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International audience; Indicators of agricultural production diversity and market access and/or participation have often been used to try to understand how agricultural production and markets influence dietary diversity of rural smallholder households. Based on a standardized search strategy, 37 studies investigating the association between an indicator of agricultural production diversity and any indicator of dietary diversity were reviewed. The characteristics of the indicators of agricultural production diversity, as well as indicators of market access and/or participation, were assessed. This review demonstrated the wide range of indicators; four types and 14 subtypes of indicators of agricultural production diversity were found in the 37 studies, and three types and 14 subtypes of indicators of market access and/or participation were found in 25 studies. While diversity of measurement ideas allows flexibility, it precludes comparability with other studies and might make it difficult to build a robust body of evidence of the impact of agriculture at farm household level on food security, diet, and nutrition.

International audience; En Tunisie, des politiques récentes cherchent à mettre en place une participation effective des populations rurales à la formulation de plans territoriaux de développement intégrant des dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales. Le programme PACTE expérimente une démarche pilote pour mettre en oeuvre cette participation dans six zones rurales, grâce à la constitution de comités de territoire. Pour préparer le travail de chaque comité, des habitants ont participé à la réalisation d’un diagnostic de leur territoire pour identifier les principaux enjeux de développement. Ensuite, ils ont formulé des propositions d’action pour répondre à ces enjeux, verbalement lors d’ateliers et, en dehors des ateliers, en utilisant des fiches mises à leur disposition puis collectées. L’article analyse les actions proposées par des habitants d’une zone d’intervention située dans le gouvernorat du Kef. L’analyse porte sur : i) les finalités de ces actions, à savoir dans quelle mesure ces actions répondent aux enjeux identifiés ; et 2) les caractéristiques de ces actions, notamment leur dimension individuelle ou collective et leur degré d’innovation. L’analyse est basée sur les comptes rendus des ateliers, les fiches de propositions d’actions collectées, et des entretiens auprès de membres d’institutions publiques de développement. Les actions proposées par les habitants couvrent l’essentiel des enjeux identifiés au cours des ateliers. Parmi les fiches remplies, ces habitants donnent la priorité à des actions individuelles et génératrices de revenu et, en particulier, à des activités qu’ils pratiquent déjà. Lors des ateliers, les participants ont envisagé des actions plus diverses, parfois innovantes, et plus souvent de nature collective. L’analyse proposée ici a permis d’identifier des opportunités pour la production de connaissances communes entre les futurs membres des comités de territoire, et entre eux et les membres des institutions publiques de développement. Le projet PACTE constitue une expérience innovante de mise en oeuvre d’une démarche participative à grande échelle pour le diagnostic territorial et la formulation de proposition d’action en zone rurale au Maghreb. La réflexion sur les méthodes et moyens à utiliser pour permettre cette participation est un chantier sur lequel il sera important de continuer à avancer dans les années à venir.

The anthropometry of children aged 0-12 years was studied during the multiple objectives survey conducted in the Middle Senegal River Valley (MISOES) in 1957-1958. This survey was based on two representative samples, in urban areas (769 children) and in rural areas (1240 children). Several measurements were taken: weight, height, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, sub-iliac crest height, biacromial breadth, biiliac breadth. They were compared with American standards. Data show an overwhelming anthropometric deficit compared with standards, and complex interactions with age, gender, and place of residence. The average deficit, expressed as the percentage of reference values were: 80.6% for weight, 95.5% for height, 91.7% for body mass index (BMI), 78.6% for body surface area; it was more marked for triceps skinfold (67.6%) and for subscapular skinfold (66.3%), but less for arm circumference (84.9%) and for muscle circumference (87.7%); it was also marked for biacromial breadth (90.5%) and for biiliac breadth (91.9%), although keeping approximately constant the acromial-iliac ratio. Overall, deficits were more marked among children 1-2 years old, as well as among the 9-12 years old. Gender differences were not pronounced, but boys were some what disadvantaged before age 3 years, while girls were in greater deficit at age 9-12 years. Differences by place of residence were small and complex: deficits were higher in rural areas for skinfolds, but higher in urban areas for arm- and muscle- circumference. Results from the MISOES survey were put into perspective by comparing them with other studies also conducted in Senegal among under-five children: Niakhar (1983-1984) and DHS surveys (1993-2017). The relationships with economic development in the valley are discussed

International audience; This paper proposes to reread the history of divorces from the re-establishment of divorce in France in 1884 to the aftermath of the Second World War by distinguishing three major territories : the urban population, the rural population and the department of the Seine. To refine the analysis, data distinguishing Paris from its suburbs within this department will be added. The interest, beyond measuring the level of divorces in the territories, is to answer the question of the homogenisation of divorcing behaviour between 1884 and 1913 in order to know, in particular, whether the populations that divorced the least in 1884 were the same on the eve of the First World War, and whether the gaps observed at the beginning of the period were narrowing. Available sources also provide details that are generally unavailable outside the national level, such as the spouse who obtained the divorce, its reason, the length of the marriage, the age and age difference between the spouses, and the number of children of divorced couples. In addition to measuring the levels of divorces in these territories, the aim will therefore be to find out whether the characteristics of divorces are the same in the urban and rural populations and in the Seine department and, if so, to try to understand why they diverge.; Cette communication se propose de relire l’histoire des divorces depuis le rétablissement du divorce en France en 1884 jusqu’aux lendemains de la seconde guerre mondiale en distinguant trois grands territoires : la population urbaine, la population rurale et le département de la Seine. Pour affiner l’analyse, des données distinguant Paris de sa banlieue au sein de ce département seront ajoutées. L’intérêt, au-delà de mesurer le niveau de divortialité dans les territoires, est de répondre à la question de l’homogénéisation des comportements de divortialité entre 1884 et 1913 pour savoir notamment si les populations qui divorcent le moins en 1884 sont les mêmes à la veille de la première guerre mondiale et si les écarts observés au début de la période se réduisent. Les sources disponibles fournissent par ailleurs des détails en général indisponibles autrement qu’à l’échelle nationale, telles que la partie ayant obtenu le divorce, son motif, la durée du mariage, l’âge et l’écart d’âge des époux ou encore le nombre d’enfants des couples divorcés. Au-delà de la mesure des niveaux de divortialité dans ces territoires, il s’agira donc de savoir si les caractéristiques des divorces sont les mêmes dans les populations urbaines, rurales et dans le département de la Seine et, le cas échéant, de tenter de comprendre pourquoi ils divergent.

Background: Stunting is a major health problem in low-income countries. This study was designed to compare Height-for-age Z-score of children from 24 to 35 months of age between two populations: before and after LNS supplementation. Method: The study was promoted by the association PDM in a neighborhood of 6 villages in a rural area in Cambodia. There was two phases: one before any intervention, the second phase consisted of the intervention. First, anthropometric data were collected from the children seen at the local health center (2007-2012). During the second phase (2011-2019), pregnant women in the third trimester and children from 6 to 24 months of age were supplemented with LNS. The follow –up of the children lasted till they were 3 years old. Anthropometric data were collected at each visit. Primary outcome was height-for-age between 24 and 35 months of age. Results: 198 data between 24 and 35 months were collected during the first phase. 347 pregnant women were enrolled in the intervention phase, 333 children were tracked. 188 data between 24 and 35 months were collected in the supplemented-population. The mean HAZ in the supplemented population was higher than in the population before intervention (-1,60 vs -1,14, p

INTRODUCTION – L'ostéopathie est la pratique actuellement à la mode. Elle est utilisée de toutes les manières et pour toutes les indications. Depuis quelques années, l'engouement vers cette pratique est en net augmentation avec 49% des français ayant déjà eu à faire avec cette spécialité. L'objectif principal de cette pratique va être l'évaluation de la perception de l'ostéopathie par la population rurale de Lorraine. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE – Cette étude descriptive transversale, par analyse de questionnaires, a été réalisée du 25/01/2020 au 25/04/2020. Les 520 questionnaires obtenus ont été compilés à l'aide du logiciel Excel de Microsoft. RÉSULTATS – Parmi les 520 questionnaires analysés, 80% des répondants déclarent connaître la pratique. Par ailleurs, 55% ont déjà bénéficié de la manipulation manuelle et le niveau de confiance en cette pratique est très important avec 92% de satisfaction positive. Cependant, la méconnaissance de la pratique est très claire avec un très net manque d'informations évoqué par 91.2% du panel. CONCLUSION - Cette étude de la perception de l'ostéopathie a permis de confirmer la vision positive de la population vis-à-vis de cette pratique. Elle démontre également la faible évolution du discours et de l'informations de la manipulation manuelle ces dernières années. Nous proposons afin d'améliorer la pratique d'augmenter la délivrance d'informations auprès des différents professionnels de santé afin de les sensibiliser au mieux et ainsi permettre une meilleure prise en charge de la population.

4 : other; L'anthropométrie des enfants de moins de 12 ans a été étudiée lors de l'enquête à objectifs multiples de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal (MISOES), conduite en 1957-1958. Cette enquête nutritionnelle portait sur deux échantillons représentatifs, l'un en milieu urbain (769 enfants) et l'autre en milieu rural (1240 enfants). Plusieurs mesures ont été prises : poids, taille, tour de bras, pli cutané tricipital, pli cutané sous-scapulaire, hauteur sous-crête iliaque, largeur bi-acromiale, largeur bi-iliaque. Elles ont été comparées à des normes américaines de référence. Les données montrent un net déficit par rapport aux normes, et des interactions complexes avec le sexe, l'âge et le milieu de résidence. Exprimé en pourcentage des normes de référence, les valeurs relatives de l'anthropométrie sont: 80,6% pour le poids, 95,5% pour la taille, 91,7 % pour l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC), 78,6% pour la surface corporelle ; elles sont plus faibles pour le pli tricipital (67,6%) et pour le pli sous-scapulaire (66,3%), mais moins pour le tour de bras (84,9%) et pour le tour de muscle (87,7%) ; elles sont aussi marquées pour la largeur bi-acromiale (90,5%) et pour la largeur bi-iliaque (91.9%), mais en conservant approximativement le rapport acromio-iliaque. Par contre, la hauteur sous-crête iliaque est voisine des valeurs américaines. En général les déficits sont plus marqués chez les enfants de 1-2 ans ainsi que chez les 9-12 ans. Les différences par sexe sont peu prononcées, mais les garçons sont un peu désavantagés avant 3 ans, alors que les filles sont en plus grand déficit à 9-12 ans. Les différences par milieu de résidence sont de faible amplitude et complexes : les déficits sont plus forts en rural pour les plis cutanés, mais plus forts en urbain pour le tour de bras et le tour de muscle. Les données de la MISOES sont mises en perspective en les comparant avec les données de Niakhar (1983-1984) et celles des enquêtes EDS (1993-2017) chez les moins de cinq ans. Les liens avec le développement économique sont discutés.

Wild tree resources are known to play an important role in local stakeholders' livelihoods particularly in the food and nutrition security of people living in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, this article examines the relative importance of the contributions of tree resources to food and nutrition security for rural households, while considering alternative causal pathways. The main conclusions of the review are that most studies provide useful evidence on specific contributions of tree products to food and nutritional security, and for whom. However, detailed data on the actual contribution of tree products are still lacking. In addition, we argue that the concept of access as a pillar of food security is not sophisticated enough to understand the landscape dynamics and the socio-economic relations at the nexus of food security and rights of access. Links are needed to better understand the underlying processes in the definition of each stakeholder's rights of access to tree resources in a context of rapidly changing landscapes, and how income generated by tree resources contributes to food and nutrition security. An approach to food security based on rights of access would advance our understanding of their use and tackle the root causes of food deficiency based on different social groups. In light of current patterns of access to tree food for different stakeholders, including women and children, an intersectional approach that accounts for age, gender, ethnicity and wealth would benefit food security research by a more targeted and discerning approach to existing rights of access and to the roles of different community members.

This article provides an overview of Moroccan people’s eating habits, in a context of urbanisation and, more broadly, of ongoing changes in lifestyles and social aspirations. The analysis is mainly based on data from a quantitative survey conducted between 2012 and 2013. It focuses on the differences and commonalities between the meals of Casablanca residents and those of the inhabitants of rural areas in the Souss region. The article points out the existence of differentiated situations between the two contexts, particularly with regard to the number of meals or food sociability. It also shows the importance of certain habits, both in the city and in rural villages, such as the social valuation of certain dishes or products, or the importance of commensality.Résumé :Cet article propose un panorama des habitudes des Marocains relatives aux repas, dans un contexte d’urbanisation et, plus largement, de mutations en cours dans les modes de vie et les aspirations sociales. L’analyse se fonde principalement sur les données d’une enquête quantitative menée entre 2012 et 2013. Elle porte sur les différences et les points de convergence entre les repas des Casablancais et ceux des habitants de communes rurales du Souss. L’article pointe l’existence de situations différenciées entre les deux contextes, s’agissant en particulier du nombre des repas ou encore des sociabilités alimentaires. Il montre aussi la prégnance, en ville comme dans les villages ruraux, de certaines habitudes, telle que la valorisation de certains plats ou produits, ou l’importance de la commensalité.

International audience; Since the upheaval in its policy, initiated by Beijing in 1979, China, as Alain Peyrefitte announced, has woken up. And everything has happened, since the beginning of the 21st century, as if a "sinomania" was unfolding. But is the Chinese model unsustainable, particularly in view of its demographic parameters ? To illustrate the answer to this question, thirteen figures and two tables highlight the singularity of China's demographic dynamics and future.; Depuis le bouleversement de sa politique, engagé par Pékin à compter de 1979, la Chine, comme l’avait annoncé Alain Peyrefitte, s’est réveillée. Et tout s’est passé, depuis le début du XXIe siècle, comme si se déployait une « sinomania ». Mais le modèle chinois est-il durable compte tenu notamment de ses paramètres démographiques ? Pour illustrer la réponse à cette question, treize figures et deux tableaux permettent de mettre en évidence la singularité des dynamiques et du futur démographiques de la Chine.

Le maintien à domicile de la personne âgée est un enjeu de santé publique important. Le pharmacien d'officine est un professionnel de santé de proximité pour ses patients : il a ainsi un rôle important en conseil en plus de son expertise sur le matériel médical. Dans un premier temps, nous ferons un rappel épidémiologique sur la population âgée en France ainsi que sur les effets du vieillissement sur l'autonomie. Ensuite, nous présenterons les différents professionnels et acteurs du maintien à domicile. Après cela, nous étudierons via une enquête de terrain comment les pharmaciens d'officine de la Meuse abordent le domaine du maintien à domicile de la personne âgée dans leur pratique professionnelle. Une présentation des matériels et autres aides techniques disponibles à l'officine ainsi que leur règlementation (prescription, prise en charge) sera exposée. Enfin, des perspectives d'avenir pour optimiser le rôle du pharmacien d'officine dans la prise en charge du patient en situation de maintien à domicile seront présentées.

Rapport de synthèse. Initiative ENPARD Méditerranée (Commission Européenne)

There is a significant gap in our knowledge of the microbe–host relationship between urban and traditional rural populations. We conducted a large-scale study to examine the gut microbiota of different traditional rural and urban lifestyles in human populations. Using high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, we tested urban French, Saudi, Senegalese, Nigerian and Polynesian individuals as well as individuals living in traditional rural societies, including Amazonians from French Guiana, Congolese Pygmies, Saudi Bedouins and Algerian Tuaregs. The gut microbiota from individuals living in traditional rural settings clustered differently and presented significantly higher diversity than those of urban populations (p 0.01). The bacterial taxa identified by class analysis as contributing most significantly to each cluster were Phascolarctobacterium for traditional rural individuals and Bifidobacterium for urban individuals. Spirochaetae were only present in the gut microbiota of individuals from traditional rural societies, and the gut microbiota of all traditional rural populations was enriched with Treponema succinifaciens. Cross-transmission of Treponema from termites or swine to humans or the increased use of antibiotics in nontraditional populations may explain why Treponema is present only in the gut microbiota of traditional rural populations. Keywords: Geography, gut microbiota, metagenomics, probiotics, traditional living, treponema

Rapport de synthèse. Initiative ENPARD Méditerranée (Commission Européenne)

Cet article vise a evaluer la contribution materielle et immaterielle des femmes rurales dans le cadre de la petite agriculture des arriere-pays du Maroc et notamment les contraintes qu’elles rencontrent pour depasser les difficultes d’acces aux principaux facteurs de production dont le foncier, l’eau, le credit et le conseil technique. L’activite des femmes rurales est generalement invisible, c’est-a-dire peu reconnue ou valorisee au sein de la societe, ce qui conduit a une sous-estimation de leurs contributions a l’economie et a la societe. Cela tient en grande partie a leur relative exclusion de la sphere monetaire et marchande.

Rapport de synthèse. Initiative ENPARD Méditerranée (Commission Européenne)

In recent decades, palm oil occupying a prominent place in the diet of African populations, is the center of controversy, as to its atherogenicity due to its high content of saturated fatty acids (50%). The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid, lipoprotein and vitamin status of the palm oil-consuming inhabitants of the village of Grand-Alépé. This study was conducted in 120 subjects selected according to their palm oil consumption, following a food survey carried out beforehand among 2240 inhabitants of grand-Alépé, aged at least 18 years. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) concentrations were measured by standard enzymatic methods after a blood sample was taken from these 120 subjects (65 consumers and 55 controls) that aged between 18 and 30 years old. The vitamin analyzes carried out by a HPLC, concerned 52 samples randomly chosen among the 120 subjects. Several statistical tests were used with a significance threshold of less than 5%. The dietary survey had shown that palm oil was consumed by 99.33% of the subjects surveyed with an average amount of 76.01 g / day, or 684.09 kcal / day. Serum total cholesterol varied insignificantly in both groups of subjects, as did triglycerides and HDL-C. In addition, 58.46% of palm oil consumers had hypoLDLemia. The serum lipoprotein (a) concentration was not significantly elevated (p> 0.05) in consumers compared with controls : 33.85% versus 29.09%, p = 0.55. α-Tocopherol was higher in the palm oil-consuming subjects compared to controls : 10.569 ± 0.35 mg / L versus 4.849 ± 0.525 mg / L, p = 0.0001. The mean serum concentration of β-carotene was elevated in both the consumer and control subjects, but without any significant difference : 3,413 ± 0,452 mg / L versus 2,70 ± 0,26 mg / L, p = 0,375. Palm oil did not seem to alter the BMI, the lipid, lipoprotein and antioxidant vitamin status of the consumers. On the contrary, this consumption revealed a decrease in the cholesterol level in these subjects.; Dans ces dernières décennies, l’huile de palme occupant une place de choix dans l’alimentation des populations africaines, est le centre de polémiques, quant à son athérogénicité du fait de sa forte teneur en acides gras saturés (50%). La présente étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer le statut lipidique, lipoprotéinique et vitaminique des habitants consommateurs d’huile de palme du village de grand-Alépé. Cette étude a été réalisée chez 120 sujets sélectionnés selon leur consommation d’huile de palme, suite à une enquête alimentaire réalisée préalablement auprès de 2240 habitants de grand-Alépé, âgés de plus de 18 ans. Les concentrations sériques des triglycérides, du cholestérol total, des Cholestérols HDL, LDL et la lipoprotéine (a) ont été mesurées par les méthodes enzymatiques classiques après un prélèvement sanguin effectué chez ces 120 sujets (65 consommateurs et 55 témoins) d’intervalle d’âge compris entre 18 et 30 ans. Les analyses vitaminiques effectuées grâce à un HPLC, ont concerné 52 échantillons choisis de manière aléatoire parmi les 120 sujets. Plusieurs tests statistiques ont été utilisés avec un seuil de significativité inférieur à 5%. L’enquête alimentaire avait montré que l’huile de palme était consommée par 99,33 % des sujets enquêtés avec une quantité moyenne de 76,01 g/jour, soit 684,09 kcal/jour. Le Cholestérol total sérique variait de manière non significative dans les deux groupes de sujets, de même que les triglycérides et le HDL-C. De plus, 58,46 % des consommateurs d’huile de palme avait une hypoLDLémie. La concentration sérique de la lipoprotéine (a) était élevée de manière non significative (p>0,05) chez les consommateurs comparativement aux témoins : 33,85 % versus 29,09 %, p=0,55. L’α-tocophérol était plus élevé chez les sujets consommateurs de l’huile de palme comparativement aux sujets témoins : 10,569 ± 0,35 mg/L versus 4,849 ± 0,525 mg/L, p=0,0001. La concentration sérique moyenne du β-carotène était élevée aussi bien chez les sujets consommateurs que chez les sujets témoins mais sans différence significative : 3,413 ± 0,452 mg/L versus 2,70 ± 0,26 mg/L, p=0,375. L’huile de palme semblait ne pas altérer, l’IMC, le statut lipidique, lipoprotéinique et vitaminique antioxydant des sujets consommateurs, bien au contraire, cette consommation a révélé une baisse de la cholestérolémie chez ces sujets.

The Mlomp Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) is located in southwest Senegal, near the border with Guinea-Bissau. The area is 500 km from the national capital, Dakar. The population under surveillance is rural and in 2015 comprised 8751 inhabitants living in 11 villages. Data have been collected through annual rounds since the surveillance started in 1985. On each visit, investigators review the composition of all households, check the lists of people who were present in each household the previous year and gather information about births, marriages, migrations and deaths (including their causes) since then. Data are partly open access and may be shared under a collaboration agreement. Total fertility in Mlomp declined in the 1980s and 1990s down to slightly more than three children per woman on average at the beginning of the 2000s, and has since remained at this relatively low level for a rural area of Western Africa. Malaria-related mortality increased 7-fold in Mlomp in the early 1990s following the appearance and spread of malaria strains that were resistant to chloroquine; this rise was followed by a dramatic decline from 2000 onwards due to new antimalaria strategy developed at the national level. In collaboration with ‘Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie’ (National statistical office of Senegal), the Mlomp HDSS is used to validate national censuses and to test new techniques for improving data collection.

Background The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has developed an ambitious strategy to end the AIDS epidemic. After eight years of antiretroviral therapy (ART) program we assessed progress towards the UNAIDS 90–90-90 targets in Mbongolwane and Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional household-based community survey using a two-stage stratified cluster probability sampling strategy. Persons aged 15–59 years were eligible. We used face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaires to collect information on history of HIV testing and care. Rapid HIV testing was performed on site and venous blood specimens collected from HIV-positive participants for antiretroviral drug presence test, CD4 count and viral load. At the time of the survey the CD4 threshold for ART initiation was 350 cells/μL. We calculated progression towards the 90–90-90 UNAIDS targets by estimating three proportions: HIV positive individuals who knew their status (first 90), those diagnosed who were on ART (second 90), and those on ART who were virally suppressed (third 90). Results We included 5649/6688 (84.5%) individuals. Median age was 26 years (IQR: 19–40), 62.3% were women. HIV prevalence was 25.2% (95% CI: 23.6–26.9): 30.9% (95% CI: 29.0–32.9) in women; 15.9% (95% CI: 14.0–18.0) in men. Overall progress towards the 90–90-90 targets was as follows: 76.4% (95% CI: 74.1–78.6) knew their status, 69.9% (95% CI: 67.0–72.7) of those who knew their status were on ART and 93.1% (95% CI: 91.0–94.8) of those on ART were virally suppressed. By sex, progress towards the 90–90-90 targets was: 79%–71%–93% among women; and 68%–68%–92% among men (p-values of women and men comparisons were

Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), data on causes of death is often inaccurate or incomplete. In this paper, we test whether adding a few questions about injuries and accidents to mortality questionnaires used in representative household surveys would yield accurate estimates of the extent of mortality due to external causes (accidents, homicides, or suicides). Methods: We conduct a validation study in Niakhar (Senegal), during which we compare reported survey data to high-quality prospective records of deaths collected by a health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS). Results: Survey respondents more frequently list the deaths of their adult siblings who die of external causes than the deaths of those who die from other causes. The specificity of survey data is high, but sensitivity is low. Among reported deaths, less than 60Š of the deaths classified as due to external causes by the HDSS are also classified as such by survey respondents. Survey respondents better report deaths due to road-traffic accidents than deaths from suicides and homicides. Conclusions: Asking questions about deaths resulting from injuries and accidents during surveys might help measure mortality from external causes in LMICs, but the resulting data displays systematic bias in a rural population of Senegal. Future studies should 1) investigate whether similar biases also apply in other settings and 2) test new methods to further improve the accuracy of survey data on mortality from external causes. Contribution: This study helps strengthen the monitoring of sustainable development targets in LMICs by validating a simple approach for the measurement of mortality from external causes.

La croissance démographique observée en Afrique sub-saharienne au cours des dernières décennies a fait l’objet de nombreuses publications. Dans la très grande majorité de ces travaux, la nécessité de réduire la natalité a été avancée comme la seule politique de population possible pour lutter contre la pauvreté. Et, bien que le terme de « surpeuplement » soit très rarement employé, c’est pourtant cette interprétation néo-malthusienne qui est avancée en associant de manière mécanique la réduction des ressources en terres et l’accroissement de la population.Pourtant, depuis plusieurs décennies, les campagnes de nombreux pays et régions de l’Afrique sub-saharienne ont su absorber une partie significative de cette croissance démographique sans que la sécurité alimentaire se soit tant dégradée. Bien plus, on peut même considérer que c’est grâce aux diverses réponses apportées par les sociétés rurales à cet accroissement de la population que « l’explosion urbaine » des villes africaines a pu être en partie contenue. Une étude de cas, conduite dans la commune de Koumbia, tente de décrypter comment cette région du Burkina Faso a pu, jusqu’à présent, absorber un fort accroissement de population résultant autant de la croissance naturelle que d’une puissante immigration de population mossi et peulh. On y constate que l’augmentation des densités de population s’est traduite par un double processus d’intensification de l’agriculture (thèse allant dans le sens de l’analyse d’Esther Boserup) et de poursuite de pratiques extensives (ouverture de nouveaux fronts agricoles par défrichement). There is an enormous body of literature on the population growth that sub-Saharan Africa witnessed over the course of the past few decades. The majority of these works argue that reducing birth rates is an essential step in the fight against poverty, and that policy of a fertility reduction is necessary these contexts. And, though the term of « overpopulation » is rarely used explicitly, it is nevertheless this neo-Malthusian impulse that undergirds the mechanical association of population growth and the reduction of land resources.Despite these arguments, several sub-Saharan African countries and regions have led successful campaigns to absorb this population growth without seeing a threat to their food security. Furthermore, one could argue that it is thanks to the diverse responses of rural communities to population growth that the « urban explosion » in African cities has been able to partially contained. This case study, conducted in Koumbia, attempts to show how this region of Burkina Faso has been able to successfully absorb a sustained growth in population resulting both from natural growth as well as significant immigration of both mossi and fulani ethnic groups into the region. We observe that the increase in population density has led to a double process of both intensification (much like Esther Boserup’s analysis) and extensification (such as clearing new lands to make way for agriculture).

This paper uses exhaustive individual-level data from the Malian 1976, 1987 and 1998 censuses to analyze the urbanization process and economic specialization of cities in Mali. We first construct an exhaustive panel data set of the 10,000 Malian localities. In order to analyze urban areas that make sense from an economic point of view, we develop a consistent method to construct functional urban agglomerations, based on a density threshold for contiguous localities. Our definition of "cities" therefore abstracts from any administrative criteria. These data enable us to study the dynamics of the complete distribution of urban and rural localities from 1976 to 1998. We show that the urbanization process in Mali is mainly due to the spatial extension and population growth of Bamako, the capital city and to the demographic growth of small rural market towns. Consequently, the density of the Malian urban system is very low and urban primacy very high. We then turn to an econometric analysis of the determinants of non-agricultural employment growth between 1987 and 1998 by locality. We focus on two main factors: population density, which may induce agglomeration externalities that attract workers and firms; and the degree of specialization of economic activities that could capture industry level externalities. Controlling for a range of other characteristics like distance to the road network, administrative status, physical geography, and rainfall shocks, we show that total employment has been spreading out mainly due to the spreading out of primary employment. Primary sector dynamic is impacted by market access. Services and industry jobs cluster in cities and small towns, due mainly to public infrastructure amenities rather than urbanization externalities or sectoral externalities, the latter being not significant and the former significant but weak. _________________________________ A partir de données exhaustives des recensements maliens de la population de 1976, 1987 et 1998, cette étude analyse le processus d’urbanisation et de spécialisation économique des 10 000 localités maliennes. Grâce à un travail d’appariement minutieux, rarement entrepris même dans les pays développés, nous constituons un panel de l’ensemble des localités et nous définissons les agglomérations urbaines en fonction de leurs tailles, densités et contiguïtés. Nous montrons que le Mali est un pays où la concentration des populations s’est opérée prioritairement à Bamako et dans des petits bourgs ruraux et que son tissu urbain est très peu dense. La primatialité du système urbain est alors très élevée. L’analyse de la dynamique de l’emploi révèle que le processus d’urbanisation du Mali s’accompagne plutôt d’un processus de dispersion spatiale des emplois. Cependant, on observe que la croissance des emplois des branches secondaire et tertiaire au sein des villes et des bourgs ruraux de plus de 1 000 habitants dépend positivement de la taille des marchés. Les villes maliennes et leurs concentrations d’habitants permettent donc un dynamisme plus important de l’emploi dans les branches non agricoles. On observe que les zones d’expansion de la culture du coton sont les zones où la croissance démographique des localités est plus forte, sans pour autant que cela occasionne un dynamisme plus important de l’emploi non agricole.

Background WHO developed a global strategy to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030 and set target to treat 80% of people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection eligible for antiviral treatment. As a first step to achieve this goal, it is essential to conduct a situation analysis that is fundamental to designing national hepatitis plans. We therefore estimated the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, and described the existing infrastructure for HBV diagnosis in Madagascar. Methods We conducted a stratified multi-stage serosurvey of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in adults aged ≥18 years using 28 sentinel surveillance sites located throughout the country. We obtained the list of facilities performing HBV testing from the Ministry of Health, and contacted the person responsible at each facility. Results A total of 1778 adults were recruited from the 28 study areas. The overall weighted seroprevalence of HBsAg was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.6–8.6). Populations with a low socio-economic status and those living in rural areas had a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBsAg. The ratio of facilities equipped to perform HBsAg tests per 100,000 inhabitants was 1.02 in the capital city of Antananarivo and 0.21 outside the capital. There were no facilities with the capacity to perform HBV DNA testing or transient elastography to measure liver fibrosis. There are only five hepatologists in Madagascar. Conclusion Madagascar has a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBV infection with a severely limited capacity for its diagnosis and treatment. Higher HBsAg prevalence in rural or underprivileged populations underlines the importance of a public health approach to decentralize the management of chronic HBV carriers in Madagascar by using simple and low-cost diagnostic tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4630-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience

International audience; Much attention has been paid to the issue of groundwater depletion linked to intensive groundwater-based agriculture in (semi-)arid areas. Often referred to as the 'overexploitation' of aquifers, groundwater depletion is generally attributed to the entire agricultural sector without distinguishing between different uses and users. Although it expresses a general concern for future users, the ambiguous term of 'overexploitation' does not acknowledge the contested nature of groundwater use and emerging inequalities. Also, the impact of inequality on groundwater depletion is rarely questioned. The aim of this article is to investigate how and by whom groundwater is depleted, and in turn, how unequal access to groundwater fuels the socioeconomic differentiation of farms and groundwater depletion. Based on a detailed analysis of groundwater use from a user perspective in two irrigated areas in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), this study shows how the context of groundwater depletion exacerbates'and is exacerbated by'existing inequalities. The paper concludes that knowing how much is withdrawn, where, and by whom provides helpful information for more informed groundwater management by a better understanding of the response of users to declining groundwater conditions and the interests and incentives of different social categories of famers to contribute to groundwater management.

International audience

Income diversification is considered one of the important household strategies for securing rural livelihoods. We investigate its patterns and determinants using data on 1,747 farm households collected in 2007-2008 from six regions in rural Senegal and Kenya. The empirical investigation shows that the regional variation in income diversification does not follow any clear patterns, with push and pull determinants acting concurrently within and between regions. Therefore, policies on income diversification need to be tailored to meet the development needs of specific regions. More generally, income diversification is significantly associated with household asset endowments, demographic factors, accessibility to rural towns, migration opportunities, and perceptions on food security.

While high resolution spatial variables contribute to a good fit of spatially-explicit deforestation models, socio-economic processes are often beyond the scope of these models. Such a low level of interest in the socio-economic dimension of deforestation limits the relevancy of these models for decision making and may be the cause of their failure to accurately predict observed deforestation trends in the medium term. This study aims to propose a flexible methodology for taking into account multiple drivers of deforestation in tropical forested areas, where the intensity of deforestation is explicitly predicted based on socio-economic variables. By coupling a model of deforestation location based on spatial environmental variables with several sub-models of deforestation intensity based on socio-economic variables, we were able to create a map of predicted deforestation over the period 2001–2014 in French Guiana. This map was compared to a reference map for accuracy assessment, not only at the pixel scale but also over cells ranging from 1 to approx. 600 sq. km. Highly significant relationships were explicitly established between deforestation intensity and several socio-economic variables: population growth, the amount of agricultural subsidies, gold and wood production. Such a precise characterisation of socio-economic processes allows to avoid overestimation biases in high deforestation areas, suggesting a better integration of socio-economic processes in the models. While considering deforestation as a purely geographical process contributes to the creation of conservative models unable to effectively assess changes in the socio-economic and political contexts influencing deforestation trends, this explicit characterisation of the socio-economic dimension of deforestation is critical for the creation of deforestation scenarios in REDD+ projects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The recent launch of the Landsat-8 satellite, in parallel to the opening of 40 years of archives issued from the Landsat program, has created new opportunities for the design of large-scale initiatives for environmental monitoring at moderate spatial resolution. However, the availability of cloud-free observations stays a major limiting factor, especially in wet tropical areas like South East Asia (SEA). Based on the analysis of one year of Landsat-8 data acquired for the 69 path/row combinations that intersect SEA with the Fmask algorithm, we studied the temporal granularity of cloud-free observations. Our results show that the annual production of two quasi-complete composited maps for SEA seems achievable when 'greenness' and 'brownness' are close to their maximum, offering relevant opportunities for scientists and stakeholders involved in environment, biodiversity or health issues. (Resume d'auteur)

International audience

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI; International audience; Participatory approaches are now increasingly recognized and used as an essential element of policies and programs, especially in regards to natural resource management (NRM). Most practitioners, decision-makers and researchers having adopted participatory approaches also acknowledge the need to monitor and evaluate such approaches in order to audit their effectiveness, support decision-making or improve learning. Many manuals and frameworks exist on how to carry out monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for participatory processes. However, few provide guidelines on the selection and implementation of M&E methods, an aspect which is also often obscure in published studies, at the expense of the transparency, reliability and validity of the study. In this paper, we argue that the selection and implementation of M&E methods are particularly strategic when monitoring and evaluating a participatory process. We demonstrate that evaluators of participatory processes have to tackle a quadruple challenge when selecting and implementing methods: using mixed-methods, both qualitative and quantitative; assessing the participatory process, its outcomes, and its context; taking into account both the theory and participants' views; and being both rigorous and adaptive. The M&E of a participatory planning process in the Rwenzori Region, Uganda, is used as an example to show how these challenges unfold on the ground and how they can be tackled. Based on this example, we conclude by providing tools and strategies that can be used by evaluators to ensure that they make utile, feasible, coherent, transparent and adaptive methodological choices when monitoring and evaluating participatory processes for NRM.

The African continent is vast with an unequally distributed population. It has experienced high population growth over the last 50 years, which has corrected its former demographic deficit. If current dynamics continue, the results will be population densification, with serious implications for the relationship between people and natural resources, and changes to territorial configurations.

A partir de l’exemple de la vallee du Trombetas (Para), nous analysons l’evolution des pratiques migratoires des populations forestieres d’Amazonie et leurs interactions avec certains phenomenes demographiques : decohabitation, primo-fecondite et primo-nuptialite. Aujourd’hui, la plupart des familles reussissent a frequenter la ville de facon reguliere grâce a des systemes de mobilites articulant dispersion residentielle et complementarite des fonctions au sein du menage. Chez les jeunes filles, la mobilite rurale-urbaine est frequemment motivee par l’acces aux services scolaires et s’accompagne d’une decohabitation precoce. Parallelement, on observe un rajeunissement de la fecondite.

Ouvrage disponible en ligne au format PDF : http://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1839_PDF_PYW9OuW.pdf; International audience

revue en ligne; While the deterioration of the Amazon’s resources has drawn much attention, spatial dynamics at stake are still poorly understood. At the crossing of the Amazon of roads and Amazon of rivers classical models, new territorial dynamics are taking shape. To characterize these evolutions, trajectories and current territorial dynamics of two contrasting territories were analyzed with a perception-based regional map-making methodology. Our results show that common dynamics from the two occupation models of Amazonia (rivers and roads) are processing. Through the combination of these new dynamics in their respective contexts, different territories are forming. Three key factors determine it: infrastructure and market development, entrepreneurship dynamics, and regulatory framework implemented by the public authorities. Common and sustainable strategies can be undertaken by local actors to adapt to these factors and manage the territorial dynamics. These strategies can be properly achieved only by knowing the reality of the territories amongst new network of actors, in order to get over past divergences.; Au Brésil, alors que la dégradation des ressources amazoniennes focalise toutes les attentions, les dynamiques spatiales en jeu sont encore mal comprises. Au croisement des modèles classiques de l’Amazonie des routes et des fleuves, de nouvelles dynamiques territoriales se dessinent. Afin de caractériser ces évolutions, les trajectoires et les dynamiques spatiales actuelles de deux territoires contrastés d’Amazonie Orientale (le Baixo Amazonas et le Nordeste Paraense) ont été analysées à l’aide de zonages à dire d’acteurs. Nos résultats montrent que c’est à travers la combinaison de nouvelles dynamiques spatiales communes aux deux modèles d’occupation (fleuves et routes) dans des contextes particuliers, que de nouvelles territorialités se construisent. Trois grands facteurs déterminent ces dynamiques : les infrastructures et le développement des marchés, les dynamiques entrepreneuriales, ainsi que les cadres normatifs mis en place par les pouvoirs publics. Les stratégies de développement ne peuvent alors être valablement élaborées qu’à condition de renouveler les connaissances sur les réalités des territoires au sein de nouveaux réseaux d’acteurs, afin de dépasser les divergences et contradictions du passé.; No Brasil, enquanto a degradação dos recursos amazónicos focaliza todas as atenções, falta ainda melhorar o entendimento das dinâmicas espaciais em jogo. No cruzamento dos modelos clássicos da Amazónia das estradas e dos rios, novas dinâmicas territoriais aparecem. Para caracterizar essas evoluções, as trajetórias e as dinâmicas espaciais atuais de dois territórios contrastados foram analisadas com a metodologia do zoneamento por entrevista de pessoas chaves. Os nossos resultados mostram que é a traves a combinação de novas dinâmicas comuns aos dois modelos de ocupação da Amazônia (rios e estradas) em contextos específicos, que novas territorialidades se constroem. Três grandes fatores determinam essas dinâmicas : as infraestruturas e o desenvolvimento dos mercados, as dinâmicas empresariais e os quadros normativos implementados pelos poderes públicos. Estratégias comuns de desenvolvimento sustentável podem ser empreendidas pelos atores locais para adaptar-se a esses fatores e manejar as dinâmicas territoriais. Essas estratégias podem ser elaboradas apenas à condição de renovar os conhecimentos sobre as realidades dos territórios em novas redes de atores, a fim de ir além das divergências do passado.

International audience; Family farming is a form of agricultural activity widely represented in Latin America (Malleta, 2011; Schneider, 2013). The Cepal ‑ FAO ‑ IICA report (2013) estimates that land in the family farming sector in Latin America and the Caribbean corresponds to around 17 million productive units, comprising a population of 60 million people. Family farming represents close to 75% of the total production units, and even more than 90% in certain countries. This text questions the hypothesis of the existence of a Latin American model of public policies in favor of family farming and examines some modalities of its regional dissemination. It starts with three questions: what are the origins and causes of the adoption of these policies? What do they have in common? And what are your main challenges for the future of family farming in Latin America?; A agricultura familiar é uma forma de atividade agrícola amplamente representada na América Latina (Malleta, 2011; Schneider, 2013). O relatório Cepal‑FAO‑IICA (2013) estima que as terras do setor da agricultura familiar na América Latina e Caribe correspondem a cerca de 17 milhões de unidades produtivas, agrupando uma população de 60 milhões de pessoas. A agricultura familiar representa perto de 75% do total das unidades produtivas, e até mais de 90% em certos países. Este texto questiona a hipótese da existência de um modelo latino‑americano de políticas públicas a favor da agricultura familiar e examina algumas modalidades da sua disseminação regional. Parte de três preguntas: quais as origens e causas da adoção dessas políticas? O que elas têm em comum? E quais são os seus principais desafios para o futuro da agricultura familiar na América Latina?

National audience

Ouvrage disponible en ligne: http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/conferences-seminaires/12-Conferences-seminaires.pdf; National audience

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; This paper explores a fruitful convergence between the distributive and procedural dimensions of environmental justice theory and current debates in the field of development studies over capitals and capabilities, institutions, and discourse formation to shed new light on natural resource management projects in the developing world. Specifically, we document the planning and implementation of two types of water interventions in two contrasting regions: watershed development programmes in northeast India and small reservoirs in sub-Saharan West Africa.We find that there is a contradiction between the inherently political nature of water interventions and the fact that such projects remain grounded in apolitical, technical and managerial narratives. In contrast to the new semantic of development, this depoliticization results in the near absence of attention paid to procedural (participation and empowerment) and distributive (equity) justice concerns and in local actors having to revert to covert ways to achieve their ends. A constructive dialogue between development studies and environmental justice scholars can offer a fresh look on the society-environment nexus in the developing world.

In the context of the demo-economic transition in Sub-Saharan Africa, changes in rural household strategies towards more complex livelihoods, together with the recognition of renewed forms of migration, raise issues around the restructuring of rural economies. This thesis questions the renewed role of Mozambican rural households’ mobilities to understand to what extent they represent a key factor with regards the reshaping of livelihoods in the present post-Apartheid and liberalization context.This work sheds light on the conceptual links between institutional approaches in economics and the notion of circulation in geography in order to analyze the role of mobilities in livelihoods’ strategies in the long term. The analytical approach is based on biographical surveys of 97 Mozambican rural households, and includes both quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis shows the evolution of intense and circular migration of Leonzoane families to South Africa during colonial times towards more complex forms of mobilities, with a higher degree of working flexibility, in more extended geographical areas within and beyond the historical mining sector. These mobilities rely on a diversity of arrangements embedded in networks, showing evidence of a migration contract in the making, based on household strategies’ circular resources. The analysis of these migration forms together with the reshaping of households’ livelihoods illustrates a highly diversified situation in Leonzoane. While some households show a growing complexity of adjustments of their livelihoods, in which the relative share of agricultural activities tends to decrease, others perpetuate very stable non-diversified livelihoods. Being a fundamental livelihood asset, migration can certainly act as a strategic resource for rural households, but can also be a factor of insecurity or dependency., Dans le contexte de transition démo-économique en Afrique subsaharienne, l’évolution des stratégies des ménages ruraux vers des systèmes d’activités composites et la reconnaissance des modalités renouvelées des migrations soulèvent les enjeux liés aux recompositions des économies rurales. Cette thèse interroge le rôle renouvelé des mobilités des ménages ruraux mozambicains pour comprendre dans quelle mesure celles-ci constituent un élément central de recomposition de leurs systèmes d’activités dans le contexte régional postapartheid et de libéralisation.Ce travail apporte un éclairage sur les articulations conceptuelles entre approches institutionnelles en économie et la notion de circulation, pour une analyse du rôle des mobilités dans les stratégies et systèmes d’activités sur le long terme. La démarche analytique est basée sur la reconstitution par enquêtes de biographies de 97 ménages et combine méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives.L’analyse met à jour l’évolution de mobilités circulaires intenses vers l’Afrique du Sud des familles de Leonzoane pendant la période coloniale, vers des formes de mobilités plus complexes dévoilant plus de flexibilité professionnelle, dans des espaces plus larges au sein et en dehors du secteur historique minier. Ces mobilités s’accompagnent d’une diversité d’arrangements portés par les réseaux, attestant d’un contrat migratoire en formation, fondé sur une ressource circulatoire dans les stratégies des familles. La mise en regard de ces mobilités avec les recompositions des systèmes d’activités des ménages, met à jour une situation actuelle à Leonzoane très diversifiée. Pour une partie elle donne lieu à la complexification des ajustements au sein des systèmes d’activités dans lesquels le poids relatif de l’agriculture tend à diminuer, pour d’autres elle assure la reproduction de systèmes d’activités très stables non diversifiés. Elément fondamental des stratégies des familles, la migration peut aussi bien constituer une ressource stratégique qu’un facteur de précarisation ou de dépendance

International audience

International audience; Unimaginable! While some media like to revel in various criminal activities, murder is ignored, that of France "rural". The body was hidden, no doubt for the French company can not mourn it. Fortunately, The journal Population & Future Bookdemiver, exclusively, a detailed letter from Sherlock Holmes.; Inimaginable ! Alors que certains médias aiment se délecter des faits divers criminels, un meurtre est passé sous silence, celui de la France " rurale ". Le cadavre a été caché, sans doute pour que la société française ne puisse en faire son deuil. Heureusement, Population & Avenir livre, en exclusivité, une lettre circonstanciée reçue de Sherlock Holmes (p.c.c. Gérard-François Dumont).

Ce livre fait suite au Symposium "Innovation and Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Food" (ISDA) organisé par l'UMR Innovation à Montpellier (2010-06-28 - 2010-07-01); National audience; L'agriculture est aujourd'hui interpellée par la société, qui exige bien plus qu'une simple production alimentaire : aliments de qualité, services environnementaux, insertion de populations marginalisées, revitalisation des territoires ruraux, habitabilité des milieux urbains, développement de productions énergétiques… Cette ouverture des futurs agricoles incite les acteurs ruraux à expérimenter de nouveaux systèmes de production et valorisation, faisant ainsi preuve de créativité et d'obstination pour exister face aux modèles de développement dominants. Parallèlement, ces modèles dominants fondés sur la production de masse à moindre coût continuent à s'étendre, avec les promesses d'un futur basé sur les technologies vertes. Ces évolutions posent des questions. Quel type de développement durable les sociétés veulent-elles ? Comment choisir les innovations qui leur permettront d'y parvenir ? Quels rôles peuvent jouer la recherche et les politiques publiques pour favoriser l'émergence de ces innovations ? Au-delà de l'analyse des options techniques, cet ouvrage s'intéresse aux innovations sociales et institutionnelles. Il démontre que l'innovation est le résultat d'une confrontation entre des visions portées par des acteurs aux intérêts parfois divergents. Il n'y a pas de chemin unique vers un développement durable, il faut à la fois encourager l'émergence et la coexistence de différents modes d'agriculture et de systèmes alimentaires. Le succès ne dépendra pas uniquement de notre capacité à repenser les modèles existants mais également de notre volonté à nous engager dans un processus d'apprentissage dont nous sortirons forcément transformés.