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International audience; The aim of the present work is to simulate the segregation and interaction between the two kinds of particles involved. Thesimulation is made using the Discrete Elements Method (Ref 1) implemented in the Open Software LIGGGHTS (Ref 2). The wood chips are represented using either a multisphere approximation or a single sphere model. In both approximations, the model particles have the same volume and the same dynamic properties as the wood chips.The following differences differences between the two approximations are observed:- The transient behaviour of mixing is slower with the single sphere approximation than with the multisphere one. Differences are specially notable at low rotation speed.- The multisphere approximations shows that the orientation of the wood chips is approximately anisotropic except near the walls or the baffles- At given values of the number of steel balls and wood chips and of the rotating speed, the average porosity of the bed is smaller with the multisphere approximation than with the single sphere one.With both approximations, the final (stationary) value of the segregation index is independent of the rotating speed (in therange investigated); however, the values of this final segregation index is slightly larger with the single sphere model.This kind of simulations can be extended to the investigation of heat transfer between the two kinds of particles and to thefragmentation of the wood particles.

International audience; Um die Nachhaltigkeit der energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse beurteilen zu können, ist es notwendig, die gesamte Route vom Boden bis zu den verschiedenen Verwertungen der Biomasse und zum Kraftwerk zu betrachten. Wir werden dies hier am Beispiel der Verwertung von Buchenholz zeigen. Dieser Beitrag entstand aus der Zusammenarbeit zwischen 5 Instituten in Lothringen LERFOB: Forstwirtschaft INRA (M. Fortin) IJL: Ökobilanzen (J. François, O. Mirgaux, F. Patisson) LRGP: Reaktions- und Verfahrenstechnik (J. François, G. Mauviel, G. Wild, A. Dufour) LEMTA: Energietechnik (M. Feidt) LERMAB: Holztechnik (C. Rogaume, Y. Rogaume) Baumwachstum und Forstwirtschaft (inklusive die verschiedenen Anwendungen von Holz: Baumaterial, Papierindustrie, Energie, usw.) werden im Rahmen einer Plattform "CAPSIS" modelliert; dabei werden die verschiedenen Bilanzen (Kohlenstoff, Mineralien: N, S, Cl, P, K) für die Herstellung und den Transport der zur Energieverwertung bestimmten Holzschnipsel ausführlich dargestellt. Die mit CAPSYS gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden in ein großes ASPEN Plus® Programm eingegeben, das die folgenden Aspekte beinhaltet: Sonneneinstrahlung, CO2, zum Wachstum der Biomasse verwendete Mineralien, Wachstum der Biomasse, Holztransport und -Verarbeitung (Trocknen, Zerkleinern), Vergasung, Herstellung von Strom und Wärme im Kraftwerk. Die verschiedenen thermochemischen Reaktionen im Vergaser werden modelliert, um die Schadstoffemissionen berechnen zu können, und um vorauszusagen, was während der Vergasung aus den Mineralien wird. Der Werdegang der Mineralien kann durchaus für die Nachhaltigkeit der Route ausschlaggebend sein. Das so erhaltene Ökoprofil wird dann in einer herkömmlichen Ökobilanz-Software verarbeitet (GaBi®).

LORVER project: production chain of biomass for industrial purposes from former sites and materials. . Contaminated Site Management in Europe (CSME) & Sustainable Approaches to Remediation of Contaminated Land in Europe (SARCLE)

International audience; The talk will give an overview of current research developed at CNRS-LRGP Nancy (France) on the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The main studied processes are pyrolysis and gasification to produce electricity, biofuels intermediates or value-added chemicals such as aromatics. A multiscale methodology is developed ranging from molecular to bioenergy chain scales. The studies at molecular and mesoscopic levels give insight into the mechanisms of biomass pyrolysis and are used to design reactors. Conversely, the detailed mass and energy balances of processes point out process units with low energy efficiency and/or high environmental impact and stress the improvement of reactors and the need of more fundamental knowledge. The methodology will be highlighted by some examples: 1. At the mesoscopic and particle scales, the mechanism of biomass pyrolysis are studied by "slow" conventional setups (TGA, DSC) & by original "fast" setups (image furnace [1], micro fluidized bed). The extent of softening during biomass pyrolysis and interactions in the polymer network are revealed by in-situ analyses: NMR and rheology [2]. Advanced mass spectrometry is also used to analyse tar with Pr. F. Qi's group (Hefei) [3]. 2. At the reactor scale, a 3 kg/h pilot plant has been constructed to study fluidized bed pyrolysis or gasification (syngas quality, but also bed agglomeration). 3. At the process scale, models of thermochemical processes are developed under Aspen Plus [4]. Detailed mass and energy balances are obtained including pollutant emissions (trace species such as tar, NOx, minerals, etc.). The effect of catalysts and reactor operating conditions are modelled [5]. These models point out the key process units and parameters detrimental to the energy and environmental efficiency. References [1] Christodoulou M., Mauviel G., Lédé J,(...), Billaud F., Novel vertical image furnace for fast pyrolysis studies, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (2013), vol. 103, p. 255-260 [2] Dufour, A., Castro-Diaz, M., (...) Snape, C., In situ analysis of biomass pyrolysis by high temperature rheology in relations with 1H NMR, Energy Fuels 26 (10), 6432-6441, 2012. [3] Dufour, A., (...) Billaud F., Mauviel, G., Qi, F. Revealing the chemistry of biomass pyrolysis by means of tunable synchrotron photoionisation - mass spectrometry, RSC Advances 3(14), 4786-4792, 2013. [4] Abdelouahed, L., Authier, O., Mauviel, G., (...) Dufour, A., Detailed modeling of biomass gasification in dual fluidized bed reactors under Aspen Plus, Energy Fuels 26 (6), 3840-3855, 2012. [5] Olcese, R.N., Francois, J., Bettahar, M.M., Petitjean, D., Dufour, A., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, a surrogate of lignin pyrolysis vapors, over iron based catalysts: Kinetics and modeling of the lignin to aromatics integrated process, Energy Fuels 27(2), 975-984, 2013.

International audience; The talk will give an overview of current research developed at CNRS-LRGP Nancy (France) on the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The main studied processes are pyrolysis and gasification to produce electricity, biofuels intermediates or value-added chemicals such as aromatics.

International audience; This poster gives an overview of current research developed at CNRS Nancy (France) on the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The main studied processes are pyrolysis and gasification to produce electricity, biofuels intermediates or value-added chemicals such as aromatics. A multiscale approach is developed ranging from molecular to process scales. The studies at molecular and mesoscopic levels give insight into the mechanisms of biomass pyrolysis and are used to design reactors. Conversely, the detailed mass and energy balances of processes point out process units with low energy efficiency and/or high environmental impact and stress the improvement of reactors and the need of more fundamental knowledge. The methodology will be highlighted by examples at: 1. the molecular scale: advanced NMR studies are used for understanding primary pyrolysis of biomass. Tar are analysed by photo-ionisation mass spectrometry and tar cracking kinetics are studied. 2. the mesoscopic and particle scales: the mechanism of biomass pyrolysis are studied by in-situ rheology and H NMR. Heat and mass transfers inside biomass particles are studied by specific devices with an imposed heat flux density (W/m2) [1]. 3. the reactor scale: Fluidised bed or cyclone are designed and home built in the lab. Advanced reactor models are developed and handled hydrodynamic, transfers and chemical kinetics. 4. the process scale: Bioenergy chains are modelled under Aspen Plus [2] to provide advanced life cycle inventory: from forest growth to end products. [1] JAAP 103, 255-260, 2013. [2] Energy & Fuels 27 (12), 7398-7412, 2013.

National audience

International audience; An original gas-liquid contacting system is proposed, consisting of a pump, an orifice, a vertical tube coaxial to the orifice and an impinging plate. The pump generates a downward vertical liquid jet through the orifice situated above the gas-liquid dispersion level. The two phase jet is directed towards an impinging plate near the bottom of the tank and dispersed in the volume of the liquid. Liquid is withdrawn below the impinging plate and recycled. This reactor may be used for gas-liquid reactions (ie hydrogenations) and also to mix liquids, to disperse particles, to oxygenate waste water etc.... Performances and design rules of this equipment are proposed. Then, the results are compared to performances of bubble columns, stirred tanks, and other academic and industrial jet systems. It is shown that, at a given energy dissipation, this system yields much higher mass transfer densities than a classical stirred tank provided with a Rushton turbine. Finally some suggestions about mass transfer mechanisms and efficiency of dissipated power are given.

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; The thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is still difficult to understand and model, whereas there is anindustrial need for process simulation in order to conceive new plants. Accurate models are needed to predict productcomposition, that are often complex. In this communication, biomass gasification modeling in bubbling fluidized bed is presented. This model has been developed on the basis of literature data, but also through the studies of bed segregation and tar gas-phase conversion, two phenomena that are not yet well understood. Bed segregation has been characterized in a cold fluidized bed with olivine sand and different wood particles (Ref 1). Tar gas-phase conversion has been modeled with detailed radical kinetic model under Chemkin Pro® and the results have been treated to get a lumped kinetic model. Finally, the whole gasifier model has been solved numerically through the combination of two softwares: Matlab® and Aspen Plus®. The simulated gas composition profiles are compared with experimental data obtained thanks to a new fluidized bed pilot. It will be also shown how this type of reactor model can be used under Aspen Plus® to simulate a whole gasification process. This type of process simulation allows to build accurate mass & energy balances (Ref 2), that could be used in technicoeconomic and/or LCA studies (Ref 3).

International audience; Lignocellulosic biomass (wood, straw, energy crops) may be converted efficiently into electricity through syngas production and combustion in a gas engine. One of the best reactor to gasify biomass at the 1-10 MW scale is the air-blown autothermal fluidized bed, but this technology is still suffering from two main technical problems: the tar content of the syngas that may cause fouling and the risk of bed agglomeration / defluidization. To understand these phenomena and find technical solutions, it is important to conduct accurate observations on a gasifier pilot. In this communication, we report the technical features of a new 5 kg/h air-blown fluidised bed pilot plant. Experiments have been achieved with dry pellets of the perennial crop Miscanthus x Giganteus at low equivalence ratio (0.2 to 0.4), high bed temperature (800 to 900°C) and high gas velocity (5 to 10 Umf). Gas composition at the exit of the bed is given in terms of N2, H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2 & C3 hydrocarbons, BTX and GC-FID-MS measurable tar compounds. These results are compared with similar studies (Michel et al., 2008; Xue et al, 2014). Gas composition profiles along the fluidized bed height are also detailed, as well as final bed composition profiles. Each 50mm-thick layer of the bed contains various proportion of olivine, char and agglomerates of olivine and ashes. A specific sampling device has been used to collect 10 g of bed at specific position every 15 minutes under hot operating conditions in order to follow the agglomerates build-up in real-time.

International audience; The Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is an oxy-combustion carbon dioxide capture process using an oxygen carrier(NiO/NiAl2O4 in this study). The combustion is realized in two steps : The first one is the combustion of methane with nickeloxide (called reduction step), the second one is the regeneration (reoxydation) of the reduced nickel with air (oxidation step).The CLC process is based on this cycle of oxidation/reduction of the oxygen carrier. In order to have a better understanding of the phenomena occurring during the two steps and a better design of the oxygen carriers, the determination of the reaction kinetics during each step of the process is needed. For this purpose, some experiments and a model of a continuous perfectly auto-stirred tank reactor (CASTR) have been done and kinetic laws have been developed. In order to validate those kinetic laws, experiments in a fixed bed reactor and its modelling are also performed. The comparison of the predicted and the experimental results confirm the validity of the developed model.Details about the kinetic laws proposedThe reactions observed in both reduction and oxidation steps of the process have been studied. The Grainy Pellet Model, using the Shrinking Core Model for reactions occurring inside the grains, were used to represent the gas-solid reactions. For example, the rate of combustion r1 of methane with nickel oxide is given by the flowing equation (1). This equation depends on the internal diffusion of gas species in a grain (De,int), the grain properties (external radius Rg and interfacial radius between Ni and NiO in a grain rg) and the tablet porosity εt.The catalytic gas-gas reactions are described by typical Langmuir-Hinshelwood laws. For example, the rate of cracking ofmethane catalysed by reduced nickel is described by equation (2). With Kj the adsorption constant of gaseous component jand Pj its partial pressure.A deactivation law, due to deposited carbon at the surface of the grains, is also taken into account. The kinetic laws weredeveloped in a CASTR and will be validated in a fixed bed reactor.ConclusionExperiments have illustrated the influences of operating conditions on the efficiency of the CLC process (quantity of deposited carbon, conversion of methane, …) and very good agreements are obtained between experimental and simulated results, for CASTR and fixed bed reactors. The details of kinetics and adsorption parameters used in this study will be given

International audience; Social Context Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable resource that presents an alternative to fossil fuels and therefore leads us to achieve desirable environmental outcomes. That is why, in 2010, ADEME financed the GAYA project in France, which is coordinated by GDF-Suez with the goal of setting up a decentralized industrial facility for biomass gasification and methanation. Objectives The objective of this work is to contribute directly to the GAYA project database by studying the pyrolysis behavior of a wide range of biomass under the conditions of an industrial gasifier. More specifically, the aim is to determine the influence of the biomass nature on char yield. This variable will take an important role in the double-gasifier functioning and dimensioning. In order to accomplish this purpose, an experimental apparatus was designed to reproduce fluidized bed gasifier heating conditions: the Image Furnace. This setup was used to study the fast pyrolysis of 54 biomasses at a maximum temperature of 850ºC and specifically determine the yield of char, which is an important parameter for GAYA project's dual fluidized bed technology.

International audience; The process of Chemical Looping Combustion necessitates the use of two reactors. In the first one, called “fuelreactor”, the reaction of combustion of methane with an oxygen carrier takes place (reduction step of the oxygencarrier), then, the oxygen carrier is re-oxidised with air in the second reactor called “oxidation reactor” (oxidation step). Diminution of the oxygen carrier performances after some cycles of reduction and oxidation are observed. The main objective of this study is to understand the phenomena leading to a decrease of the process performances. For this purpose, some experiments and modelling of fixed bed reactor have been performed to determine the relation between oxygen carrier structure changes (variation of porosity, chemical composition, structural organisation,…) and process performances decrease (variation of methane conversion and oxygen carrier regeneration rate, …). In order to qualify the variation of physical properties of the oxygen carrier material, analysis like X-ray diffraction, BET surface measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, are done to bring out the variation of structure of oxygen carrier particles. The model of the used fixed bed is modified to take into account all the phenomena observed. Several points will be presented concerning the degradation of the oxygen carrier particles:- even in case of fixed bed reactor (avoiding high friction between particles), the shape of the oxygen carrier grains mayvaries after several cycles of oxidation/reduction of the material. BET analysis will be done to quantify the impact of thosemodifications on the reacting surface of each grain,- X-ray diffraction analyses will show the evolution of the proportion of NiO, Ni and NiAl2O4 in the oxygen carrier grains. Theanalysis of the X-ray signals should indicate that there are some structural modifications of the oxygen carrier.- after the reoxidation of the oxygen carrier, the grains are stuck to each other and form aggregates, measurements will bedone to determine if these aggregates impact the diffusion of gas species through the grains,- a complete analysis of the impact of experimental conditions on the structure of the oxygen carrier will be presented,- carbon deposition has a strong impact on the performances of the oxygen carrier.ConclusionThe modification of the oxygen carrier structure and composition has an impact on its performances in the CLC process(variation of methane conversion, …). A model was developed to represent one cycle of oxidation/reduction of the oxygen carrier in a previous study. The description of the modifications of the material will be used to extend the validity of this model to several cycles. The impact of different experimental conditions on the process performances is also studied.

International audience; Air-blown fluidised bed biomass gasification is a well adapted technology for Combined Heat Power (CHP) applications with syngas valorisation in a gas engine. However, it is not mature yet. Despite promising prototypes, CHP gasification needs further improvements to become the reference technology in the medium-size CHP market. This is the purpose of the GAMECO project, which aims at improving an existing technology by optimising its operation, increasing its feedstock flexibility and optimising its upscaling, based on a better understanding of the key points of biomass Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) gasification (i.e. bed agglomeration risks with agricultural biomasses, tar kinetics and biomass particles hydrodynamics).

International audience; Numerous analytical methods are commonly used to reveal the mechanism of biomass pyrolysis: NMR, FTIR, GC/MS, etc. But all these methods are seldom combined under same biomass and heating conditions. Here we propose to combine the main cutting edge methods to understand biomass pyrolysis. Miscanthus pyrolysis is conducted under slow and fast pyrolysis conditions, with a good control of temperature history and quench of the solid. Mass transfer effects are carefully reduced by conducting pyrolysis in fixed bed reactor with a suitable flow rate of carrier gas. Then the following analyses are developed: (i) µGC for gas, (ii) GC*GC(heart-cutting)/MS-FID, SEC-MS and direct infusion high resolution MS for condensable products and intermediate species extracted by solvents from the char, (iii) high resolution 2D solid 1H-13C NMR, quantitative 1D 13C NMR and FTIR for the solid (biomass/biochar). Calorimetry and in-situ 1H NMR analyses [1] are also performed under similar thermal and mass transfer conditions as for high resolution NMR and MS analysis. During the talk, we will show how all these analytical methods are complementary and necessary to propose a generalized mechanism of biomass pyrolysis. [1] Dufour A., Castro-Diaz, M., Brosse N., Bouroukba M., Snape C.E., ChemSusChem, 7, 1258-1265, 2012.

International audience; Lignin is fond of iron! This poster will give an overview of the works conducted at CNRS Nancy on lignin hydrotreatment by iron-based catalysts. Iron/silica and iron/activated carbon were first assessed on guaiacol gas-phase hydrodeoxygenatation [1, 2]. The effect of gas composition was carefully investigated especially for iron speciation by Mössbauer spectroscopy [2]. Iron-based catalyst shows very good selectivity for the production of benzene, toluene or phenol. A kinetic study and a model of the lignin to benzene process have been also developed [3]. The hydrotreatment of real lignin pyrolysis vapours, before any condensation, was then studied [4]. Lignin pyrolysis was conducted in a tubular reactor and vapours were injected in a fixed bed of catalysts (673K, 1 atm) with stacks to investigate the profile of coke deposit. More than 170 GC-analysable compounds were identified by GC*GC (heart cutting)/FID-MS. Lignin oligomers (analysed by petroleomic) were trapped by the catalytic fixed bed and especially by the activated carbon. The catalysts showed a good selectivity for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of real lignin vapours to benzene, toluene, xylenes (BTX), phenol, cresols and alkyl phenols. The spent catalysts were characterised by temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and N2 sorption. Micropores in the Fe/AC catalyst are completely plugged by coke deposit whereas the mesoporous structure of Fe/SiO2 is not affected by coke deposit. TEM reveals two different types of coke deposit: (1) catalytic coke deposited in the vicinity of iron particles and (2) thermal coke (carbonaceous particles of ~ 1µm diameter) formed from the gas-phase growth of lignin oligomers [4]. [1] Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 115- 116, 63- 73, 2012. [2] Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 129, 528-538, 2013. [3] Energy Fuels 27(2), 975-984, 2013. [4] ChemSusChem, 6 (8) , 1490-1499, 2013.

International audience; Biomass pyrolysis produces hundreds of compounds through an intermediate fluid phase. It is not yet understood how the network of biomass polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin) gives rise to this intermediate "soft" network and how volatiles are ejected from this "metaplast" and then transported within the pores. To understand such mechanisms, it is needed to develop analytical methods for analyzing heavy species (eg. cellulose or hemicelluloses oligomers) which are ejected and condensed in bio-oils or extractables by water after a quench of biomass particles. Several HPLC methods were developed the past years and the most common ones are based on Ion Chromatography such as HPAEC-PAD (High Pressure Anion Exchange Chromatography coupled to a Pulsed Amperometric Detector). The lack of specificity in detection for this method was recently overcome by Yu et al. (Curtin Univ.). HPAED-PAD-MS coupling was developed to quantify liquid products from cellulose decomposition. However, due to a high salt content, an in-line desalter has to be used for mass spectrometry leading to a loss of information. Another way to overcome this problem is to use Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) especially because of its non-chemical selectivity, thus all type water-soluble content can be analyzed in addition to a high molecular mass limit (up to 4000 Da). Levoglucosan and DPs=2 to 5 polysaccharides were analyzed by both SEC-Evaporative Light Selective Detector (ELSD) combined by Electro Spray Ionisation (ESI)-Mass Spectrometry (MS), in order to compare accuracy in quantification between mass spectrometry ion signals and ELSD's signals. Ultimately, SEC has allowed a good separation of major cellulose oligomers and highly reproducible signals were observed with both detection techniques. Furthermore, this method is then applied to quantify carbohydrates pyrolysis products extracted by water from biomass particles after a quench at different temperatures. New major heavy intermediate species are revealed.

International audience

International audience; Nowadays, ligno-cellulosic biomass is considered as a renewable carbon resource. It represents a relevant alternative to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Last decades, many scientists and industrials have been interested in thermochemical conversion of biomass such as gasification. In order to model these reactors, it is important to observe thermochemical phenomena, through dedicated experiments close to the industrial conditions. Accordingly, it is interesting to study the pyrolysis step, notably in conditions representative of fluidized bed, one of the major technologies to gasify biomass. The aim of this communication is to present and compare the new vertical image furnace realized by LRGP and four other fast pyrolysis setups: wire mesh reactor [1], free fall reactor [2], radiant furnace [3] and other image furnaces [4, 5]. The vertical image furnace is based on the former horizontal setup which has been described in details in previous works [4,6]. The principle is to concentrate the radiation of a 5 kW xenon arc lamp on a biomass sample. The lamp is settled at the first focus of an elliptical mirror. The light beams are concentrated at the second focus where the biomass sample is placed inside a cylindrical reactor. A controlled flow of nitrogen at ambient temperature sweeps this reactor to quench vapours and prevent any gas-phase reactions. The radiant flux applied to the biomass can reach 800 kW.m -². This is the maximum heat flux encountered by a solid fuel injected inside a fluidized bed [6]. During pyrolysis, gases are collected in a sampling bag, liquids are condensed in a cold bath (T = 223K) and aerosols are filtered. The solid residue is remained in the reactor. As soon as the light beams are switched off, the different products could be recovered, weighted and analysed (CHON, Karl Fischer, GC and HPLC). The main innovations of this setup are the heat flux modulation over time to reproduce fluidized bed conditions, the pyrometric temperature measurement and the vertical orientation of the concentrated beams. This feature allows studying very thin samples of wood pieces which are pyrolysed in chemical regime, but also other kind of biomass (powders and liquids). The comparison of this new setup with other fast pyrolysis lab reactors focuses on technical features: maximum temperature, heating rate, pressure, solid residence time, gas-phase conditions (temperature and residence time), type of biomass sample and its dimensions. This comparison allows evaluating advantages and drawbacks of this vertical image furnace setup. References [1] E. Hoekstra, Fast pyrolysis of biomass: an experimental study on mechanisms influencing yield and composition of the products, PhD thesis, University of Twente, 2011, Nederland. [2] R. Zanzi, K. Sjöström, et E. Björnbom, Rapid high-temperature pyrolysis of biomass in a free-fall reactor , Fuel, 1996, 75, 545-550. [3] C.

Brevet Français déposé le 11 mai 2012 par NOVAGRAAF TECHNOLOGIES

International audience; The present paper deals with the comparison of two biomass-to-oil processes: fast pyrolysis and subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction. Using the same biomass (beech sawdust), fast pyrolysis was led thanks to a cyclone reactor (wall temperature between 870 and 1040 K) and subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction thanks to a 150-ml-batch-reactor (temperature between 420 and 600 K). Mass balances and phases analysis (ultimate analysis, higher heating value (HHV), Karl-Fischer, gas chromatographies, H1 NMR) allow the comparison of both processes and the characterization of pyro-oils (heavy oils, light oils and aerosols), liq-oils (heavy oils and water soluble organics), solids and gas. For both processes, there is a temperature for which a high conversion of biomass is reached with a minimum of gas mass yield. Up to 62.6 wt% of pyro-oil and 47.0 wt% of liq-oil, on dry basis, were obtained in this work, with oxygen contents and chemical compositions different from one to the other.

International audience; The synthesis of 5-(4-propargylaminocarboxyphenyl) -10,15,20-triphenylchlorin is described. This new compound has been characterized by 1H NMR, MS and spectroscopic techniques. The propargyl moiety can be helpful for the grafting of the chlorin on more sophisticated nanoobjects or nanoparticles.

Cession des droits du CNRS à T.Benali en octobre 2011