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International audience; Workers' propensity to migrate to another local labor market varies a lot by occupation. We use the model developed by Schmutz and Sidibé (2019) to quantify the impact of mobility costs and search frictions on this mobility gap. We estimate the model on a matched employer-employee panel dataset describing labor market transitions within and between the 30 largest French cities for two groups at both ends of the occupational spectrum and find that: (i) mobility costs are very comparable in the two groups, so they are three times higher for blue-collar workers relative to their respective expected income; (ii) Depending on employment status, spatial frictions are between 2 and 3 times higher for blue-collar workers; (iii) Moving subsidies have little (and possibly negative) impact on the mobility gap, contrary to policies targeting spatial frictions; (iv) Mobility-enhancing policies have almost no impact on the unemployment gap.

International audience; Low-skilled Cambodian workers are not concerned by "multicultural programs" in South Korea. In this context, they deal with this situation through the help of religious institutions, such as the Onnuri Presbyterian Church, by recreating a sort of ethnonational community. Labour migration permits Cambodian workers to weave different kinds of social links between them, with Koreans of the peninsula, and also with Koreans in Cambodia. This article examines the singular form of integration or exclusion of these migrant workers in South Korea, and tries to demonstrate its impact on their life upon their return home.

International audience; Starting from the diagnosis that Germany has had better economic outcomes than most advanced countries since the mid-2000s, we propose a general equilibrium model to answer the following two questions: Why is it so and is the German experience applicable to other EU countries? Whereas a large number of observers explain German competitiveness by the labour market reforms implemented from 2003 to 2005 (Hartz laws), we suggest that (i) the gains in competitiveness are essentially due to offshoring and (ii) the labour market reforms have subsequently reduced the offshoring-related unemployment by decreasing the reservation wage, creating thereby low skilled jobs in non-tradable services. These reforms have also reinforced inequality already generated by offshoring. In contrast with the traditional explanation based on the Hartz reforms, our model findings and simulations fit well with the sequence of observed facts. This experience could be extended to other EU countries, but with higher cost and lower efficiency. Finally, as the reduction in unemployment is based on the extension of non-tradable services, we suggest alternative policies that reach the same goal without increasing inequality.

This paper examines the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMP) in improving labour market outcomes, especially of low-skilled individuals. The empirical analysis consists of an aggregate impact approach based on a pooled cross country and time-series database for 31 advanced countries during the period 1985–2010. A novelty of the paper is that the analysis includes aspects of the delivery system to see how the performance of ALMP is affected by different implementation characteristics. Among the notable results, the paper finds that ALMP matters at the aggregate level. Training, employment incentives, supported employment and direct job creation measures show the most favourable results, both, in terms of reduced unemployment, but also in terms of increased employment and participation. Interestingly, start-up incentives are more effective in reducing unemployment than other ALMP policies. Moreover, the positive effects seem to be particularly beneficial for the low-skilled. In terms of implementation, the paper finds that the most favourable aspect is the allocation of resources to programme administration. Finally, a disruption of policy continuity is associated with negative effects for all labour market variables analysed.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect on letter knowledge and writing of a multisensory exploration of letters as a function of the child's skill level (low vs high-skilled). Five-year-old children were tested on letter–sound knowledge and on letter writing before and after training. Four matched groups were formed: A Control group (C, no contact with letters), a Visual group (V, the child watched the letter), a Visuo-Haptic group (VH, the child touched the letter with the forefinger) and a Visuo-Graphomotor group (VG, highlighting). Results indicated a significant gain percentage in trained letter sounds in the V, VH and VG groups compared to the C group. With regard to letter writing, the pattern of results suggests that highlighting the letter shape could constitute a good classroom teaching method, particularly in the case of low-skilled children. These results are discussed in the light of the different modes of letter exploration.

International audience; Based on semi-structured interviews in Greater Paris, this article explores the recruitment methods used to fill elementary positions in retail in a buoyant labour market. It is argued that employers are involved in constructing individual employability. In Greater Paris, the obstacles low-skilled unemployed people face to obtain shop-floor positions are exacerbated by in-store hiring channels and preference for students. The article develops an understanding of an innovative demand-side oriented policy (Methode de recrutement par simulation, MRS) driven by the French Public Employment Services. By assessing and prioritizing practical and communication skills through exercises similar to working conditions, this programme contributes to reduce prejudices towards unemployed people and help them access low-skilled jobs.

I build a simple theory of self-selection into migration and immigration policy formation. I show that any immigration policy affects immigrants skill composition, and this effect may drive the policy outcome in the receiving country. For example, restricting immigration when it is low skilled may worsen immigrants' self-selection and thus the receiving country skill distribution. Hence, understanding the migration decision becomes crucial for analyzing the political economy of immigration. By this composition effect, some natives may support further restrictions even though current immigrants are not harmful for them, and immigration restrictions may be optimal even in a purely utilitarian world., Je formule une théorie simple d'auto-sélection des immigrés et de formation de politique d'immigration. Je montre que toutes les politiques d'immigration affectent la composition des compétences des immigrés et que cet effet influe sur la politique d'immigration du pays d'accueil. Par exemple, limiter l'immigration quand elle concerne des individus peu qualifiés peut augmenter l'auto-sélection des migrants et ainsi avoir un effet néfaste sur la distribution des compétences dans le pays d'accueil. Par conséquent, comprendre la décision de migration devient crucial pour l'analyse de la politique d'immigration. Par cet effet de composition, quelques autochtones peuvent être en faveur des restrictions même si les immigrés ne sont pas en concurrence avec eux et les restrictions sur l'immigration peuvent être optimales même quand la fonction de bien-être social est purement utilitaire.

AANGEPAST DOOR ANNE:[-]Dit boek geeft een uitgebreid overzicht van alle sociale hervormingen die de afgelopen dertig jaar in Europa zijn doorgevoerd. Aan bod komen Duitsland, Oostenrijk, Frankrijk, Belgi , Nederland, Spanje, Itali , Zwitserland, Tsjechi , Hongarije, Polen en Slowakije. Bruno Palier toont aan dat al deze landen vergaande hervormingen hebben doorgevoerd in hun zorgstelsel. De oudere structuren, gebaseerd op de eerste sociale zorgstelsels als die onder Bismarck, voldoen niet meer aan de hedendaagse maatschappelijke behoeften. Zo is met de emancipatie van werknemers de hi rarchische structuur veranderd en is de man niet langer vanzelfsprekend de kostwinner van het gezin. Tegenwoordig hebben veel landen een duaal systeem dat onderscheid maakt tussen bescherming van goedfunctionerende burgers en de ondersteuning en motivatie van 'atypische' deelnemers aan de samenleving.[-][-]Bruno Palier is onderzoeker aan de Fondation nationale des sciences politiques in Parijs en wetenschappelijk co rdinator van de European Network of Excellence, Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe (RECWOWE).[-][-][-]During the 2000s, all continental European countries implemented important structural reforms of their welfare systems (a shift to multi-pillar pension systems, activation, competition in health insurance and care policies outside the family). Even though the changes only became fully apparent over the past decade, this book shows that they must be understood as the culmination of a longer reform trajectory. This book is devoted to the detailed analysis of this reform trajectory. Taken together, the reforms have contributed to a reorganisation of the Bismarckian welfare systems as a whole: they have lost their encompassing capacities, partly turned to activation and employment-friendliness, and weakened the strongest elements of their male breadwinner bias. Instead of the emergence of new hybrid welfare systems, the book concludes that Continental Europe witnessed the development of dual welfare systems that differentiate between the protection of the core workers and the activation of the -atypical (low skilled) ones, and thus contribute to the dualisation of Continental European societies.