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10 Pags., 2 Tabls., 10 Figs., In the last decades, plant resistance to drought conditions has been studied intensively both at whole-tree level and at tissue level. These studies have highlighted the role of xylem cavitation in the global resistance of plants to drought. In this paper, we investigate the coordination among several symplastic variables during intense drought conditions and its relationship to resistance to xylem cavitation. We selected 2-year-old seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Quercus coccifera L., two Mediterranean drought-resistant species with differences in both xylem vulnerability to cavitation and survival rates under field conditions. Drought provoked large decreases in photosynthetic rates and predawn Fv/Fm ratios, as well as less marked decreases in actual PSII efficiency (due to decreases in both intrinsic PSII efficiency and photochemical quenching). Photosynthetic pigment composition remained fairly unchanged down to water potentials of −8 MPa, despite inter-conversions within the xanthophyll cycle in both species. Cell membrane injury and proline accumulation followed similar patterns, and were much more intense in P. lentiscus than in Q. coccifera. Comparisons between variables revealed that both species: (i) followed a drought avoidance strategy, (ii) were very resistant to drought conditions at symplastic level, and (iii) showed an overall good relationship between apoplast (xylem cavitation) and symplast resistance (membrane stability, PSII functionality, proline accumulation and pigment composition). Differences between species in functional symplastic and apoplastic characteristics are discussed., We thank JS Pereira (ISA, Portugal) for helpful suggestions and comments on a preliminary version of the manuscript. We also thank CITA-DGA for technical support, Carmen Pérez for her help with proline analyses and J. Scheiding for the English revision of the manuscript. This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana R&D projects (Grupos 03/155 and GV 05/208), the Spanish Ministry of Environment (MARM, Project ESTRES 063/SGTB/2007/7.1), MICINN (SUM2008-00004-C03-03 and CGL2008-03649) and Consolider-Ingenio (GRACCIE CSD2007-00067). FM, AA and EGP wish to thank the Gobierno de Aragón (A03 and A54 research groups) for financial support.

International audience; SummaryMaximizing phase modulation in photopolymers remains a challenge in order to use these materials to fabricate photonics devices. Different material compositions and irradiation conditions have been studied in order to achieve it. One of the main conclusions has been that with continuous laser exposure better results are achieved. However, our results show that higher phase modulation can be achieved using pulsed laser. The study has been done with crosslinked acrylamide based photopolymers and Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLC) exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). The increment of the phase modulation between the pulsed laser and continuous laser exposition is 17%, achieving a maximum phase depth of 3π radians and a refractive index modulation of 0.0084 at the zero spatial frequency limit, where monomer diffusion does not take place. This opens the door to use this photopolymer in large scale manufacturing.In this sense, we have used the H-PDLC photopolymers material to fabricate tunable lenses by using the Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) technique. Using a laser of 1030 nm with a pulse duration of 250 fs and a power window very small (90mW), we have achieved to print for the first time micro-lenses of low absorbency photopolymer without using an absorption layer (DRL, or dynamic release layer, exclusively metallic). This DRL is used to absorb the laser energy and, when ejected, drives the polymer layer. It has been possible to print lenses on both on glass and ITO slides. On glass, the lens is 10 µm in diameter and 400 nm in height, compared to 15 µm and 350 nm achieved on ITO.AbstractThe fabrication of polymeric lens arrays for its use in wide-field visual systems is a challenge that is being addressed by using the Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) technique but in processes that require intermediate steps [ ], which slows down manufacturing time. Our goal is therefore to achieve one-step, adjustable laser printing process improving the overall printing quality. Another challenge when using tunable polymers is the customization of tunable focal lenses dynamically controlling their optical properties. In this work we address both aspects by using a tunable photopolymer thanks to liquid crystal molecules, such as H-PDLC [ ].In the first stage of the study, we check the behavior of photopolymers when exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). In particular, the effect of high-frequency irradiation has been proven in comparison with low-frequency in previous studies. The main conclusion is that with high frequencies, more than 20 kHz (period of 50 µs), higher phase depth values (until 3π) than the CW irradiations can be achieved with increments of up to a maximum of 17% and a refractive index modulation of until 0.0084. This is because the pulse off time is long enough to allow a high regeneration of the starting dye but not too long to avoid the reaction between growing polymer-chain and new free-radical, leading to higher polymerization rates. That means a good performance of these photopolymers when irradiated with pulsed laser.The use of the LIFT with polymers has a limitation since the polymer is not capable of absorbing the energy of the laser and, therefore, it cannot be ejected. That is why it is common to use an absorption layer (DRL, or dynamic release layer), which absorbs the laser energy and, when ejected, drives the polymer layer [ ].This DRL is often a problem as it can contaminate the top of the printed polymer with small ejected particles, affecting its optical performance.In this study, we show for the first time that it was possible to print a low absorbency photopolymer without DRL. For this we used a laser of 1030 nm, pulse duration between 250 fs, and a power window very small (90mW), as slightly higher power generates a splashing process that stains the surface. In addition, the distance between recipient and donor substrates should also be very small (20- 90 µm), so that the cavitation bubble touches the receiver, due to the high density and viscosity of the polymer it does not allow the formation of ink jets. It has been possible to print lenses on both on glass and ITO slides with lenses size of 10-15 µm in diameter and 350-400 nm in height.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The work was supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” of Spain (projects FIS2017-82919-R; PID2019-106601RB-I00), by the ‘‘Universidad de Alicante’’ (UATALENTO18-10; ACIE-20-10), and by Generalitat Valenciana (projects BEST/2021/021; IDIFEDER/2021/014, potential FEDER funding), and Marie Skłodowska Curie Postdoctoral Global Fellowship “FOCUSIS” grant agreement 844977.

A devastating mass mortality event (MME) very likely caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium pinnae first detected in 2016 in the Western Mediterranean Sea, is pushing the endemic bivalve Pinna nobilis to near extinction. Populations recovery, if possible, will rely on larval dispersal from unaffected sites and potential recolonization through recruitment of resistant juveniles. To assess the impact of the MME on the species’ larval recruitment, an unprecedented network of larval collector stations was implemented over several thousands of kilometers along the Western Mediterranean coasts during the 3 years after the onset of the MME. The findings of this network showed a generalized disruption in recruitment with dramatic consequences for the recovery of the species. However, there were exceptions to this pattern and recruits were recorded in a few sites where the resident population had been decimated. This hints to the importance of unaffected populations as larval exporting sources and the role of oceanographic currents in larval transport in the area, representing a beacon of hope in the current extremely worrying scenario for this emblematic species., DK and MV-L were supported by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación postdoctoral contract (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; IJCI-2017-31457 and IJCI-2016-29329, respectively). SK was partially supported by a postdoctoral contract (EU Horizon 2020, Project: MERCES, No. 689518). EÁ was supported by a Technical Support Staff contract (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness, PTA2015-10829-I). This study was partially funded by: EsMarEs (MITECO), SuMaEco (RTI2018-095441-B-C21, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) and Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation (Project BF/HEM 15-1662). The authors acknowledge the MEDCLIC project, funded by “La Caixa” Foundation, contributing to the development of the WMOP hydrodynamic model.

International audience; El present article exposa els resultats d'un estudi sociolingüístic sobre les actituds lingüístiques, realitzat als alumnes d'un col·legi de Catalunya Nord. Gràcies a les enquestes quantitatives, hem pogut identificar una sèrie de prejudicis jeràrquics, estatutaris i diglòssics, vers diferents llengües, fent especial atenció al català, així com casos d'inseguretat lingüística i autoodi.; This paper shows the results of a sociolinguistics study on linguistic attitudes, carried out with students of a high school in Northern Catalonia. A series of hierarchical, diglossic and status prejudices towards different languages, especially Catalan, have been identified through quantitative surveys, as well as some cases of linguistic insecurity and self-hatred.

International audience; In this proposal the aim is to analyse the fortified city of Arezzo from unpublished archival documents.The Johannite Commandery of S. Jacopo, today no longer existing, was part of the urban setting of Arezzoand was located near the Porta Santo Spirito. This ancient fortification survives today. It stands as a veryimportant example of military constructions for its massive polygonal town walls which were builtbetween 1538 and 1560 by Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane on the site of the old Medieval citadel. TheChurch of S. Jacopo was destroyed to make way for new urban plans in the post-war period. Still in theurban area traces of the Order of Malta’s architecture survive. Our explanation attempts to explore theconnection of this commandery with the fortified city. From such perspective it is interesting to analysethe setting up and functioning of the commandery within a fortified-urban framework. In this analysisstudying the drawings produced by the land surveyors from the cabrei is of utmost importance. Theseunpublished documents, part of the ancient archive of the Priory of Pisa, offer in fact an unusualrepresentation of a fortified city, which is now preserved in the Archivio di Stato in Florence.

© 2017 The International Society of Protistologists.Recent advances in molecular technology have revolutionized research on all aspects of the biology of organisms, including ciliates, and created unprecedented opportunities for pursuing a more integrative approach to investigations of biodiversity. However, this goal is complicated by large gaps and inconsistencies that still exist in the foundation of basic information about biodiversity of ciliates. The present paper reviews issues relating to the taxonomy of ciliates and presents specific recommendations for best practice in the observation and documentation of their biodiversity. This effort stems from a workshop that explored ways to implement six Grand Challenges proposed by the International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC). As part of its commitment to strengthening the knowledge base that supports research on biodiversity of ciliates, the IRCN-BC proposes to populate The Ciliate Guide, an online database, with biodiversity-related data and metadata to create a resource that will facilitate accurate taxonomic identifications and promote sharing of data.

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Context. Kepler observations revealed a brown dwarf eclipsing the M-type star LHS 6343 A with a period of 12.71 days. In addition, an out-of-eclipse light modulation with the same period and a relative semi-amplitude of 2 x 10^-4 was observed showing an almost constant phase lag to the eclipses produced by the brown dwarf. In a previous work, we concluded that this was due to the light modulation induced by photospheric active regions in LHS 6343 A. Aims. In the present work, we prove that most of the out-of-eclipse light modulation is caused by the Doppler-beaming induced by the orbital motion of the primary star. Methods. We introduce a model of the Doppler-beaming for an eccentric orbit and also considered the ellipsoidal effect. The data were fitted using a Bayesian approach implemented through a Monte Carlo Markov chain method. Model residuals were analysed by searching for periodicities using a Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Results. For the first seven quarters of Kepler observations and the orbit previously derived from the radial velocity measurements, we show that the light modulation of the system outside eclipses is dominated by the Doppler-beaming effect. A period search performed on the residuals shows a significant periodicity of 42.5 +- 3.2 days with a false-alarm probability of 5 x 10^-4, probably associated with the rotational modulation of the primary component., 6 pages, 7 figures

International audience; The dissociative excitation of CO₂⁺ was studied in the molecular frame as a function of probe laser intensity, ellipticity and polarization with respect to the molecular bond at laser wavelengths of 800 nm and 1350 nm. This allowed the identification of the main excitation pathway consisting of tunnel ionization from HOMO-2 followed by a parallel dipole transition from the second excited state B to the predissociating, third excited state C. Recollision excitation was shown to play a negligible role. Using laser induced impulsive alignment, the strong field induced coupling at 800 nm and 1350 nm of the ionic states B and C could thus be controlled by the laser polarization. This leads to a suppression of the fragmentation yield of up to 70% when the laser polarization was perpendicular to the molecular axis compared to parallel polarization. We have performed simulations of various ionization channels of CO2. Our simulations reflect the experimental findings and show that dissociation of CO₂⁺ is induced by tunnelling from deeper molecular orbitals HOMO-1, HOMO-2, HOMO-3, followed by laser driven hole dynamics in the ion.

International audience; La répression franquiste contre la langue et la culture catalanes, au cours de l'année 1939, n'a pas eu la même intensité en Catalogne, au Pays valencien et à Majorque. En effet, chaque territoire partait d'une situation politique différente, et les autorités locales pouvaient, dans certains cas, moduler la portée des mesures répressives. On observe en outre, au long de l'année, un renforcement de la ligne politique la plus dure contre la culture catalane.

Bombardment of semiconductors with fullerene has been used to induce the formation of tracks. It is now accepted that target electronic excitation and onization, which gives rise to the slowing down of the projectile is essential to calculate the track diameter. In the case of cluster beams, like fullerenes, the electronic excitation induced by each of the cluster constituents is enhanced, for certain projectile energies and target depths, by the so-called vicinage effects. Here we use a simulation code to calculate the energy lost by a swift fullerene ion beam in InP, paying special attention to the vicinage effects where they are significative. The code describes classically the movement of each cluster contituent under the influence of the self-retarding force, the Coulomb repulsion among molecular fragments, the wake forces responsible for the vicinage effects and the multiple scattering with the target nuclei. The simulation code also takes into account the possibility that the molecular fragments can also capture or loss electrons from the target, changing its charge state in their travel through the solid. Our simulations show that the energy deposited by the atomic ions that constitute the C60 ion is clearly higher than the energy deposited by the same atomic ions but isolated. This difference being larger as the incident energy increases. We have predicted that track diameters of ∼ 244 Å can be obtained in the InP target when using C60 ions with an initial energy of 300 MeV.

We present an efficient approach for computing the impedance matrix of a system of conductors, in the quasi-magneto static domain, suitable for frequency analysis well above the skin effect threshold. The method is based on the current decomposition in terms of conduction modes (CM) rather than the widespread filament decomposition. The memory gains using CM were already known to be large. Our main contribution is to improve the efficiency so as to achieve performance ratios that are significantly better than those resulting from using filament decomposition for the same accuracy. As the frequency increases the improvements become noteworthy. These gains result from optimally rendering two dimensional integration approaches involving the Coulomb Green function in combination with linear combinations of exponentials to the particular landscape of each of the constituent terms.

We present a gridless method for solving the interior problem for a set of conductors in an homogeneous dielectric, at sufficiently high frequencies, valid for conductor lengths that are not small compared to the minimum wavelength, and transverse dimensions that are large compared to the skin depth. For IC applications, we cover the regime 10-100 GHz and the inclusion of all relevant wire dimensions. We decompose the electromagnetic field in terms of the eigenfunctions of the Helmholtz equation for three dimensional current distributions inside the conductors. Using a relatively small number of modes per conductor we obtain results comparable to filament or mesh decompositions using a much larger dimensionality for the resulting linear problem. The method is an extension to the fullwave regime of a method introduced in (Daniel et al., 2001)

We present the current status of develop­ment of an open architecture for the trans­lation from Spanish into Basque. The ma­chine translation architecture uses an open source analyser for Spanish and new mod­ules mainly based on finite­state trans­ducers.

International audience; X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra at the Ru K absorption edge were recorded on Pt50Ru50 nanoparticles during the electro-oxidation of CO. They are compared with the spectra obtained at the same electrochemical potential under inert gas. In the latter case, the XANES spectra change drastically in shape whereas in the former case they do not. The change in shape is related to a change in oxidation state of ruthenium atoms. This result clearly shows that the rate-determining step rds for CO oxidation is the oxidation of ruthenium atoms on nanometric Pt50Ru50 particles.