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1. Traceable surface sources by functionalization for initial mapping of nuclear facilities

Author

Tuzun, Dilan, Lourenço, Valérie, Chambon, Lucille, Kergadallan, Yann, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
instrumentation, [PHYS]Physics [physics], detector, dismantling, polymer, Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, surface contamination, calibration, 152Eu, grafting, alpha-rays, reference source, decommissioning, metrology, radioactivity, 241Am, beta-rays, functionalization, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ionizing radiation, sulfonatio, [CHIM.RADIO]Chemical Sciences/Radiochemistry, nuclear instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; During decommissioning and dismantling, the initial cartography of all the surfaces is a key step that will enable in the classification of potential future wastes as a function of their radioactivity level. Using relevant surface sources, contamination detectors must be calibrated in terms of emitted flux, or Bq.cm-2. Current standard surface sources are made of thick aluminum with limited surface areas complying with ISO 8769 standard (Reference Sources-Calibration of Surface Contamination Monitors). These sources lack representativeness. This research intends to produce flexible, traceable surface sources with limited radiation self-absorption (for alpha and beta emitters). In this study, we propose a novel approach that will allow us to produce non-contaminating sources, due to the strong chemical bonds between the substrate and radioactive molecule. Using this method, unlike the commercial ones, a protective layer on the surface is not needed. We will then be able to manufacture more representative and non-contaminating sources to be used on-site to check the stability of the measurement devices. Two substrates, aluminium foils and polymeric surfaces, were selected to create sources that are both thin and flexible, curved or rough. Primarily, three molecules were selected to bind to the substrate at one end, and show a high affinity for the radionuclides at the other end. Due to the flexibility of aluminium foils, these sources can also be used to assess the performance of the detector in front of a curved surface. The experimental study includes cleaning, etching, grafting, and radionuclide binding steps. The substrates are cleaned in order to eliminate any organic residues. Afterwards, hydroxide functions were released by etching. Finally, in the grafting step, etched samples are immersed to graft the selected molecule on the substrate. These functionalization methods and their parameters such as concentration, reaction time, temperature, and drying conditions are optimized. In addition to these methods, sulfonation was found to be efficient for radionuclide attachment on polymeric surfaces. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the functionalization success before and after grafting and to identify the functions on the surface. The topography was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectra results indicated that all of the selected chemicals were grafted onto the aluminum substrate. The SEM images also demonstrate that the surface morphology has changed significantly after grafting. Eventually, radionuclide binding experiments were carried out with 152Eu, used as a chemical surrogate for 241Am. We will present the radionuclide's binding yield obtained as a function of the functionalization as well as the associated surface uniformity of the samples, using respectively liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography.

Published
2023

2. A study of the non-uniformity of the PMT photocathode response and its influence on the results obtained in different scintillation counting experiments

Author

V. Todorov, P. Cassette, Ch. Dutsov, B. Sabot, S. Georgiev, K. Mitev, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), the Bulgarian National Scientific Research Fund under contract KP-06-H38/9 from 06.12.19 (TDCX), and This work is supported by the Bulgarian National Scientific Research Fund under contract KP-06-H38/9 from 06.12.19 (TDCX)

Subjects
instrumentation, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, scintillation, Triple to Double coincidence Ratio (TDCR), Pulse-shape discrimination, photocathode, Primary activity measurement, non-uniformity, Radon measurements, spectrum analysis, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Metrology, counting efficiency, alpha-rays, spectrum, Plastic scintillation, spectrometry, radioactivity, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Energy resolution, Triple to Double Coincidence Ratio, ionizing radiation, Photocathode response spatial non-uniformity, nuclear instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; We investigated the non-uniformity of the response of the photocathodes of some PMTs and their potential influence on the results of scintillation measurements. We have developed an experimental system which allows us to study the non-uniformity of the photocathode response and its influence on the shape of alpha spectra obtained after pulse-shape discrimination. The system is presented together with the first tests of a Hamamatsu R7600U-200 PMT. A degradation of the counting efficiency and a shift of the peak position towards small values was identified in the measurements near the edges of the photocathode where the energy resolution is significantly worse than the energy resolution at the central region of the PMT. Such non-uniformity also affects absolute activity measurements based on the free parameter model, i.e., the Triple to Double coincidence Ratio (TDCR) method and the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing method. The traditional free parameter model assumes a Poisson distribution of the number of emitted photons but the non-uniformity leads to a compound Poisson distribution, where the mean value of the distribution is a random variable. This introduces an extra variance of the calculated detection efficiency which should be taken into account in the measurement uncertainty budget. Experimental results are presented in the paper, together with their practical influence in scintillation measurements and absolute calibration of radionuclides.

Published
2023

3. Surface functionalization to provide flexible surface sources

Author

Tuzun, Dilan, Gouraud, Charles, Chambon, Lucille, Kergadallan, Yann, Lourenço, Valérie, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Liquid scintillation counting, dismantling, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Micro-scope (SEM), surface contamination, calibration, grafting, autoradiography, alpha-rays, reference source, monitoring, decommissioning, radioactivity, beta-rays, ionizing radiation, [CHIM.RADIO]Chemical Sciences/Radiochemistry
Abstract

International audience; During the decommissioning and dismantling process, the initial cartography of all the surfaces is vital in classifying potential future waste, depending on their radioactivity level. Contamination monitors, commonly used to measure the surface contamination, need to be calibrated in terms of emitted flux or Bq.cm$^{-2}$ using adequate surface sources. The major drawbacks of existing reference sources is that they are not representative of real sites and their surface areas are limited (

Published
2022

4. Radon-222 measurement by detection of alpha-radioluminescence of air with a triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) counter

Author

Mitev, Krasimir, Todorov, Vladislav, Georgiev, Strahil, Sabot, Benoit, Cassette, Philippe, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
instrumentation, 222Rn, radon, triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR), calibration, alpha-rays, detecctor, reference source, air radioluminescence, metrology, radioactivity, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], ionizing radiation, nuclear instrumentation, reference PIPS detector
Abstract

International audience; This work explores the applicability of previous finings of other researchers that the radioluminescence of air can be used for detection of alpha sources and 222Rn detection. We propose the triple-to-double coincidence ratio counter (TDCR) as a suitable detector to detect the radioluminescence light produced by the alpha particles in the air. We developed a TDCR-based 222Rn measurement system based on the detection of air alpha- radioluminescence. The system is connected to a 222Rn calibration facility and its response is studied by comparison to a reference 222Rn monitor that utilizes a PIPS detector. The linearity of response of the system is verified with certified 239Pu sources in a large alpha emission rate range. The 222Rn response of the system is benchmarked against the reference PIPS detector under stable and varying 222Rn concentrations. An excellent agreement between the two systems is observed. It appears that the proposed method is feasible and has one very distinct advantage the memory effect due to deposition of 222Rn progeny can be eliminated entirely very easy by changing the vial in the TDCR counter. The proposed method can find application for monitoring of 222Rn concentration during calibration of radon detectors (e.g. solid state nuclear track detectors).

Published
2022

5. Activity calibration of $^{222}$Rn in water by TDCR method in LSC and determination of the half-life of $^{214}$Po

Author

Cassette, Philippe, Dutsov, Chavdar, Sabot, Benoit, Mitev, Krasimir, Todorov, Vladislav, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
instrumentation, 222Rn, Liquid scintillation, Primary activity measurement, Nuclear instrumentatio, radon, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], calibration, simulation, Triple to Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR), alpha-rays, 214Po, metrology, radioactivity, beta-rays, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], ionizing radiation, Monte Carlo, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an]
Abstract

Oral presentation; International audience; Liquid scintillation counting is a well-suited method for the activity calibration of 222Rn sources, as the geometrical efficiency is 4 Pi sr and the detection efficiency is close to 5 at equilibrium with the progenies. In the past we have developed a method to calculate this detection efficiency for the Triple to Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR) method, considering some simplifications, like assuming 100% detection efficiency of alpha radionuclides and high-energy beta radionuclides of the radon progenies. A correction was applied for the disintegration of 214Po, as its half-life is not negligible versus the counter dead-time and leads to a reduction of its detection probability. In this work we revisited these simplifications in order to develop a more accurate model. In the new model, we did not assume a unity detection efficiency for the high-energy beta radionuclides, but we calculated it using the free parameter model in LSC, by considering the energy spectrum transferred to the scintillator, from up-to-date beta spectra calculation and Monte Carlo simulation of the energy transferred to the scintillator.Radon in water LS sources were measured using a miniature TDCR counter and an acquisition system based on a fast digitizer. The offline processing of acquisition files was made using several dead-time base duration values from 5 µs to 1000 µs, and the counting rates were corrected for blank measurement, accidental coincidences and dead-time evolution during the measurement. The analysis of the relationship between the triple and double coincidence counting rates versus the base dead-time duration allows a new type of determination of the half-life of 214Po. This half-life was found to be slightly smaller, albeit coherent with the evaluated DDEP value. This new value was integrated to a computer program, allowing an accurate determination of the detection efficiency of 222Rn in equilibrium with its progenies, without the need of an extrapolation to zero dead-time measurement. The results obtained in this work will largely facilitate the calibration of 222Rn sources and the calibration of LSC counters for 222Rn-in-water measurements.

Published
2022

6. Development of a compact alpha and beta camera for dismantlement applications

Author

Sylvain Leblond, Pascal Fichet, Rémi Laumonier, Sophie Billon, Paul Sardini, Kimberly Colas, Laboratoire d’analyse en soutien aux exploitants (LASE), Service d'études analytiques et de réactivité des surfaces (SEARS), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ateliers Laumonier, France (13 Ateliers Laumonier, 11 rue de Chenival - BP 29 - F-95690 Nesles la Vallée, France), Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This work was performed within the Investments for the future program of the French Government and operated by the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra).

Subjects
instrumentation, gamma imaging, Electronic architecture, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, dismantling, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, gamma-rays, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], image reconstruction, Pollution, plastic scintillator, alpha-rays, beta imaging, alpha imaging, Analytical Chemistry, image processing, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, radioactivity, beta-rays, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, ionizing radiation, signal processing, Spectroscopy, nuclear instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; A new method has been developed to image surface contamination on-site by short range radiation emitters (such as alpha or beta particle emitters). The measurement is performed in direct contact with the contaminated surface and uses a solid scintillator coupled with Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays. The signal readout is processed using a dedicated electronic. The experimental setup used to acquire the data, as well as the analysis procedure, are described and the results are discussed with regard to dismantling requirements. Image reconstruction is investigated using various algorithms. A proof of principle is performed in laboratory using a simple prototype and multiple alpha and beta sources. All the common beta and alpha emitters are detected (including tritium) and tests on gamma radiation are also performed. The minimum detectable activity is estimated to be 0.4 Bq/cm² for beta radiations (14C) and 0.3 Bq/cm² for alpha radiations (239Pu). Finally, promising discrimination capability of the prototype is highlighted.

Published
2022

7. A reliable absolute and relative bayesian method for nuclear decommissioning: low-level radioactivity detection with gamma-ray spectrometry

Author

Frederick Carrel, Thomas Dautremer, Maugan Michel, Nicolas Dufour, Frederic Laine, Hanan Arahmane, Jonathan Dumazert, Eric Barat, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques (LCAE), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation de Systèmes (LM2S)

Subjects
Bayesian hypothesis test, Computer science, Bayesian probability, 02 engineering and technology, spectrum analysis, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, surface activity of uranium in concrete, alpha-rays, Constant false alarm rate, uranium, spectrometry, decommissioning, Frequentist inference, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, signal processing, nuclear instrumentation, Statistical hypothesis testing, gamma spectrometry, instrumentation, detector, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Probabilistic logic, Response time, gamma-rays, Semiconductor detector, radioactivity, A priori and a posteriori, ionizing radiation, Algorithm, Non Parametric Bayesian method
Abstract

International audience; In this article, we aim at measuring a low-activity uranium contamination deposited on concrete surfaces of a nuclear facility and presenting varying enrichment levels. Considering this application field, CEA LIST, has developed an original approach, combining gamma-ray spectrometry based on high-purity germanium (HPGe) measurements and specific Bayesian algorithms. This methodology gives access to an indirect surface activity estimation, assuming that the ratio between the number of alpha particles to be quantified and the number of detected gamma rays is known. The Bayesian approach characteristic property is able to inject a representation of the physical context in the form of a probabilistic a priori. It enables to improve the tradeoff between the true detection rate (TDR) and the false alarm rate (FAR) at low count rates and takes benefit of a richer time-energy information structure than the algorithms used in the conventional detection procedures. The performance evaluation and characterization of Bayesian statistical tests are performed using classical receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves by comparison to frequentist hypothesis tests. Results indicate that the Bayesian approach has a superior detection performance for low-activity uranium contamination compared to the frequentist approach. The estimated gain is contained between 30% and 50%, considering a variable or stable radiological background. The Bayesian approach offers the best tradeoff between the TDR, FAR, and the response time and is compatible with the user's requirements.

Published
2021

8. Experimental determination of the x-ray atomic fundamental parameters of nickel

Author

J-Cl Dousse, B. Beckhoff, Yoshiaki Ito, Matthias Müller, M-C Lépy, Sei Fukushima, M Yamashita, Rainer Unterumsberger, Joanna Hoszowska, Philipp Hönicke, Y. Ménesguen, Wojciech Błachucki, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), Department of Physics [Fribourg], Université de Fribourg = University of Fribourg (UNIFR), Hyogo Institute for Traumatic Stress, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science (DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE), Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Financial support for the determination of the FP data by the REXDAB collaboration that was initiated within the International Fundamental Parameter Initiative., Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and University of Fribourg

Subjects
line intensities, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Metrology, 01 natural sciences, alpha-rays, SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION, Scattering, K-$\alpha$, K-ALPHA, 0103 physical sciences, X-rays, beta-rays, SPECTROMETER, K-beta, Emission spectrum, Intensity ratios, 010306 general physics, Range (particle radiation), fluorescence yield, Spectrometer, Spectrometry, 010401 analytical chemistry, monochromator beamline, Decay data measurement, General Engineering, Attenuation, Emission spectra, Primary activity measurement, 0104 chemical sciences, Ssynchrotron-radiation, Nickel, mass attenuation coefficients, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), radioactivity, K-alpha, Atomic physics, ionizing radiation, Copper
Abstract

International audience; The x-ray atomic properties of nickel (Ni) were investigated in a unique approach combining different experimental techniques to obtain new, useful and reliable values of atomic fundamental parameters for x-ray spectrometric purposes and for comparison with theoretical predictions. We determined the mass attenuation coefficients in an energy range covering the L-and K-absorption edges, the K-shell fluorescence yield and the $K\beta$ / $K\alpha$ and $K\beta_{1,3}$/$K\alpha_{1,2}$ transition probability ratios. The obtained line profiles and linewidths of the $K\alpha$ and $K\beta$ transitions in Ni can be considered as the contribution of the satellite lines arising from the [KM] shake processes suggested by Deutsch et al (1995 Phys. Rev. A 51 283) and Ito et al (2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 042506). Comparison of the new data with several databases showed good agreement, but also discrepancies were found with existing tabulated values.

Published
2018

9. Detection of Special Nuclear Materials with tagged neutrons

Author

Vladimir Konzdrasovs, Gwenolé Corre, Cedric Carasco, Bertrand Perot, J. Gameiro, K. Boudergui, Clement Deyglun, Guillaume Sannie, Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires ( LMN ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information ( DM2I ), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies ( LIST ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires (LMN), Service Mesures et modélisation des Transferts et des Accidents graves (SMTA), Département Technologie Nucléaire (DTN), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Département Technologie Nucléaire (DTN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), KEP Nuclear, Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Electroniques (LCAE), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA))

Subjects
Data acquisition system, Special nuclear materials, Neutron detector, Nuclear engineering, Radioactive materials, Semiconductor detectors, associated particle technique, Nuclear instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, Prompt neutron, Neutron generator, Neutron detection, Cargo container inspection system, Inspection equipment, Instrumentation, Tagged neutron inspection system, Fusion reactions, Physics, Associated particle techniques, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], Semiconductor detector, Neutron sources, Medical imaging, Gamma-rays, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Neutron detectors, Tagged neutron inspection systems, Numerical models, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Scintillator, plastic scintillator, alpha-rays, Containers, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], signal processing, 010306 general physics, Alpha particles, Neutrons, Neutron-gamma discrimination, detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Inspection, Gamma rays, Data acquisition electronics, Data acquisition, Alpha particle, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Neutron source, Neutron-induced fission, MCNP PoliMi
Abstract

Conference of 2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop, NSS/MIC/RTSD 2016 ; Conference Date: 29 October 2016 Through 6 November 2016; Conference Code:131365; International audience; The Associated Particle Technique can be used to detect Special Nuclear Materials in cargo containers. A DT neutron generator, based on the 3H(2H,n)a fusion reaction, produces 14 MeV neutrons which are tagged both in direction and time with an embedded alpha detector. Prompt neutrons and gamma rays emitted during neutron-induced fissions are detected by plastic scintillators, in coincidence with the alpha particle. Nuclear materials are differentiated from non-nuclear materials and crosstalk events using high multiplicity coincidences. The data acquisition electronics is made of compact FPGA boards. Experiments performed with a mock-up of the measurement system are reported and compared to calculations to validate numerical simulation and post-processing tools. Measurements have been performed with different targets made of iron, lead, or uranium, placed in metallic or wood cargo matrixes. The performances of a full scale cargo container inspection system, with a larger number of detectors optimized for container inspection, are also studied by numerical simulation. Random background due to neutrons which are not correlated with an alpha particle, counting statistics, time and energy resolutions of the data acquisition system, are all taken into account to model the measurements as realistically as possible. A wide range of inspections, with the suspicious item in different positions in different cargo matrixes, have been studied.

Published
2016

10. A new thoron atmosphere reference measurement system

Author

Sylvie Pierre, N. Michielsen, S. Bondiguel, Benoît Sabot, Philippe Cassette, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols (DSU/SERAC/LPMA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), European Project: IND57,MetroNORM, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
Thoron, Nuclear engineering, reference instrument, chemistry.chemical_element, Radon, portative device, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, alpha-rays, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Primary standard, spectrum, Atmosphere, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], nuclear instrumentation, instrumentation, Measure (data warehouse), Radiation, decay products, detector, Atmospheric pressure, System of measurement, Detector, calibration, Rn-222, reference source, 0104 chemical sciences, Rn-220, alpha detector, metrology, Reference measurement, chemistry, radioactivity, air measurement, ionizing radiation, activity concentration, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

International audience; A new thoron reference ((220)Rn) in air measurement system is developed at the LNE-LNHB with the collaboration of the IRSN. This measurement system is based on a reference volume with an alpha detector which is able to directly measure thoron and its decay products at atmospheric pressure. In order to improve the spectrum quality of the thoron progenies, we have applied an electric field to catch the decay products on the detector surface. The developed system is a portative device which can be used to measure reference thoron atmosphere such as the BACCARA chamber at IRSN (Picolo et al., 1999). As this system also allows the measurement of radon ((222)Rn) in air, it was validated using the radon primary standards made at the LNE-LNHB. This thoron measurement system will be used, at IRSN, as a reference instrument in order to calibrate the thoron activity concentration in the BACCARA facility.

Published
2016

11. Traces d’émetteurs alpha dans les réseaux publics

Author

De Sanoit, Jacques, Pomorski, Michal, Bergonzo, P., Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Université de technologie de Troyes (UTT), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), and ANR-11-SECU-0008,ActiFind,Traces d'émetteurs alpha dans les réseaux publics: de la détection directe en phase liquide à l'identification(2011)

Subjects
diamond, actinides, sensor, radioactivity, detection, identification, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], ionizing radiation, alpha-rays
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016

12. Evidence against solar influence on nuclear decay constants

Author

Karsten Kossert, Denis E. Bergeron, M. Marouli, P. De Felice, S. Bourke, L. Verheyen, M.W. van Rooy, M.-N. Amiot, François Bochud, H. Stroh, Stefaan Pommé, Timotheos Altzitzoglou, Ryan P. Fitzgerald, Youcef Nedjadi, Frédéric Juget, R. Van Ammel, M. Bruggeman, T. W. Jackson, Raphael Galea, S Courte, J. Golya, K.M. Ferreira, Aldo Fazio, V. Chisté, Branko Vodenik, Michael P. Unterweger, John Keightley, B.R.S. Simpson, Claude Bailat, W.M. van Wyngaardt, J. Paepen, H. Schrader, Matjaž Korun, Ole Nähle, M. I. Reinhard, C Michotte, A. Ceccatelli, Leticia S. Pibida, J. Lubbe, T. Buchillier, T. Roy, M.J. van Staden, Sean Collins, Mikael Hult, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Fazio, A., European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Institut de radiophysique (IRA), Radioactivity Standards Laboratory (NMISA), Laboratorio Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza, ENEA, Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), National Research Council of Canada (NRC), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Environment Laboratories (IAEA), International Atomic Energy Agency [Vienna] (IAEA), National Institute of Standards and Technology [Gaithersburg] (NIST), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron capture, Decay constant, Astrophysics, Neutrino, Half-life, Uncertainty, Radioactivity, Sun, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, alpha-rays, Article, 010309 optics, Nuclear physics, Becquerel, 0103 physical sciences, beta-rays, Exponential decay, Neutrinos, 010306 general physics, Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, Exponential function, Amplitude, 13. Climate action, ionizing radiation, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Radioactive decay, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

International audience; The hypothesis that proximity to the Sun causes variation of decay constants at permille level has been tested and disproved. Repeated activity measurements of mono-radionuclide sources were performed over periods from 200 days up to four decades at 14 laboratories across the globe. Residuals from the exponential nuclear decay curves were inspected for annual oscillations. Systematic deviations from a purely exponential decay curve differ from one data set to another and are attributable to instabilities in the instrumentation and measurement conditions. The most stable activity measurements of alpha, beta-minus, electron capture, and beta-plus decaying sources set an upper limit of 0.0006% to 0.008% to the amplitude of annual oscillations in the decay rate. Oscillations in phase with Earth's orbital distance to the Sun could not be observed within a 10−6 to 10−5 range of precision. There are also no apparent modulations over periods of weeks or months. Consequently, there is no indication of a natural impediment against sub-permille accuracy in half-life determinations, renormalisation of activity to a distant reference date, application of nuclear dating for archaeology, geo- and cosmochronology, nor in establishing the SI unit becquerel and seeking international equivalence of activity standards.

Published
2016

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