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1. The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey

Author

Bianchi, S., Giovanardi, C., Smith, M. W. L., Fritz, J., Davies, J. I., Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., Baes, M., Bocchio, M., Boissier, S., Boquien, M., Boselli, A., Casasola, V., Clark, C. J. R., de Looze, I., di Serego Alighieri, S., Grossi, M., Jones, A. P., Hughes, T. M., Hunt, L. K., Madden, S., Magrini, L., Pappalardo, C., Ysard, N., Zibetti, S., Hughes, M., AUTRES, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie - UMR 7213 (LBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Center for Radiophysics and Space Research [Ithaca] (CRSR), Cornell University [New York], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), ECRC, University College of London [London] (UCL), Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University, Universiteit Gent [Ghent], and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)

Subjects
radiation mechanisms: thermal, infrared: ISM, radio lines: ISM, extinction, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], submillimeter: ISM, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, dust, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, local insterstellar matter
Abstract

International audience; We study the correlation between far-infrared/submm dust emission and atomic gas column density in order to derive the properties of the high Galactic latitude, low density, Milky Way cirrus in the foreground of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Dust emission maps from 60 to 850 μm are obtained from observations with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) and carried out within the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS); these are complemented by IRAS and Planck maps. Data from the Arecibo legacy Fast ALFA Survey is used to derive atomic gas column densities for two broad velocity components: low and intermediate velocity clouds. Dust emissivities are derived for each gas component and each far-infrared/submm band. For the low velocity clouds, we measure an average emissivity ɛLVCν = (0.79 ± 0.08) × 10-20 MJy sr-1 cm2 at 250 μm. After fitting a modified blackbody to the available bands, we estimated a dust absorption cross section of τLVCν/NH I = (0.49 ± 0.13) × 10-25 cm2 H-1 at 250 μm (with dust temperature T = 20.4 ± 1.5 K and spectral index β = 1.53 ± 0.17). The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by Planck over a much larger coverage of the high Galactic latitude cirrus (50% of the sky versus 0.2% in our work). For dust associated with intermediate velocity gas, we confirm earlier Planck results and find a higher temperature and lower emissivity and cross section. After subtracting the modeled components, we find regions at scales smaller than 20' in which the residuals deviate significantly from the average scatter, which is dominated by cosmic infrared background. These large residuals are most likely due to local variations in the cirrus dust properties or to high-latitude molecular clouds with average NH2 ≲ 1020 cm-2. We find no conclusive evidence for intracluster dust emission in Virgo. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.Final reduced data (FITS) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/597/A130

Published
2017
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2. The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey

Author

Bianchi, S., Giovanardi, C., Smith, M. W. L., Fritz, J., Davies, J. I., Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., Baes, M., Bocchio, M., Boissier, Samuel, Boquien, M., Boselli, A., Casasola, V., Clark, C. J. R., de Looze, I., Di Serego Alighieri, S., Grossi, M., Jones, A. P., Hughes, T. M., Hunt, L. K., Madden, S., Magrini, L., Pappalardo, C., Ysard, N., Zibetti, S., Hughes, M., Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), AUTRES, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie - UMR 7213 (LBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Radiophysics and Space Research [Ithaca] (CRSR), Cornell University [New York], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), ECRC, University College of London [London] (UCL), and Beaussier, Catherine

Subjects
FAST ALPHA SURVEY, VELOCITY CLOUDS, Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 01 natural sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, QB, Physics, infrared: ISM, Spectral index, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], extinction, ISM [infrared], MILKY-WAY, submillimeter: ISM, Cirrus, dust, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, local insterstellar matter, COMA CLUSTER, Milky Way, media_common.quotation_subject, DATA RELEASE, FOS: Physical sciences, FAR-INFRARED EMISSION, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ISM [radio lines], 0103 physical sciences, Emissivity, INTRACLUSTER DUST, ISM [submillimeter], Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, radio lines: ISM, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, H I, Virgo Cluster, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, radiation mechanisms: thermal, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), thermal [radiation mechanisms], MOLECULAR CLOUDS, SKY SURVEY
Abstract

We study the correlation between far-infared/submm dust emission and atomic gas column density in order to derive the properties of the high Galactic latitude, low density, Milky Way cirrus in the foreground of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Dust emission maps from 60 to 850 um are obtained from SPIRE observations carried out within the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey, complemented by IRAS-IRIS and Planck-HFI maps. Data from the Arecibo legacy Fast ALFA Survey is used to derive atomic gas column densities for two broad velocity components, low and intermediate velocity clouds. Dust emissivities are derived for each gas component and each far-infared/submm band. For the low velocity clouds, we measure an average emissivity 0.79 +/- 0.08 times 1E-20 MJy sr^-1 cm^2 at 250 um. After fitting a modified blackbody to the available bands, we estimated a dust absorption cross-section 0.49 +/- 0.13 times 1E-25 cm^2 H^-1 at 250 um (with dust temperature T = 20.4 +/- 1.5 K and spectral index beta = 1.53 +/- 0.17). The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by Planck over a much larger coverage of the high Galactic latitude cirrus (50% of the sky vs 0.2% in our work). For dust associated with intermediate velocity gas, we confirm earlier Planck results and find a higher temperature and lower emissivity and cross-section. After subtracting the modelled components, we find regions at scales smaller than 20' where the residuals deviate significantly from the average, cosmic-infrared-background dominated, scatter. These large residuals are most likely due to local variations in the cirrus dust properties (and/or the dust/atomic-gas correlation) or to high-latitude molecular clouds with average N_H2, Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures, A&A accepted

Published
2016
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3. The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey - VIII. The Bright Galaxy Sample

Author

Davies, J. I., Bianchi, S., Cortese, L., Auld, R., Baes, M., Bendo, G. J., Boselli, A., Ciesla, L., Clemens, M., Corbelli, E., de Looze, I., Alighieri, S. Di Serego, Fritz, J., Gavazzi, G., Pappalardo, C., Grossi, M., Hunt, L. K., Madden, S., Magrini, L., Pohlen, M., Smith, M. W. L., Verstappen, J., Vlahakis, C., Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Davies, J, Bianchi, M, Cortese, L, Auld, R, Baes, M, Bendo, G, Boselli, A, Ciesla, L, Clemens, M, Corbelli, E, de Looze, I, Alighieri, S, Fritz, J, Gavazzi, G, Pappalardo, C, Grossi, M, Hunt, L, Madden, S, Magrini, L, Pohlen, M, Smith, M, Verstappen, J, and Vlahakis, C

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, galaxies, clusters, individual, Virgo, galaxies, general, galaxies, ISM, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS) and the first data that cover the complete survey area (four 4 x 4 deg2 regions). We use these data to measure and compare the global far infrared properties of 78 optically bright galaxies that are selected at 500 \mum and detected in all five far-infrared bands. We show that our measurements and calibration are broadly consistent with previous data obtained by IRAS, ISO, Spitzer and Planck. We use SPIRE and PACS photometry data to produce 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 \mum cluster luminosity distributions. These luminosity distributions are not power laws, but peaked, with small numbers of both faint and bright galaxies. We measure a cluster 100-500 micron far-infrared luminosity density of 1.6(7.0) \pm 0.2 x 10^9 Lsun/Mpc3. This compares to a cluster 0.4-2.5 \mum optical luminosity density of 5.0(20.0) x 10^9 Lsun/Mpc3, some 3.2(2.9) times larger than the far-infrared. A typical photon originates from an optical depth of 0.4\pm0.1. Most of our sample galaxies are well fitted by a single modified blackbody (beta=2), leading to a mean dust mass of log Mdust = 7.31 Msun and temperature of 20.0 K. We also derive both stellar and atomic hydrogen masses from which we calculate mean values for the stars:gas(atomic) and gas(atomic): dust mass ratios of 15.1 and 58.2 respectively. Using our derived dust, atomic gas and stellar masses we estimate cluster mass densities of 8.6(27.8) x 10^6, 4.6(13.9) x 10^8, 7.8(29.7) x 10^9 Msun/Mpc3, respectively for dust, atomic gas and stars. These values are higher than those derived for field galaxies by factors of 39(126), 6(18) and 34(129) respectively. In the above luminosity/mass densities are given using the whole sample with values in brackets using just those galaxies that lie between 17 and 23 Mpc. We provide a data table of flux densities in all the Herschel bands for all 78 bright Virgo cluster galaxies., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2012
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4. The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy

Author

Cormier, D., Madden, S. C., Lebouteiller, V., Abel, N., Hony, S., Galliano, F., Rémy-Ruyer, A., Bigiel, F., Baes, M., Boselli, A., Chevance, M., Cooray, A., de Looze, I., Doublier, V., Galametz, M., Hughes, T., Karczewski, O. Ł., Lee, M.-Y., Lu, N., Spinoglio, L., Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), ANR-11-BS56-0023,SYMPATICO,SYnthetic MultiPhase Analysis of The Ism of Cosmic Objects(2011), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
infrared: ISM, HII regions, radiative transfer, photon-dominated region (PDR), galaxies: dwarf, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], techniques: spectroscopic
Abstract

International audience; Context. The far-infrared (FIR) lines are important tracers of the cooling and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) and are rapidly becoming workhorse diagnostics for galaxies throughout the universe. There are clear indications of a different behavior of these lines at low metallicity that needs to be explored. Aims. Our goal is to explain the main differences and trends observed in the FIR line emission of dwarf galaxies compared to more metal-rich galaxies, and how this translates in ISM properties. Methods. We present Herschel/PACS spectroscopic observations of the [C ii] 157 μm, [O i] 63 and 145 μm, [O iii] 88 μm, [N ii] 122 and 205 μm, and [N iii] 57 μm fine-structure cooling lines in a sample of 48 low-metallicity star-forming galaxies of the guaranteed time key program Dwarf Galaxy Survey. We correlate PACS line ratios and line-to-LTIR ratios with LTIR, LTIR/LB, metallicity, and FIR color, and interpret the observed trends in terms of ISM conditions and phase filling factors with Cloudy radiative transfer models. Results. We find that the FIR lines together account for up to 3 percent of LTIR and that star-forming regions dominate the overall emission in dwarf galaxies. Compared to metal-rich galaxies, the ratios of [O iii]88/[N ii]122 and [N iii]57/[N ii]122 are high, indicative of hard radiation fields. In the photodissociation region (PDR), the [C ii]157/[O i]63 ratio is slightly higher than in metal-rich galaxies, with a small increase with metallicity, and the [O i]145/[O i]63 ratio is generally lower than 0.1, demonstrating that optical depth effects should be small on the scales probed. The [O iii]88/[O i]63 ratio can be used as an indicator of the ionized gas/PDR filling factor, and is found to be ~4 times higher in the dwarfs than in metal-rich galaxies. The high [C ii]/LTIR, [O i]/LTIR, and [O iii]/LTIR ratios, which decrease with increasing LTIR and LTIR/LB, are interpreted as a combination of moderate far-UV fields and a low PDR covering factor. Harboring compact phases of a low filling factor and a large volume filling factor of diffuse gas, the ISM of low-metallicity dwarf galaxies has a more porous structure than that of metal-rich galaxies.

Published
2015
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5. The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey - XII. FIR properties of optically selected Virgo cluster galaxies

Author

S. Alighieri di Serego, George J. Bendo, S. C. Madden, Stefano Zibetti, Catherine Vlahakis, Dominik J. Bomans, Médéric Boquien, Alessandro Boselli, I. De Looze, L. K. Hunt, Joris Verstappen, Laure Ciesla, Maarten Baes, Michael Pohlen, Laura Magrini, Giuseppe Gavazzi, M. S. Clemens, Marco Grossi, Jacopo Fritz, Matthew Smith, Robbie Richard Auld, Simone Bianchi, E. M. Xilouris, Ciro Pappalardo, Edvige Corbelli, Luca Cortese, Jonathan Ivor Davies, AUTRES, Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (STECF), Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie - UMR 7213 (LBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Centro de Astronomia e Astrofísica da Universidade de Lisboa (CAAUL), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA)), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Universiteit Gent, Universiteit Gent [Ghent], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Universitá degli Studi di Milan-Bocca, Auld, R, Bianchi, S, Smith, M, Davies, J, Bendo, G, di Serego Alighieri, S, Cortese, L, Baes, M, Bomans, D, Boquien, M, Boselli, A, Ciesla, L, Clemens, M, Corbelli, E, De Looze, I, Fritz, J, Gavazzi, G, Pappalardo, C, Grossi, M, Hunt, L, Madden, S, Magrini, L, Pohlen, M, Verstappen, J, Vlahakis, C, Xilouris, E, and Zibetti, S

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), DWARF GALAXIES, Population, Extinction (astronomy), MU-M, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, galaxies [infrared], MAGELLANIC CLOUDS, 0103 physical sciences, NEARBY GALAXIES, COLD DUST, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Dwarf galaxy, clusters of galaxies galaxy Virgo, Physics, Luminous infrared galaxy, education.field_of_study, Spiral galaxy, II. DUST, ISM [galaxies], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, extinction, infrared galaxies, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, clusters: individual: Virgo [galaxies], galaxies ISM, Virgo Cluster, Galaxy, GAS MASS-RATIO, Physics and Astronomy, Space and Planetary Science, Elliptical galaxy, photometry [galaxies], dust, extinction, dust, SUBMILLIMETER, galaxies photometry, SCIENCE DEMONSTRATION PHASE, SPIRAL GALAXIES, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey (HeViCS) is the deepest, confusion-limited survey of the Virgo Cluster at far-infrared (FIR) wavelengths. The entire survey at full depth covers $\sim$55 sq. deg. in 5 bands (100-500 \micron), encompassing the areas around the central dominant elliptical galaxies (M87, M86 & M49) and extends as far as the NW cloud, the W cloud and the Southern extension. The survey extends beyond this region with lower sensitivity so that the total area covered is 84 sq. deg. In this paper we describe the data, the data acquisition techniques and present the detection rates of the optically selected Virgo Cluster Catalogue (VCC). We detect 254 (34%) of 750 VCC galaxies found within the survey boundary in at least one band and 171 galaxies are detected in all five bands. For the remainder of the galaxies we have measured strict upper limits for their FIR emission. The population of detected galaxies contains early- as well as late-types although the latter dominate the detection statistics. We have modelled 168 galaxies, showing no evidence of a strong synchrotron component in their FIR spectra, using a single-temperature modified blackbody spectrum with a fixed emissivity index ($\beta = 2$). A study of the $\chi^2$ distribution indicates that this model is not appropriate in all cases, and this is supported by the FIR colours which indicate a spread in $\beta$=1--2. Statistical comparison of the dust mass and temperature distributions from 140 galaxies with $\chi^2_{dof=3} < 7.8$ (95% confidence level) shows that late-types have typically colder, more massive dust reservoirs; the early-type dust masses have a mean of ${\rm log}( / M_{\sun}) = 6.3 \pm 0.3 $, while for late-types ${\rm log}( / M_{\sun}) =7.1 \pm 0.1$... (abridged), Comment: 47 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2013
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6. FIR colours and SEDs of nearby galaxies observed with Herschel

Author

Stefano Zibetti, Matthew Joseph Griffin, Diane Cormier, Werner W. Zeilinger, Maud Galametz, L. Spinoglio, E. E. Rigby, Thomas M. Hughes, Andreas Papageorgiou, Aliakbar Dariush, Simone Bianchi, Jonathan Ivor Davies, Dario Fadda, Michael Pohlen, Anthony P. Jones, Marc Sauvage, Leslie K. Hunt, N. Lu, N. Castro-Rodriguez, Daniele Pierini, Gillian S. Wright, Jamie Stevens, Sacha Hony, Laure Ciesla, Herve Wozniak, Eli Dwek, Pierre Chanial, Jacopo Fritz, Kate Gudrun Isaak, Asantha Cooray, Ismael Perez-Fournon, L. Vigroux, Maximilien R. P. Schirm, Jason Glenn, Matthew Smith, D. J. Bomans, George J. Bendo, Alessandro Boselli, Marco Grossi, D. A. Garcia-Appadoo, Mattia Vaccari, M. Bradford, A. Rykala, Suzanne C. Madden, V. Buat, Koryo Okumura, Catherine Vlahakis, S. Sabatini, Christine D. Wilson, B. O'Halloran, Edvige Corbelli, James J. Bock, Frédéric Galliano, L. R. Levenson, Giuseppe Gavazzi, Markos Trichas, Helene Roussel, David L. Clements, Luca Cortese, Marcel Clemens, Benjamin L. Schulz, Seb Oliver, Stephane Charlot, Carlo Giovanardi, Maarten Baes, Emmanuel M. Xilouris, Joris Verstappen, Naseem Rangwala, Stephen Anthony Eales, N. Sacchi, P. Panuzzo, Robbie Richard Auld, T. J. Parkin, S. Sundar, M. J. Page, David Elbaz, M. Symeonidis, S. di Serego Alighieri, Haley Louise Gomez, Walter Kieran Gear, I. De Looze, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Boselli, A, Ciesla, L, Buat, V, Cortese, L, Auld, R, Baes, M, Bendo, G, Bianchi, S, Bock, J, Bomans, D, Bradford, M, Castro Rodriguez, N, Chanial, P, Charlot, S, Clemens, M, Clements, D, Corbelli, E, Cooray, A, Cormier, D, Dariush, A, Davies, J, De Looze, I, di Serego Alighieri, S, Dwek, E, Eales, S, Elbaz, D, Fadda, D, Fritz, J, Galametz, M, Galliano, F, Garcia Appadoo, D, Gavazzi, G, Gear, W, Giovanardi, C, Glenn, J, Gomez, H, Griffin, M, Grossi, M, Hony, S, Hughes, T, Hunt, L, Isaak, K, Jones, A, Levenson, L, Lu, N, Madden, S, O'Halloran, B, Okumura, K, Oliver, S, Page, M, Panuzzo, P, Papageorgiou, A, Parkin, T, Perez Fournon, I, Pierini, D, Pohlen, M, Rangwala, N, Rigby, E, Roussel, H, Rykala, A, Sabatini, S, Sacchi, N, Sauvage, M, Schulz, B, Schirm, M, Smith, M, Spinoglio, L, Stevens, J, Sundar, S, Symeonidis, M, Trichas, M, Vaccari, M, Verstappen, J, Vigroux, L, Vlahakis, C, Wilson, C, Wozniak, H, Wright, G, Xilouris, E, Zeilinger, W, and Zibetti, S

Subjects
Infrared, Radio galaxy, DUST, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, galaxies [infrared], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], ATLAS, VIRGO CLUSTER, spiral [galaxies], Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, galaxies: ISM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, galaxies: spiral, Active galactic nucleus, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Metallicity, INFRARED-EMISSION, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Color temperature, infrared: galaxies, cD, FIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA, 0103 physical sciences, Emissivity, STAR-FORMING GALAXIES, DISTRIBUTIONS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Science & Technology, ISM [galaxies], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galaxy, UV, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, SPITZER, SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD, elliptical and lenticular [galaxies]
Abstract

We present infrared colours (in the 25-500 mic spectral range) and UV to radio continuum spectral energy distributions of a sample of 51 nearby galaxies observed with SPIRE on Herschel. The observed sample includes all morphological classes, from quiescent ellipticals to active starbursts. Active galaxies have warmer colour temperatures than normal spirals. In ellipticals hosting a radio galaxy, the far-infrared (FIR) emission is dominated bynthe synchrotron nuclear emission. The colour temperature of the cold dust is higher in quiescent E-S0a than in star-forming systems probably because of the different nature of their dust heating sources (evolved stellar populations, X-ray, fast electrons) and dust grain properties. In contrast to the colour temperature of the warm dust, the f350/f500 index sensitive to the cold dust decreases with star formation and increases with metallicity, suggesting an overabundance of cold dust or an emissivity parameter beta, Accepted for publication on A&A, Herschel special issue

Published
2010
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7. The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey V. Star-forming dwarf galaxies - dust in metal-poor environments

Author

Matthew Smith, Aliakbar Dariush, Stefano Zibetti, Michael Pohlen, Leslie K. Hunt, Emmanuel M. Xilouris, Joris Verstappen, Giuseppe Gavazzi, Jacopo Fritz, D. J. Bomans, Alessandro Boselli, Dario Fadda, George J. Bendo, Simone Bianchi, S. Sabatini, S. di Serego Alighieri, Marcel Clemens, Edvige Corbelli, Luca Cortese, Anthony P. Jones, D. A. Garcia-Appadoo, Catherine Vlahakis, Jonathan Ivor Davies, Maarten Baes, S. C. Madden, Carlo Giovanardi, Daniele Pierini, Marco Grossi, I. De Looze, Thomas M. Hughes, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Grossi, M, Hunt, L, Madden, S, Vlahakis, C, Bomans, D, Baes, M, Bendo, G, Bianchi, S, Boselli, A, Clemens, M, Corbelli, E, Cortese, L, Dariush, A, Davies, J, De Looze, I, di Serego Alighieri, S, Fadda, D, Fritz, J, Garcia Appadoo, D, Gavazzi, G, Giovanardi, C, Hughes, T, Jones, A, Pierini, D, Pohlen, M, Sabatini, S, Smith, M, Verstappen, J, Xilouris, E, and Zibetti, S

Subjects
HI SOURCE CATALOG, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), dwarf [galaxies], [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], FAST ALPHA SURVEY, Star (game theory), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, IRREGULAR GALAXIES, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, NEARBY GALAXIES, TO-GAS RATIO, COLD DUST, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Dwarf galaxy, QB, Physics, dust extinction, infrared: ISM, ISM [galaxies], extinction, ISM [infrared], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Small sample, galaxies: dwarf, galaxies: dwarf, galaxies: ISM, dust, extinction, infrared: ISM, Virgo Cluster, MOLECULAR GAS, ATOMIC GAS, Galaxy, Physics and Astronomy, Space and Planetary Science, Content (measure theory), DIGITAL SKY SURVEY, Spectral energy distribution, dust, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, INTERSTELLAR DUST, galaxies: ISM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the dust properties of a small sample of Virgo cluster dwarf galaxies drawn from the science demonstration phase data set of the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. These galaxies have low metallicities (7.8 < 12 + log(O/H) < 8.3) and star-formation rates < 10^{-1} M_{sun}/yr. We measure the spectral energy distribution (SED) from 100 to 500 um and derive dust temperatures and dust masses. The SEDs are fitted by a cool component of temperature T < 20 K, implying dust masses around 10^{5} M_{sun} and dust-to-gas ratios D within the range 10^{-3}-10^{-2}. The completion of the full survey will yield a larger set of galaxies, which will provide more stringent constraints on the dust content of star-forming dwarf galaxies., Letter accepted for publication in A&A (Herschel special issue)

Published
2010
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