1. Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development
- Author
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Jing Zhang, Ed Urban, Lisa A. Levin, Denis Gilbert, Boris Dewitte, S. W. A. Naqvi, Andrew J. Gooday, Elva Escobar-Briones, Temel Oguz, Angelica Peña, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Ragnar Elmgren, Werner Ekau, M. I. Scranton, Venugopalan Ittekkot, Osvaldo Ulloa, W. M. Kemp, A.K. van der Plas, Jack J. Middelburg, Nancy N. Rabalais, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Integrative Oceanography Division, CSIR National Institute of Oceanography [India] (NIO), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS-METU), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), Ocean Systems & Climate Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Departmento de Oceanografía & Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental, Universidad de Concepción [Chile], Stockholm University, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Fisheries and Oceans Canada ( DFO ), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] ( NOC ), University of Southampton [Southampton], National Institute of Oceanography [India] ( NIO ), Netherlands Institute of Ecology ( NIOO-KNAW ), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( KNAW ), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University [The State University of New York] ( SBU ), Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research ( ZMT ), ECOLA LEGOS, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales ( LEGOS ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences ( IMS-METU ), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] ( METU ), CSIR, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], and Ecosystems Studies
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Biogeochemical cycle ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,lcsh:Life ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,Ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,coastal areas ,future development ,hypoxia ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,Earth-Surface Processes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,[ SDU.STU.OC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,fungi ,Hypoxia (environmental) ,Estuary ,15. Life on land ,lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:QH501-531 ,Oceanography ,Habitat destruction ,Habitat ,13. Climate action ,Sustainability ,Upwelling ,lcsh:Ecology - Abstract
Hypoxia has become a world-wide phenomenon in the global coastal ocean and causes deterioration of structure and function of ecosystems. Based on the collective contributions of members of SCOR Working Group #128, the present study provides an overview of the major aspects of coastal hypoxia in different biogeochemical provinces, including estuaries, upwelling areas, fjords and semi-enclosed basins, with various external forcings, ecosystem responses, feedbacks and potential impact on the sustainability of the fishery and economics. The obvious external forcings include fresh water runoff and other factors contributing to stratification, organic matter and nutrient loadings, as well as exchange between coastal and open ocean water masses; their different interactions set up mechanisms that drive the system towards hypoxia. However, whether the coastal environment becomes hypoxic or not, under the combination of external forcings, depends also on the nature of the ecosystem, e.g. physical and geographic settings. It is understood that coastal hypoxia has a profound impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, which can be seen, for example, by the change in the food-web structure and system function; other influences can be compression and loss of habitat, as well as change in life cycle and reproduction. In most cases, the ecosystem responds to the low dissolved oxygen in a non-linear way and has pronounced feedbacks to other compartments of the Earth System, hence affecting human society. Our knowledge and previous experiences illustrate that there is a need to develop new observational tools and models to support integrated research of biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem behaviour that will improve confidence in remediation management strategies for coastal hypoxia.
- Published
- 2010
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