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International audience; Enterprises and governments are focusing their efforts on reducing the gap between the physical and the digital world to address various challenges. This digital transformation is also charac-terised by a change of paradigm, based on moving from computer-aided technologies to Smart Systems, which are present in several domains such as Smart Cities, Smart Manufacturing, or Smart Services. In this scenario, the exploration of the conceptualisation of Smart Systems has been addressed in the scientific literature with the objective to understand the characteristics of such systems and the implications of their use. However, there is a lack of a generic view of the concept since most studies focus on specific domains. This view is necessary to provide common ground for the development or implementation of Smart Systems within various domains, specially for those that have not been tackled yet. This work aims at addressing this issue through the exploration and analysis of conceptualisations of Smart Systems and Smartness within the scientific literature. For this purpose, a Systematic Literature Review is performed aiming at gathering papers including definitions of Smart Systems, regardless of the application domain. Text mining processing techniques are applied to obtain insights from the definitions extracted from the collected papers. Considering the findings of the literature review and the analysis of the extracted definitions, we enumerate and describe a set of characteristics of Smart Systems. We also provide a diagrammatic view of the elements of a Smart System and their relationships through a meta-model.

National audience; Responding to a growing need for standardization and adaptability for pyrotechnic systems, we present through this work a new concept of intelligent infrared decoy, controllable using an onboard miniature electronic initiation system. Our innovative solution is divided into three distinct functional blocks: (1) a controllable pyrotechnic ejection block integrating three ejection charges in a single metallized plastic part, (2) a block called terminal function, consisting of an infrared pyrotechnic bread structured, coupled with a micro-initiation stage based on nano-thermites, addressable and low energy, and (3) a control block, connected and autonomous, responding to STANAG 4187 which controls the arming and firing of pyrotechnic functions. To size the ejection block, we have developed an indoor ballistics code with global parameters and an optimization supervisor, able to simulate any system with e ff and mortar. Then, to simulate the combustion of infrared loaves, we developed a geometric regression code based on the level-set method, able to model the combustion of any multi-composition solid bread, compartmentalized or structured, lit sequentially or simultaneously. several points. We explored innovative technological solutions, among which the initiation of pyrotechnic loaves by micro-in fl ammators nanothermites. We have shown theoretically, and validated experimentally, that it is possible to finely control the combustion reaction of IR pyrotechnic breads by sequentially igniting them, which represents an important innovation in pyrotechnics. We have explored the plastronic technology to realize the ejection block because it allows to selectively metallize the surfaces of a plastic part to condense in one piece mechanical, electronic and packaging functions. In particular, we used this technology for the first time to draw hot wires on the surface of a plastic part, and to gather three ejection impellers in a minimum volume. We experimentally validated the control of the speed of ejection of IR decoys by partial ignition of plastronic impellers. Finally, a control electronics complying with the STANAG 4187 has been designed to sequentially initiate the terminal and ejection blocks. It integrates a control stage around a PIC microcontroller, a stage ofenergy management incorporating micro current sources and super capacity, and a security stage that detects ejection through an accelerometer and an infrared transmitter / receiver. We concluded the thesis by integrating di ff erent functional blocks in a demonstrator representative of an intelligent and miniature infrared lure: CASSIS. Beyond the demonstration of CASSIS, all of my thesis work, which falls within the framework of a joint laboratory, IMPYACT, between the CNRS and the Etienne Lacroix group, contributed to the development of solutions and "Generic" and "versatile" technologies for the controlled initiation, propulsion and integration of miniature pyrotechnic systems exploitable for many pyrotechnic systems.; Répondant à un besoin grandissant de standardisation et d’adaptabilité pour les systèmes pyrotechniques, nous présentons au travers de ce travail un nouveau concept de leurre infrarouge intelligent, contrôlable à l’aide d’un système d’initiation électronique miniature embarqué. Notre solution innovante se décompose en trois blocs fonctionnels distincts : (1) un bloc d’éjection pyrotechnique contrôlable intégrant trois charges d’éjection dans une seule pièce plastique métallisée, (2) un bloc appelé fonction terminale, constitué d’un pain pyrotechnique infrarouge structuré, couplé à un étage de micro-initiation à base de nano-thermites, adressable et basse énergie, et (3) un bloc de contrôle, connecté et autonome, répondant au STANAG 4187 qui commande l’armement et la mise à feu des fonctions pyrotechniques. Pour dimensionner le bloc d’éjection, nous avons développé un code de balistique intérieure à paramètres globaux et un superviseur d’optimisation, capable de simuler n’importe quel système à effet mortier. Ensuite, pour simuler la combustion des pains infrarouges, nous avons développé un code de régression géométrique basé sur la méthode level-set, capable de modéliser la combustion de n’importe quel pain solide multi composition, compartimenté ou structuré, allumé séquentiellement ou simultanément en plusieurs points. Nous avons exploré des solutions technologiques innovantes,au rang desquelles l’initiation de pains pyrotechniques par micro-inflammateurs à nanothermites. Nous avons montré théoriquement, puis validé expérimentalement, qu’il était possible de contrôler finement la réaction de combustion des pains pyrotechniques IR grâce à un allumage séquentiel de ces derniers, ce qui représente une innovation importante en pyrotechnie. Nous avons exploré la technologie plastronique pour réaliser le bloc d’éjection car elle permet de métalliser sélectivement les surfaces d’une pièce plastique pour condenser en une seule pièce des fonctions mécaniques, électroniques et de packaging. En particulier, nous avons utilisé pour la première fois cette technologie pour tracer des fils chauds sur la surface d’une pièce plastique, et permettre de rassembler trois impulseurs d’éjection dans un volume minimal. Nous avons validé expérimentalement le contrôle de la vitesse d’éjection de leurres IR grâce à un allumage partiel d’impulseurs plastroniques. Enfin, une électronique de commande respectant le STANAG 4187 a été conçue pour initier séquentiellement les blocs terminaux et d’éjection. Elle intègre un étage de commande autour d’un microcontrôleur PIC, un étage degestion de l’énergie intégrant des micro-sources de courant et une super capacité, et un étage de sécurité qui détecte l’éjection grâce à un accéléromètre et un émetteur/récepteur infrarouge. Nous avons conclu la thèse par l’intégration des différents blocs fonctionnels dans un démonstrateur représentatif d’un leurre infrarouge intelligent et miniature : CASSIS. Au delà de la démonstration de CASSIS, l’ensemble de mes travaux de thèse, qui s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’un laboratoire commun, IMPYACT,entre le CNRS et le groupe Etienne Lacroix, ont contribué à mettre au point des solutions et technologies“génériques”et “versatiles”pour l’initiation contrôlée, la propulsion et l’intégration de systèmes pyrotechniques miniatures exploitables pour nombreux systèmes pyrotechniques.

International audience; Smart and sensing systems represent a significant research theme that has motivated a number of research initiatives around the world. Smart systems typically consist of different components including sensors for signal acquisition, communication units for data transmission between components, control and management units for decision-making, and actuators to perform the appropriate actions. They have impacted applications in many fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, energy, environment, logistic, defence, monitoring, and mobility. As the complexity of such systems continue to grow, the challenge of developing integrated smart and sensing systems has surpassed the design complexity of their individual components. A smart and sensing system may include a large number of heterogeneous components, subsystems, smart and intelligent sensors, and may combine several correlated functionalities. Thus, the main issue of developing smart and sensing systems lies in the complexity to integrate and to manage these different components, technologies, and goals across a wide spectrum. In recent years, the emergence of IoT has amplified the capacity of sensing the world through a network of connected devices using the existing network infrastructure. Grouping together smart and sensing systems in an IoT setting to form large-scale distributed cyber-physical systems has tremendous potential in bringing smart systems to many application domains.This Journal’s Special Issue (SI) aims to promote relevant researches related to strategic views, problems, trends, solutions, and applications of IoT for Smart and Sensing Systems. This represents a more specialized area of interest than the wide application of IoT. The issue focuses more specifically on how industrial IoT contributes to the development of smart and sensing systems.

Part 15: Sustainability Improvements Through CNs; International audience; The vast diversity of current sensing devices and mechanisms enable the creation of data-rich environments which gives the opportunity to create smart systems. The smartness of systems must transcend individual interests and fulfill collective aspirations and environmental needs. Therefore, new products, processes, enterprises, communities and any kind of systems must be envisioned as Sensing, Smart and Sustainable (S3). This paper discusses the trends and challenges for S3 applied to everything. Furthermore, it suggests that the knowledge produced in the field of collaborative networks might be used to leverage the S3 capabilities.

International audience; Software is becoming more and more aware of its execution context. Decisions made at design time are moved at run time to enhance the services offered by the software. The Context-aware, Autonomous, and Smart Architectures (CASA) workshop aims to address the issues and challenges raised by the development and evaluation of software that is context-aware, dynamic, autonomous, smart, adaptive, self-managed. Novel approaches are needed to face the new issues raised by such software. Further, existing architectural solutions should be adapted and improved to meet the dynamic requirements of today systems.

International audience; Smart systems and the smart world concept are addressed in the framework of the fourth industrial revolution. New challenges in distributed autonomous robots and computing are considered. An illustration of a new kind of smart and reconfigurable distributed modular robot system is given. A prototype is also presented as well as the associated distributed algorithm.

International audience; Distributed systems spread widely in industrial environments. One of the key challenges is the exchange and the aggregation of data between these sys-tems. Although standards play an important role to solve data interoperability is-sues between systems, these standards do not completely address existing indus-trial problems. In fact, it is not granted to have an industrial environment that complies with a unique standard; therefore, ad-hoc solutions are used to solve this issue. In this article, the authors propose a generic architecture to address the in-teroperability between systems. This architecture is developed based on model-based techniques and principles. Besides, it reduces the need for human interven-tion and time by developing once and reusing the building blocks of the architec-ture. Finally, the architecture is described in its application to a case study.

International audience; This paper shows that context-aware applications commonly make implicit assumptions about a sensor infrastructure. Because context-awareness critically relies on these assumptions, the developer typically need to ensure their validity by encoding them in the application code, polluting it with non-functional concerns. This defensive programming approach can be avoided by formulating these assumptions aside from the application, thus factorizing them as an explicit model of the sensor infrastructure. This model can be expressed as a set of rules and can be checked automatically and continuously to ensure the reliability of a sensor infrastructure, both at installation time and during normal functioning. The usefulness of our approach is demonstrated in the domain of assisted living for seniors. We applied it to sensor data collected in the context of a 9-month field study of an assisted living platform, deployed at the home of 24 seniors. We show that several kinds of sensor malfunctions could have been identified upon their occurrence, thanks for our continuous checking, and resolved.

This work is focussed on vibration control and energy harvesting using embedded piezoelectric elements. Several nonlinear processing of the piezoelectric voltage are studied and developed. These techniques result in a drastic enhancement of the conversion capabilities of the piezoelectric material.Vibration control techniques are generally described as active or passive. The passive techniques consist in connecting the piezoelectric elements to a passive electrical network. The active techniques require a bulky system built with at least a sensor, a control unit and a feedback actuator. In addition, external power sources and amplifier are needed for the control unit and the actuators. The studied nonlinear techniques, called SSD for “Synchronized Switch Damping” are described as semi-passive, because they don't require any external supply but perform a smart processing of the piezovoltage. These techniques are more effective and adaptable than the passive techniques. Moreover, they are easier to integrate than active techniques and exhibit comparable performances. A new approach to analyze the energy flow in a structure damped with theses nonlinear techniques is given, and several enhancements of these techniques are proposed. A new control law for complex signals and structures is notably described.The SSD techniques have been extented to energy harvesting. The proliferation of transducers and sensors integrated in many systems indeed raises the problem of wires installation for power supplies and data transmission. This explains the growing interest in miniature electrical generators enabling to power, for instance, a wireless transducer and a small infrared or radio data transmitter. For a low consumption system placed on a vibrating structure, the extraction of electrical energy using an embedded piezoelectric device is particularly well adapted to create an autonomous electrical power supply. The energy harvesting techniques derived from the SSD approach lead to outstanding piezoelectric micro-generators, which allow to consider new self-powered devices with higher power supply requirements. It was shown that the extracted power can be multiplied by 10 compared to classical energy harvesting techniques, depending on the electromechanical structure and the mechanical excitation.; Ce travail concerne l'étude de techniques non linéaires ayant pour effet d'augmenter considérablement l'effet de conversion électromécanique des matériaux piézoélectriques. Les potentialités de ces techniques sont étudiées dans le cas de l'amortissement vibratoire et de la récupération d'énergie.On distingue généralement deux types de contrôle vibratoire à l'aide d'éléments piézoélectriques : les techniques passives, qui consistent à connecter un réseau électrique passif aux éléments piézoélectriques et les techniques actives qui utilisent un calculateur associé à une source d'énergie électrique. Les techniques non linéaires étudiées, appelées SSD pour « Synchronized Switch Damping », sont qualifiées de semi passives car elles ne nécessitent pas de source d'énergie externe mais effectuent cependant un traitement intelligent de la tension. Ces techniques sont beaucoup plus efficaces et adaptables que les techniques passives. Elles sont, en outre, beaucoup plus facile à implémenter que les techniques actives et présentent des performances comparables. Les travaux réalisés proposent une nouvelle approche pour appréhender les techniques SSD, ainsi que plusieurs développement de ces techniques, notamment en proposant une loi de contrôle permettant d'optimiser l'amortissement dans le cas de structures et de signaux complexes.Les techniques d'amortissement vibratoire SSD ont été adaptées à la récupération d'énergie. Il s'agit de convertir l'énergie vibratoire en énergie électrique afin de constituer des micro-générateurs d'une puissance comprise entre quelques μW et quelques centaines de mW. Ces générateurs répondent à un besoin croissant lié à la prolifération des capteurs, micro-actionneurs et autres dispositifs électroniques embarqués. Les techniques développées permettent d'accroître drastiquement les performances de ce type de micro-générateurs, ce qui permet de diminuer la quantité de matériau piézoélectrique nécessaire et d'envisager des applications nouvelles nécessitant plus d'énergie. Suivant les structures et le type de sollicitation, le gain apporté par les techniques non linéaires sur la puissance utile des micro-générateurs est plus ou moins important, et peut atteindre un facteur 10 par rapport aux techniques de récupération d'énergie classiques.