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1. The design of the n2EDM experiment: nEDM Collaboration

Author

N. Yazdandoost, T. Stapf, Jens-Uwe Voigt, S. Roccia, C. B. Doorenbos, K. U. Ross, G. Quéméner, K. Svirina, B. Dechenaux, Y. Lemière, Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg, T. Bouillaud, Kazimierz Bodek, Allard Schnabel, Guillaume Pignol, N. J. Ayres, Nathal Severijns, S. Emmenegger, Jacek Zejma, M. Rawlik, Luc Bienstman, Philip Harris, D. Pais, W. C. Griffith, P.-J. Chiu, W. Saenz, P. A. Koss, Klaus Kirch, B. Shen, Oscar Naviliat-Cuncic, R. Virot, A. Leredde, L. Ferraris-Bouchez, J. Chen, A. Fratangelo, Georg Bison, E. Chanel, G. Ban, S. Touati, Geza Zsigmond, D. Ries, Florian M. Piegsa, T. Lefort, J. Thorne, Zoran D. Grujić, B. Clement, D. A. Mullins, J. Menu, I. Rienäcker, M. Daum, V. Bondar, J. Krempel, R. Tavakoli Dinani, D. Rozpedzik, P. Flaux, D. Goupillière, Martin Fertl, M. Meier, Christopher Crawford, Bernhard Lauss, D. Rebreyend, E. Wursten, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), n2EDM, and Publica

Subjects
experimental methods, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, Special Article - Tools for Experiment and Theory, RELAXATION, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Technical design, ARBITRARY, Physics, Particles & Fields, SEARCHES, ELECTRIC-DIPOLE-MOMENT, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, Sensitivity (control systems), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), MAGNETOMETER, detector: design, activity report, Physics, Science & Technology, n: electric moment, DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, MAGNETIC-FIELD, PERFORMANCE, sensitivity, ULTRACOLD-NEUTRON SOURCE, Electric dipole moment, Physical Sciences, Neutron source, Order of magnitude
Abstract

We present the design of a next-generation experiment, n2EDM, currently under construction at the ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) with the aim of carrying out a high-precision search for an electric dipole moment of the neutron. The project builds on experience gained with the previous apparatus operated at PSI until 2017, and is expected to deliver an order of magnitude better sensitivity with provision for further substantial improvements. An overview is of the experimental method and setup is given, the sensitivity requirements for the apparatus are derived, and its technical design is described., The European Physical Journal C, 81 (6), ISSN:1434-6044, ISSN:1434-6052

Published
2021
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2. Data Blinding for the nEDM Experiment at PSI

Author

Malgorzata Kasprzak, Philip Harris, D. Pais, J. Hommet, Jacek Zejma, Guillaume Pignol, Kazimierz Bodek, D. Rebreyend, A. Kozela, Geza Zsigmond, Nora Hild, S. Roccia, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, J. Krempel, Y. Kermaidic, Y. Lemière, Antoine Weis, Klaus Kirch, L. Ferraris-Bouchez, N. J. Ayres, P. Flaux, G. Ban, Georg Bison, S. Emmenegger, M. Rawlik, T. Lefort, V. Bondar, Bernhard Lauss, E. Chanel, S. Komposch, M. Daum, Allard Schnabel, Florian M. Piegsa, A. Leredde, A. Mtchedlishvili, D. Rozpedzik, Christopher Crawford, E. Wursten, R. Virot, D. Ries, P.-J. Chiu, Zoran D. Grujić, I. Rienäcker, Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg, Oscar Naviliat-Cuncic, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, data analysis method, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Offset (computer science), Blinding, Neutron electric dipole moment, Other Fields of Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Separate analysis, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, physics.data-an, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Nuclear Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, n: electric moment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Probability and statistics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Data set, Special Article - New Tools and Techniques, Trustworthiness, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Algorithm, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Particle Physics - Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an]
Abstract

Psychological bias towards, or away from, prior measurements or theory predictions is an intrinsic threat to any data analysis. While various methods can be used to try to avoid such a bias, e.g. actively avoiding looking at the result, only data blinding is a traceable and trustworthy method that can circumvent the bias and convince a public audience that there is not even an accidental psychological bias. Data blinding is nowadays a standard practice in particle physics, but it is particularly difficult for experiments searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM), as several cross measurements, in particular of the magnetic field, create a self-consistent network into which it is hard to inject a false signal. We present an algorithm that modifies the data without influencing the experiment. Results of an automated analysis of the data are used to change the recorded spin state of a few neutrons within each measurement cycle. The flexible algorithm may be applied twice (or more) to the data, thus providing the option of sequentially applying various blinding offsets for separate analysis steps with independent teams. The subtle manner in which the data are modified allows one subsequently to adjust the algorithm and to produce a re-blinded data set without revealing the initial blinding offset. The method was designed for the 2015/2016 measurement campaign of the nEDM experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute. However, it can be re-used with minor modification for the follow-up experiment n2EDM, and may be suitable for comparable projects elsewhere., The European Physical Journal A, 57 (4), ISSN:1434-6001, ISSN:1434-601X

Published
2020
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3. Measurement of the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron

Author

I. Rienäcker, V. Hélaine, M. Daum, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, J. A. Thorne, J. Krempel, J. Zenner, S. Roccia, Jacek Zejma, Martin Burghoff, E. Wursten, N. J. Ayres, G. Wyszynski, W. C. Griffith, G. Ban, M. G. D. van der Grinten, R. Virot, C. Abel, Bernhard Lauss, Florian M. Piegsa, P. N. Prashanth, P. J. Chiu, Christopher Crawford, Nathal Severijns, Oscar Naviliat-Cuncic, Antoine Weis, S. Afach, Guillaume Pignol, M. Kuźniak, Jens-Uwe Voigt, R. Tavakoli Dinani, A. Knecht, C. Plonka-Spehr, Geza Zsigmond, D. Rozpedzik, Z. Hodge, A. Kraft, Martin Fertl, P. Flaux, Reinhold Henneck, P. A. Koss, M. Horras, G. Rogel, Y. Kermaidic, E. Pierre, Paul E. Knowles, S. Komposch, A. Kozela, Georg Bison, M. Rawlik, D. Rebreyend, E. Chanel, L. Ferraris-Bouchez, Z. Chowdhuri, D. Ries, P. Geltenbort, Klaus Kirch, L. Hayen, Zoran D. Grujić, K. Green, Y. Lemière, Werner Heil, G. Quéméner, P. Schmidt-Wellenburg, S. N. Ivanov, C.A. Baker, H. C. Koch, P. Iaydjiev, V. Bondar, T. Lefort, B. Clement, Malgorzata Kasprzak, A. Mtchedlishvili, Philip Harris, Allard Schnabel, M. Musgrave, S. Emmenegger, D. Shiers, D. Pais, N. Hild, A. Fratangelo, Kazimierz Bodek, B. Franke, A. Leredde, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, nEDM, Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Magnetometer, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), S017EDM, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), statistical analysis, law, cesium, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], time reversal: invariance, Statistical analysis, Neutron, Nuclear Physics - Experiment, Physics::Atomic Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, n: electric moment, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Cesium vapor, Magnetic field, Electric dipole moment, Automatic Keywords, Ultracold neutrons, Elementary Particles and Fields, history, Atomic physics, time reversal: violation, magnetic field: oscillation, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present the result of an experiment to measure the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron at the Paul Scherrer Institute using Ramsey’s method of separated oscillating magnetic fields with ultracold neutrons. Our measurement stands in the long history of EDM experiments probing physics violating time-reversal invariance. The salient features of this experiment were the use of a 199Hg comagnetometer and an array of optically pumped cesium vapor magnetometers to cancel and correct for magnetic-field changes. The statistical analysis was performed on blinded datasets by two separate groups, while the estimation of systematic effects profited from an unprecedented knowledge of the magnetic field. The measured value of the neutron EDM is dn=(0.0±1.1stat±0.2sys)×10−26 e.cm., Physical Review Letters, 124 (8), ISSN:0031-9007, ISSN:1079-7114

Published
2020
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4. Magnetic field uniformity in neutron electric dipole moment experiments

Author

D. Ries, P. Geltenbort, P. Iaydjiev, P. Flaux, D. Rebreyend, A. Leredde, T. Baker, Jacek Zejma, Z. Chowdhuri, Nathal Severijns, Christopher Crawford, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, J. Krempel, W. C. Griffith, Allard Schnabel, S. Komposch, G. Quéméner, Georg Bison, H. C. Koch, S. Emmenegger, M. G. D. van der Grinten, Malgorzata Kasprzak, Y. Kermaidic, Antoine Weis, Florian M. Piegsa, S. Roccia, D. Pais, V. Bondar, N. Hild, Y. Lemiere, Philip Harris, Klaus Kirch, C. Abel, Bernhard Lauss, S. N. Ivanov, P. A. Koss, K. Green, L. Ferraris-Bouchez, B. Dechenaux, Guillaume Pignol, E. Wursten, D. Rozpedzik, Reinhold Henneck, G. Ban, M. Daum, P. J. Chiu, T. Lefort, N. J. Ayres, A. Kozela, R. Virot, G. Wyszynski, Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg, Kazimierz Bodek, M. Rawlik, E. Chanel, Geza Zsigmond, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), ILL, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutron electric dipole moment, mercury: atom, measurement methods, FOS: Physical sciences, Harmonic polynomial, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 010305 fluids & plasmas, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Neutron, Physics::Atomic Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Fundamental concepts, QC, Physics, Larmor precession, Measurement method, n: electric moment, n: depolarization, mathematical methods, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Magnetic field, Computational physics, Electric dipole moment, magnetic field: parametrization, Ultracold neutrons
Abstract

© 2019 American Physical Society. Magnetic-field uniformity is of the utmost importance in experiments to measure the electric dipole moment of the neutron. A general parametrization of the magnetic field in terms of harmonic polynomial modes is proposed, going beyond the linear-gradients approximation. We review the main undesirable effects of nonuniformities: depolarization of ultracold neutrons and Larmor frequency shifts of neutrons and mercury atoms. The theoretical predictions for these effects were verified by dedicated measurements with the single-chamber neutron electric-dipole-moment apparatus installed at the Paul Scherrer Institute. ispartof: Physical Review A vol:99 issue:4 status: published

Published
2019
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5. Statistical sensitivity of the nEDM apparatus at PSI to n − n′ oscillations

Author

D. Ries, Nora Hild, O. Naviliat-Cuncic, D. Rozpedzik, N. J. Ayres, T. Lefort, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, J. Krempel, S. Roccia, A. Kozela, A. Leredde, Georg Bison, Kazimierz Bodek, V. Bondar, Jacek Zejma, C. Abel, D. Rebreyend, Bernhard Lauss, P. A. Koss, J. Thorne, Florian M. Piegsa, W. C. Griffith, Nathal Severijns, S. Emmenegger, Zoran D. Grujić, D. Pais, M. Daum, P. Flaux, Klaus Kirch, Allard Schnabel, Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg, R. Virot, P.-J. Chiu, Guillaume Pignol, L. Ferraris-Bouchez, Geza Zsigmond, M. Rawlik, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Neutron electric dipole moment, QC1-999, magnetic field, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, mirror particle, 0103 physical sciences, overlap, Neutron, Sensitivity (control systems), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, sterile, oscillation: time, Physics, n: electric moment, Series (mathematics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Oscillation, Degenerate energy levels, sensitivity, Magnetic field, Computational physics, Neutron source, statistical, performance
Abstract

The neutron and its hypothetical mirror counterpart, a sterile state degenerate in mass, could spontaneously mix in a process much faster than the neutron β-decay. Two groups have performed a series of experiments in search of neutron – mirror-neutron (n − n′) oscillations. They reported no evidence, thereby setting stringent limits on the oscillation time τnn′. Later, these data sets have been further analyzed by Berezhiani et al.(2009–2017), and signals, compatible with n − n′ oscillations in the presence of mirror magnetic fields, have been reported. The Neutron Electric Dipole Moment Collaboration based at the Paul Scherrer Institute performed a new series of experiments to further test these signals. In this paper, we describe and motivate our choice of run configurations with an optimal filling time of 29 s, storage times of 180 s and 380 s, and applied magnetic fields of 10 μT and 20 μT. The choice of these run configurations ensures a reliable overlap in settings with the previous efforts and also improves the sensitivity to test the signals. We also elaborate on the technique of normalizing the neutron counts, making such a counting experiment at the ultra-cold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute possible. Furthermore, the magnetic field characterization to meet the requirements of this n − n′ oscillation search is demonstrated. Finally, we show that this effort has a statistical sensitivity to n − n′ oscillations comparable to the current leading constraints for B′ = 0., EPJ Web of Conferences, 219, ISSN:2100-014X, ISSN:2101-6275

Published
2018
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