to obtain a 3D digital reconstruction of several aspects of the 1953 excavations. This method underscores the utility of scientific analyses of archival image collections.; À partir d’une série de documents inédits, ce travail revient sur la fouille de 1953 du tumulus de l’âge du Bronze ancien de Kervingar (Plouarzel, Finistère) par Pierre-Roland Giot (1919-2002). La révision de ces documents et la discussion du contexte de l’époque nous permettent de replacer cette fouille comme l’une des pièces clés du renouveau scientifique qui s’opérera au sein de l’archéologie française dès la fin des années 1940. Elle constitue par ailleurs et avant tout l’un des travaux fondamentaux pour comprendre la pensée scientifique qui mènera à la création du « Laboratoire d’Anthropologie, Préhistoire, Protohistoire et Quaternaire armoricains » et qui marquera par la suite une grande partie de la recherche archéologique de l’Ouest de la France durant toute la seconde moitié du xxe siècle. L’existence d’un film inédit sur les travaux nous offre également l’occasion de proposer une méthodologie novatrice d’analyse d’image, avec restitution tridimensionnelle numérique d’une partie de la fouille. Cette perspective ouvre une nouvelle voie dans l’exploitation scientifique des archives anciennes.

International audience; When looking backward at the discipline of archaeology, one comes across many questions that are relevant to the present time about the development of its scientific methods and the historical context in which it took place, and about the history of collections in Europe and the rest of the world. This volume gathers some thirty contributions of specialists who do cutting-edge research in three areas: the birth of archaeology during the Age of Enlightenment and at the beginning of the nineteenth century, which led scholars from philology and ancient history to field archaeology and the study of artefacts; the development of archaeology through the impact of cultural transfers from the middle of the nineteenth century until World War II; the institutionalization of archaeology since the beginning of the nineteenth century and its relation to national politics. In that way contributors wish to pay a tribute to Ève Gran-Aymerich, whose work played a major role in making the history of archaeology a real subject of scientific study.; Porter un regard rétrospectif sur la discipline archéologique soulève de nombreuses questions aujourd’hui au cœur de l’actualité, sur l’évolution des méthodes scientifiques, sur les contextes historiques de leur production et sur l’histoire des collections européennes et extra-européennes. Cet ouvrage réunit une trentaine de spécialistes qui témoignent de l’avancée des recherches dans ce domaine, autour de trois thématiques : la naissance de l’archéologie qui, pendant l’époque des Lumières et au début du XIXe siècle, mena les érudits de la philologie et l’histoire ancienne vers l’archéologie de terrain et l’étude des artefacts ; le développement de cette discipline dans le cadre des dynamiques de transferts culturels à partir du milieu du XIXe s. jusqu’à la Seconde Guerre mondiale ; son institutionnalisation depuis le début du XIXe s. et ses liens avec les politiques nationales. Les auteurs souhaitent ainsi rendre un digne hommage à Ève Gran-Aymerich, dont les travaux ont contribué à faire de l’histoire de l’archéologie un véritable objet d’étude.

The Mission archéologique française en Albanie was born in 1923 thanks to the Deputy Justin Godart (1871-1956). It comes within a politics of development of the French archaeology in the nations newly independent after the Great War. The archives allow to recount the genesis of project and the negociations which led to the Convention archéologique franco-albanaise validated at Tirana in autumn 1923. The Mission constitutes a hybrid creation : heiress of the Service archéologique de l'Armée d'Orient that worked in North of Greece and Macedonia during the War and to which was attached Léon Rey (1887-1954), the Mission Director, she was also inspired by the model of the French-Afghan Convention carried out and signed by the Indianist Alfred Foucher at Kabul in 1922. This paper endeavoures to point the specificities of that mission, in the process of archaeological institutionalization developed in the French IIIrd Republic., La Mission archéologique française en Albanie est née en 1923 grâce au député Justin Godart (1871-1956). Elle s'inscrit dans une politique de développement de l'archéologie française dans les nations nouvellement indépendantes suite à la Première Guerre Mondiale. Les archives permettent de retracer la genèse du projet et les négociations qui ont abouti à la Convention archéologique franco-albanaise validée à Tirana à l'automne 1923. La Mission constitue une création hybride, héritière du Service archéologique de l'Armée d'Orient qui a œuvré en Grèce du Nord et en Macédoine durant la Grande Guerre, et auquel était rattaché Léon Rey (1887-1954), le Directeur de la Mission, mais aussi inspirée par le modèle de la convention franco-afghane réalisée et signée par l'indianiste Alfred Foucher à Kabul en 1922. L'article s'attache ainsi à montrer les spécificités de cette mission française, dans le processus d'institutionnalisation de l'archéologie développée sous la IIIe République.

International audience; Focusing on the history of prehistoric archaeology in the 20th century, this papers shows (1) that statistical multidimensional analyses were carried out by a new kind of actors who challenged the previous common language shared by prehistorians. This fundamental change was important, considering that (2) language is a fundamental point for the epistemology of archaeology. However, a comparison of multidimensional analyses applications over time shall make clear that (3) the differences are mostly a generational matter: the transmission processes between them will be addressed.; Considérant l'archéologie préhistorique au 20e siècle, cet article montre que (1) les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles ont été développées par une nouvelle catégorie d'acteurs, défiant de fait le langage commun employé jusqu'alors par les préhistoriens. Ces transformations profondes ont été importantes dans la mesure où (2) le statut du langage est un aspect fondamental de l'épistémologie de l'archéologie. Néanmoins, une comparaison des applications des analyses multidimensionnelles au cours du temps montre clairement que (3) les changements impliqués sont avant tout liés aux générations: les processus de transmission entre ces générations sont ainsi examinées.

International audience; This chapter focuses on the beginnings of archaeological excavations in Afghanistan to show how the rediscovery of an ancient, pre-Islamic heritagebeneath the soils of Afghanistan helped provide new intellectual resources for the creation of a modern nation state. Drawing on rich archival research, the chapter focuses on the work of the Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan (DAFA), which was established France in 1922 and began field excavations in Afghanistan shortly thereafter. Emerging as a joint enterprise of French archaeologists (several of whom had previously worked in France’s own Asian colonies), the diplomats of the Quai d’Orsay and the modernist nation-building cadre of the Afghan government, the DAFA was the earliest of the many transnational organizations that would subsequently prove so influential in the construction of the concrete and intellectual fabric of modern Afghanistan. In being established just three years after the declaration of Afghan independence after the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919, the DAFA quickly found its investigations being subsumed into the new nationalist vision being propounded by its chief Afghan patron, King Amanullah Khan.

Focusing on the history of prehistoric archaeology in the 20th century, this papers shows (1) that statistical multidimensional analyses were carried out by a new kind of actors who challenged the previous common language shared by prehistorians. This fundamental change was important, considering that (2) language is a fundamental point for the epistemology of archaeology. However, a comparison of multidimensional analyses applications over time shall make clear that (3) the differences are mostly a generational matter: the transmission processes between them will be addressed., Considérant l'archéologie préhistorique au 20e siècle, cet article montre que (1) les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles ont été développées par une nouvelle catégorie d'acteurs, défiant de fait le langage commun employé jusqu'alors par les préhistoriens. Ces transformations profondes ont été importantes dans la mesure où (2) le statut du langage est un aspect fondamental de l'épistémologie de l'archéologie. Néanmoins, une comparaison des applications des analyses multidimensionnelles au cours du temps montre clairement que (3) les changements impliqués sont avant tout liés aux générations: les processus de transmission entre ces générations sont ainsi examinées.

International audience

International audience; Article sur la menée de fouilles archéologiques sur les fronts durant la Première Guerre Mondiale : pratiques, idéologies, acteurs, propagandes.

Centenary of the Gustave Mendel book: exhibition and book on the French curator of the Istanbul archaeological Museum and the Sébah & Joaillier photographies., Le Catalogue des sculptures grecques, romaines et byzantines du musée de Constantinople par Gustave Mendel, paru en 3 volumes entre 1912 et 1914, fait l’objet de plusieurs manifestations à l’occasion de son centenaire. Les notices de l’ouvrage, numérisées et rapprochées de photographies inédites du studio stambouliote Sébah & Joaillier conservées par l’INHA et l’EPHE, sont désormais accessibles en ligne. Une exposition se tient à l’INHA (Paris) jusqu’au 20 juillet, accompagnée d’une publication. A l'occasion de ces événements, l'article éclaire la genèse du catalogue de Mendel et son contexte.

+ notices n° 18, 49-51 et 61-62, p. 242-244, 264-266, 269-270. Publication financée par le Labex Armand-Colin; International audience; Le XIXe siècle marque en Europe la naissance d'une science archéologique, dotée de méthodes rigoureuses et d'institutions spécialisées créées dans ce but. Avec la fin du siècle, se multiplient les grands chantiers de fouilles, depuis l'Italie jusqu'à la Mésopotamie, qui sont autant de jalons posés dans une lutte d'influence entre nations. Dans ce contexte, où domine l'archéologie allemande, la France déploie ses activités archéologiques en Méditerranée orientale notamment par le bais de l'Ecole française d'Athènes, fondée dès 1846, mais dont la vocation scientifique ne s'affirme que dans le dernier quart du XIXe s. Le champ d'action de cette école, soutenue par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, se manifeste alors sur l'ensemble de la Grèce continentale, s'étend vers la Grèce du Nord et en Crète, et prend pied en Asie Mineure grâce à Osman Hamdi Bey (1842-1910). C'est par l'entremise de cet Ottoman francophile que des membres de l'Ecole, Joubin et Mendel, sont appelés à collaborer à l'agrandissement du musée de Constantinople, et des autorisations de fouilles sont accordées aux Français.

Radio broadcast of Canal Académie (http://www.canalacademie.com), in the "Amphi 23" program. The author is interviewed by the journalist Marianne Durand-Lacaze on her book "Documents d'archéologie militante. La mission Foucher en Afghanistan (1922-1925)" (Mémoires AIBL 42, 2010)., Emission de la radio en ligne Canal Académie (http://www.canalacademie.com), dans la série "Amphi 23". L'auteur est interviewée par la journaliste Marianne Durand-Lacaze à propos de son ouvrage "Documents d'archéologie militante. La mission Foucher en Afghanistan (1922-1925)" (Mémoires AIBL 42, 2010).

The paper focus on a rather intriguing topic related to the way in which a particular type of "grand narrative" in archaeology manages to last in time. Although 100 years have passed since the "establishment" of the main frame for interpreting archaeological data in sites from Romania, and several political regimes followed one another, it is impossible not to observe that, when it comes to the basics of archaeology narrative the general frame is the one built up back in the mid 19th. How exactly some particular major themes of this "great narrative" of a 19th century society managed to survive for such a long time it is a question I will try to answer, without taking the side of simplifying explanation of an everlasting "nationalistic mythology" specific to the eastern European countries or an explanation reducing everything to the "communist propaganda" effect. Conclusion will led towards the search of deeper insights, and a good point for starting is to see how the main instances of producing the archaeological knowledge / information have influenced both its development as a discipline and its impact on society. Furthermore, it is equally important to keep in mind the relationship between archaeology and the need to build up and to legitimize long term projects for the future of the entire nation (or the entire country, this being a topic to debate).

International audience

This article follows the life of Eugénie Bazin-Foucher, wife of the French indianist Alfred Foucher (1865-1952): her higher education in Paris ; her encounter with her future husband, a teacher at the Sorbonne University ; their marriage in Ceylan in 1919 ; their eight years of travel (until 1926) in archaeological and scientific missions in India, Persia, Afghanistan and the Far East ; and finally their Parisian life until their death. The couple's archives allow one to reconstruct Eugénie's participation in the work of her husband as well as shedding light on her personality, her scientific aspirations and her originality in the intellectual world of the Interwar period., L’article suit le parcours d’Eugénie Bazin-Foucher, épouse de l’indianiste français Alfred Foucher (1865-1952) : ses études supérieures à Paris ; sa rencontre avec son futur époux, enseignant à la Sorbonne ; leur mariage à Ceylan en 1919 ; leurs huit années de voyage (jusqu’en 1928) en mission archéologique et scientifique en Inde, Perse, Afghanistan et Extrême-Orient ; la vie parisienne jusqu’à leur mort. Les archives communes du couple permettent de reconstituer la part de la femme dans l’œuvre du savant, sa propre personnalité, ses aspirations scientifiques et son originalité dans le monde intellectuel de l’entre-deux-guerres.

International audience; This article follows the life of Eugénie Bazin-Foucher, wife of the French indianist Alfred Foucher (1865-1952): her higher education in Paris ; her encounter with her future husband, a teacher at the Sorbonne University ; their marriage in Ceylan in 1919 ; their eight years of travel (until 1926) in archaeological and scientific missions in India, Persia, Afghanistan and the Far East ; and finally their Parisian life until their death. The couple's archives allow one to reconstruct Eugénie's participation in the work of her husband as well as shedding light on her personality, her scientific aspirations and her originality in the intellectual world of the Interwar period.; L’article suit le parcours d’Eugénie Bazin-Foucher, épouse de l’indianiste français Alfred Foucher (1865-1952) : ses études supérieures à Paris ; sa rencontre avec son futur époux, enseignant à la Sorbonne ; leur mariage à Ceylan en 1919 ; leurs huit années de voyage (jusqu’en 1928) en mission archéologique et scientifique en Inde, Perse, Afghanistan et Extrême-Orient ; la vie parisienne jusqu’à leur mort. Les archives communes du couple permettent de reconstituer la part de la femme dans l’œuvre du savant, sa propre personnalité, ses aspirations scientifiques et son originalité dans le monde intellectuel de l’entre-deux-guerres.

Certain chapters of the history of European archaeology can be very useful for revealing the complicated link between historiography and archaeology in the past and not only, since they might help to discern their future relationship. This paper will focus on a series of particular aspects namely the ones of the Romanian archaeology at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th which appear to illustrate a functional relationship between the archaeology and historiography. Another related topic is also in what respect such an approach might be useful in providing a common solid ground for understanding the history of archaeology in Europe. There is a two-way direction relationship between historiography and archaeology: the first influences the excavation program; on a certain level, it indicates to the archaeologist where to look and what to look for. In its turn, archaeology modifies, in time, the historians discourse, by contradicting long established axioms or by bringing some light in spaces governed mainly by suppositions and imagination. As the Romanian archaeology offers classic examples to illustrate each of the cases above, I will point out some of the most relevant. But the peculiar interest of my example is not residing just in emphasising what I consider to be a functional partnership between historiography and archaeology. I consider it also a good example of a local synthesis of two distinct archaeological traditions, French and German, adopted almost simultaneous (the French model for institutions, legislation and national discourse relying on "antiquités nationales", and the German model for the field research, data publication and academic formation). Adapted to the local context, those two models of organising the archaeology brought their contribution to the process of constructing and enforcing the national identity and the national feeling in modern Romania, without excluding collaboration with foreign archaeologists that sometimes represented "enemies" countries. The paper will underline some characteristics of a particular "national" archaeology, analysed at a certain moment of its development, in order to discern possible examples of "good practice", models to be fallowed, bearing in mind that, in fact, many models of European archaeology, are the result of a synthesis process.

With an "Avant-propos" by Paul Bernard.; International audience; In March 1922, Alfred Foucher (1865-1952), a well known French scholar and specialist of Indian studies, and his young wife, were invited by the Emir Amanullah to visit the recently independent kingdom of Afghanistan. From India and through Persia, some months later Foucher signed a convention granting to France for the next 30 years a monopoly on archaeological investigation in Afghanistan. He remained there until November 1925. During his stay he headed several surveys and led the first excavation of Bactra, the famous city of ancient Central Asia. Such was the origin of the DAFA (Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan), still present in the country to-day, despite the current strife. Through a careful study of the Société asiatique's rich and varied collection of his letters, this book recounts the launching and painful progress of his mission to a country which was almost unknown to most Westerners at the time. This correspondence also reveals the high stakes for those who played significant diplomatic, political and scientific roles in the first quarter of the XXth century, when alternating collaboration and rivalry were the order of the day between leading European nations striving to strengthen their influence in Asia.; En mars 1922, l’indianiste Alfred Foucher (1865-1952), accompagné de sa jeune épouse, entrait dans le nouvel État indépendant d’Afghanistan sur l’invitation de l’émir Amanullah. Depuis l'Inde et via la Perse, quelques mois plus tard, il concluait une convention archéologique accordant à la France le droit exclusif de fouilles pour 30 ans, et lui-même, séjournant dans le pays jusqu’en novembre 1925, y effectua diverses prospections et mena les premières fouilles du site de Bactres, l’ancienne capitale auréolée d’un passé prestigieux où la légende le disputait à l’histoire : ainsi naquit la DAFA (Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan), toujours présente sur le terrain malgré les difficultés de l’heure… À travers un large choix de correspondances, conservées notamment dans les riches fonds d’archives de la Société Asiatique, l’ouvrage raconte la genèse et le déroulement de cette longue mission, menée dans un Afghanistan encore presque inconnu des Occidentaux. Il en éclaire les enjeux et les acteurs diplomatiques, politiques et scientifiques, dans un premier quart du XXe s. marqué en Europe et en Asie par les collaborations et rivalités internationales.

In March 1922, Alfred Foucher (1865-1952), a well known French scholar and specialist of Indian studies, and his young wife, were invited by the Emir Amanullah to visit the recently independent kingdom of Afghanistan. From India and through Persia, some months later Foucher signed a convention granting to France for the next 30 years a monopoly on archaeological investigation in Afghanistan. He remained there until November 1925. During his stay he headed several surveys and led the first excavation of Bactra, the famous city of ancient Central Asia. Such was the origin of the DAFA (Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan), still present in the country to-day, despite the current strife. Through a careful study of the Société asiatique's rich and varied collection of his letters, this book recounts the launching and painful progress of his mission to a country which was almost unknown to most Westerners at the time. This correspondence also reveals the high stakes for those who played significant diplomatic, political and scientific roles in the first quarter of the XXth century, when alternating collaboration and rivalry were the order of the day between leading European nations striving to strengthen their influence in Asia., En mars 1922, l’indianiste Alfred Foucher (1865-1952), accompagné de sa jeune épouse, entrait dans le nouvel État indépendant d’Afghanistan sur l’invitation de l’émir Amanullah. Depuis l'Inde et via la Perse, quelques mois plus tard, il concluait une convention archéologique accordant à la France le droit exclusif de fouilles pour 30 ans, et lui-même, séjournant dans le pays jusqu’en novembre 1925, y effectua diverses prospections et mena les premières fouilles du site de Bactres, l’ancienne capitale auréolée d’un passé prestigieux où la légende le disputait à l’histoire : ainsi naquit la DAFA (Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan), toujours présente sur le terrain malgré les difficultés de l’heure… À travers un large choix de correspondances, conservées notamment dans les riches fonds d’archives de la Société Asiatique, l’ouvrage raconte la genèse et le déroulement de cette longue mission, menée dans un Afghanistan encore presque inconnu des Occidentaux. Il en éclaire les enjeux et les acteurs diplomatiques, politiques et scientifiques, dans un premier quart du XXe s. marqué en Europe et en Asie par les collaborations et rivalités internationales.

International audience