Search

International audience; Virus infection causes major rearrangements in the subcellular architecture of eukaryotes, but its impact in prokaryotic cells was much less characterized. Here, we show that infection of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage SPP1 leads to a hijacking of host replication proteins to assemble hybrid viral–bacterial replisomes for SPP1 genome replication. Their biosynthetic activity doubles the cell total DNA content within 15 min. Replisomes operate at several independent locations within a single viral DNA focus positioned asymmetrically in the cell. This large nucleoprotein complex is a self-contained compartment whose boundaries are delimited neither by a membrane nor by a protein cage. Later during infection, SPP1 procapsids localize at the periphery of the viral DNA compartment for genome packaging. The resulting DNA-filled capsids do not remain associated to the DNA transactions compartment. They bind to phage tails to build infectious particles that are stored in warehouse compartments spatially independent from the viral DNA. Free SPP1 structural proteins are recruited to the dynamic phage-induced compartments following an order that recapitulates the viral particle assembly pathway. These findings show that bacteriophages restructure the crowded host cytoplasm to confine at different cellular locations the sequential processes that are essential for their multiplication.

Ce mémoire se fonde sur une méthode psychocritique afin d'étudier les diverses dévorations fantasmées et interdites. Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur des figures emblématiques de la dévoration tels que l'ogre et le loup présents dans notre corpus.

During the co-evolution of viruses and cells, viruses exploited numerous ways to hijack cell machineries for their optimal multiplication and dissemination. Phage infection is a major challenge to bacteria, exploiting extensively cellular biosynthetic ressources and possibly re-organizing the cytoplasm space. The work in this thesis investigated the cellular impact of infection by SPP1, a well-characterized model tailed bacteriophage that infects the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis.Viral DNA replication is initiated by early phage proteins whose activity culminates in loading of the SPP1 helicase gp40 at the melted phage origin of replication. The bacterial replisome is then massively recruited to the phage replication factory that is localized at a defined position of the cytoplasm. The interaction of gp40 with its two cellular partners DnaX and DnaG mediates most likely the hijacking of the B. subtilis replication machinery. More than 500 copies of the viral genome are synthesized within 30 minutes after initiation of infection, which is roughly the equivalent to five B. subtilis genomes. FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) experiments showed that the viral DNA factory is highly dynamic, a behavior that depends on active DNA replication.The concatemers resulting from DNA replication are the substrate for encapsidation of the SPP1 genome into preformed procapsids. Maturation of procapsids to infectious viral particles follows a defined pathway. The SPP1 scaffolding protein gp11, that occupies the interior of the procapsid before DNA packaging, and gp12, that binds to capsids during DNA packaging, were followed to dissect the steps of this process. Procapsids partially co-localize with DNA replication factories. After packaging the DNA-filled capsids fully segregate to spatially distinct warehouses where viral particles accumulate. Recruitment of SPP1 proteins to these compartments recapitulates the sequential order of their assembly to build the viral particle. The replication factory is most frequently flanked by two warehouses. Such pattern is also observed in very elongated cells where the viral compartments remain localized nearby each others and far from the bacterial poles. Immuno-electron microscopy of cryo-sections from infected cells highlights a complete remodelling of the bacterial cytoplasm dedicated to virus multiplication.The assembly and dynamics of the SPP1 replication factory and virions warehouses were visualized during the complete phage infection cycle in microfluidics experiments. The viral compartments are well individualized in the cytoplasm both in terms of space and time. Although bacterial growth is retarded, cells continue to elongate and to divide during SPP1 infection. Structuration of viral factories appears as a very efficient way for SPP1 to exploit bacterial resources and cytoplasmic space to optimize its multiplication. This strategy might be widely used by phages for remodelling the bacterial cell., Les virus bactériens (bactériophages), durant leur co-évolution avec les bactéries, ont su trouver de nombreuses voies pour détourner les machineries cellulaires dans le but de se multiplier efficacement. L’infection par le phage dès son entrée dans le cytoplasme est un bouleversement pour la bactérie en termes de ressources monopolisées à ses dépens et probablement de restructuration de l’espace cytoplasmique. Dans ce travail de thèse, l’impact de l’infection de la bactérie Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis par le bactériophage SPP1 a été étudié.La réplication de l’ADN est initiée par des protéines précoces virales. Elle mène au chargement de l’hélicase virale gp40 sur l’origine de réplication de SPP1 dont les brins d’ADN ont été ouverts par la protéine de liaison à l’origine, gp38. Le réplisome bactérien est ensuite recruté de manière massive au sein de l’usine de réplication formant un foyer défini dans le cytoplasme bactérien. L’interaction de gp40 avec les protéines cellulaires DnaX et DnaG assure fort probablement le recrutement du complexe cellulaire au foyer de réplication. La quantité d’ADN viral synthétisée représente presque 500 copies d’ADN viral par bactérie après 30 minutes d’infection, ce qui est équivalent à la taille de 5 génomes de B. subtilis. Des études de FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) montrent que l’usine de réplication est très dynamique. Ce comportement est inhibé par la présence de HPUra montrant qu’il dépend de la présence d’un réplisome actif.Les concatémères résultant de la réplication de l’ADN viral sont le substrat pour l’encapsidation du génome de SPP1 dans des procapsides préformées. La maturation de ces procapsides en particules virales infectieuses suit une voie d’assemblage spécifique. Deux protéines rapportrices de différentes étapes de cette voie ont été suivies : la protéine d’échafaudage gp11, présente à l’intérieur de la procapside avant encapsidation de l’ADN, et la protéine auxiliaire gp12, qui se fixe à la surface de la capside pendant l’encapsidation. Les procapsides colocalisent partiellement avec l’usine de réplication du génome viral. Après encapsidation de l’ADN, les capsides vont s’accumuler dans des foyers de stockage qui ont une localisation indépendante du foyer de réplication. Cette organisation est également observée dans des bactéries très allongées où deux régions de stockage sont retrouvées situées de part et d’autre de l’usine de réplication mais éloignées des pôles cellulaires. La microscopie électronique combinée à des immuno-marquages révèlent que cette compartimentation corrèle avec une réorganisation majeure de l’ultrastructure du cytoplasme bactérien.L’assemblage et la dynamique des foyers viraux dans la bactérie ont été suivis pendant toute la durée du cycle viral dans un système de microfluidique. Elle montre que les étapes de réplication de l’ADN viral et la formation de la particule du phage sont des processus compartimentés dans le cytoplasme de la bactérie tant spatialement que temporellement. Bien que la croissance cellulaire soit retardée, les bactéries continuent de s’allonger et de se diviser pendant l’infection par SPP1. Le virus exploite donc de manière efficace les machineries cellulaires et l’architecture de la bactérie pour une multiplication optimale. Ces stratégies sont probablement utilisées par de nombreux phages pour remodeler la cellule bactérienne à leur avantage.

International audience; This study aims to provide a pertinent demonstration of the feasibility of superheated steam drying (SHSD) at industrial demonstrator scale. The dryer is of co-current, direct contact, and triple pass rotary type. The dryer is designed to operate under pressure (up 2 bar abs.) and at high temperatures (up 600 degrees C). Given the operating conditions of pressure and temperature, the control and the instrumentation of the dryer were the subjects of a special study to ensure safe tests and measurements. The demonstrator was manufactured and set-up on an industrial site. Drying experiments on pressed beet pulp are being carried out. At the end of this study, we hope to show first results to demonstrate the drying feasibility and also to provide relevant data concerning the operation of SHSD.

Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 is a lytic siphovirus first described 50 years ago. Its complete DNA sequence was reported in 1997. Here we present an updated annotation of the 44,016 bp SPP1 genome and its correlation to different steps of the viral multiplication process. Five early polycistronic transcriptional units encode phage DNA replication proteins and lysis functions together with less characterized, mostly non-essential, functions. Late transcription drives synthesis of proteins necessary for SPP1 viral particles assembly and for cell lysis, together with a short set of proteins of unknown function. The extensive genetic, biochemical and structural biology studies on the molecular mechanisms of SPP1 DNA replication and phage particle assembly rendered it a model system for tailed phages research. We propose SPP1 as the reference species for a new SPP1-like viruses genus of the Siphoviridae family., Research in our teams was funded by the CNRS, INRA, MINECO grant BFU2015-67065-P (to S.A.), ANR grants 09-BLAN-0149-0 (to P.T.), ANR-12-Blanc-BSV3-0021 (to P.T. and R.C.L.), ANR-15-CE11-0 010-01 (to P.T. and R.C.L.), and an “Equipe de la Fondation Médicale (FRM)” grant (to P.T.).

International audience; Bacteriophages use most frequently a tail apparatus to create a channel across the entire bacterial cell envelope to transfer the viral genome to the host cell cytoplasm, initiating infection. Characterization of this critical step remains a major challenge due to the difficulty to monitor DNA entry in the bacterium and its requirements. In this work we developed a new method to study phage DNA entry that has the potential to be extended to many tailed phages. Its application to study genome delivery of bacteriophage SPP1 into Bacillus subtilis disclosed a key role of the host cell membrane potential in the DNA entry process. An energized B. subtilis membrane and a millimolar concentration of calcium ions are shown to be major requirements for SPP1 DNA entry following the irreversible binding of phage particles to the receptor YueB.

International audience; The avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker in Brassica napus (oilseed rape), confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. In order to elucidate the biological function of AvrLm4-7 and understand the specificity of recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7, the AvrLm4-7 protein was produced in Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure was determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges, but no close structural analogs could be identified. A short stretch of amino acids in the C terminus of the protein, (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W), was well-conserved among AvrLm4-7 homologs. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4-7 by Rlm4 is caused by the mutation of a single glycine to an arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by more complex mutational patterns, including gene loss or drastic modifications of the protein structure. Three point mutations altered residues in the well-conserved C-terminal motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4-mediated recognition, resulting in the loss of Rlm7-mediated recognition. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and particle bombardment experiments on leaves from oilseed rape suggested that AvrLm4-7 interacts with its cognate R proteins inside the plant cell, and can be translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen. Translocation of AvrLm4-7 into oilseed rape leaves is likely to require the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) motif as well as an RAWG motif located in a nearby loop that together form a positively charged region.

International audience; The avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker of oilseed rape, encodes a small cysteine-rich secreted protein. AvrLm4-7 confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. In order to elucidate the biological function of AvrLm4-7 and understand the specificity of recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7, the AvrLm4-7 protein was produced in the heterologous system Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges and no close structural analogs could be identified. Translocation assays in oilseed rape roots and transient expression in tobacco leaves suggested that AvrLm4-7 is translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen and targeted to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Translocation of AvrLm4-7 into plant cells was found to necessitate the presence of a RAWG motif located in a loop as part of a positively charged region and also the presence of a well-conserved stretch of amino acids (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) in the C-terminal part of the protein. Using bombardment assays, we determined that recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7 occurred into the cytoplasm of plant cells. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4-7 by Rlm4 is due to mutation of a single glycine to arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by more complex mutation patterns, some of which are associated with gene loss while others probably result in drastic modifications of the protein structure. Three point mutations on an a4A7 allele targeting residues either located in the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) conserved motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4-mediated recognition resulted in a loss of Rlm7-mediated recognition.

National audience; Leptosphaeria maculans is an ascomycete causing stem canker of oilseed rape. To date, four L. maculans avirulence genes were cloned by our team and our objective is to elucidate their involvement in pathogenicity through their structural and functional characterization and the determination of their interactants. AvrLm4-7 confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. The AvrLm4-7 protein was produced in Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges and no close structural analogs could be identified. Translocation assays in oilseed rape roots and transient expression in tobacco leaves showed that AvrLm4-7 is translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen and targeted to the cytoplasm. Translocation necessitates the presence of a RAWG motif located in a loop as part of a positively charged region and also the presence of a well-conserved stretch of amino acids (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) in the C-terminal part of the protein. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4-7 by Rlm4 is due to mutation of a single glycine to arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by three point mutations targeting residues either located in the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4-mediated recognition. Using bombardment assays, we determined that recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7 occurred into the cytoplasm of plant cells. Finally, a yeast two hybrid screen was performed and possible plant targets will be discussed.

Le séchage des produits en particules par gaz de combustion ou air chaud est énergivore (>800 kWh/tee), producteur de poussières et de composés organiques volatils (COV). Le séchage en Vapeur d’Eau Surchauffée (VES) réduit la consommation d’énergie lorsque les couplages énergétiques sont possibles et permet le piégeage des COV (composés Organiques Volatils) et poussières. Pourtant, le séchage VES est peu développé du fait de difficultés pour transférer les produits tout en assurant l’étanchéité des sécheurs et la crainte des utilisateurs pour la qualité des produits. La société Maguin qui a une compétence reconnue en construction de sécheurs, en collaboration avec AgroParisTech et des partenaires utilisateurs a obtenu le soutien de Total dans le cadre du programme ADEME-TOTAL 2012 pour la construction d’un démonstrateur pour prouver l’intérêt du séchage VES pour des sites ayant des besoins évaporatoires > 10 t/h. L’article décrit l’intérêt de ce démonstrateur, le fonctionnement attendu, les verrous technologiques à lever et le dimensionnement d’une partie maitresse du pilote qu’est l’échangeur gaz-VES.

Oral - SESSION 1 : INTERACTIONS MOLECULAIRES p.3; absent

Communication n°489; absent

no abstract

National audience

The neuroconstructivist theoretical framework of cognitive development, taking into account the variability of the constraints that act from the conception to shape development, is relevant to consider the early influence of sensory experiences on the neurobehavioral development of preterm neonates. They evolve in a particular environment and are vulnerable to neurodevelopmental disorders, to which atypical tactile and temporal processing are associated. The aim of the thesis is to study tactile and temporal abilities in preterm newborns and to evaluate the effect of the early environment on these perceptions. We included 61 preterm neonates (born between 32 and 34 weeks of gestational age (wGA)). At 35 weeks of corrected gestational age, we measured orienting responses (forearm, hand, and fingers movements) during vibrotactile stimulation of their hand and forearm, during a habituation and dishabituation paradigm, the dishabituation being either a location change or a pause in the stimulation sequence. Preterm newborns displayed a manual orienting response to vibrotactile stimuli which significantly decreased when the stimulus was repeated, regardless of the stimulated location on the limb. Habituation was delayed in subjects born at a younger gestational age, smaller birth weight, and having experienced more painful care procedures. Preterm neonates perceived changes in stimulus location and interstimulus time interval, suggesting a prenatal development of temporal processing capacities. These temporal processing abilities and their use to generate sensory prediction are being evaluated in a second study. 19 premature neonates (born between 31 and 32wGA) were presented with a tactile sequence (regular or irregular) at 33 and 35 weeks of corrected GA. Variations in cerebral blood flow were measured. At both corrected GA, tactile stimuli are associated with a hemodynamic response in the primary somatosensory cortex. At 33 weeks of corrected GA, omissions in the sequence are associated with an increase in cerebral blood flow, which indicates that premature neonates form sensory predictions, regardless of their experimental group. This thesis work allows to better characterize the tactile and temporal processing abilities in premature neonates, which lack recent and thorough investigation. In addition, it provides rational arguments that could help to propose sensory therapies to these patients, based on their perceptual abilities.; Le cadre neuroconstructiviste du développement cognitif, en considérant la variabilité des contraintes qui agissent dès la conception et façonnent le développement, apparaît pertinent pour considérer l’influence des expériences sensorielles précoces sur le développement neurocomportemental des nouveau-nés prématurés. Ils évoluent dans un environnement particulier et ont une vulnérabilité aux troubles neurodéveloppementaux, auxquels des atypies du traitement tactile et temporel sont associées. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier les compétences tactiles et temporelles des nouveaux nés prématurés, et d’évaluer l’effet de l’environnement précoce sur ces perceptions. La perception tactile passive et la cognition ont été étudié auprès de 61 nouveau-nés prématurés (nés entre 32 et 34SA) à 35 semaines d’âge corrigé. Les réponses d’orientation manuelle lors de stimulations tactiles passives du membre supérieur ont été mesurées lors d'un paradigme d’habituation et de déshabituation (changement de localisation ou pause dans la séquence de stimulation). Les prématurés montrent une réponse d'orientation manuelle aux stimuli, qui diminue lors de la répétition, indépendamment de son emplacement sur le bras. L'habituation est retardée chez les sujets nés le plus tôt, à un petit poids et ayant vécu davantage d’expériences douloureuses. Enfin, les prématurés perçoivent les changements de localisation du stimulus et l'intervalle interstimulus, ce qui suggère un développement prénatal des capacités de traitement temporel. Ces capacités de traitement temporel et leur utilisation pour générer une prédiction sensorielle ont été évaluées au cours d’une seconde étude. 19 nouveau-nés prématurés (nés entre 31 et 32 SA) ont été soumis à une séquence tactile (régulière ou irrégulière) aux âges corrigés de 33 et 35 SA. Les variations de flux sanguin cérébral été mesurées. Aux deux âges corrigés, les stimuli tactiles sont associés à une réponse hémodynamique au sein du cortex somatosensoriel. À 33 semaines d’âge gestationnel corrigé les omissions dans la séquence sont associées à une augmentation du flux sanguin cérébral, qui indique que les prématurés forment des prédictions sensorielles, indépendamment du groupe expérimental. Ce travail de thèse permet de mieux caractériser les capacités de traitement tactile et temporel des nouveau-nés prématurés, qui manquent d’investigations récentes et approfondies. De plus, il apporte des arguments rationnels qui pourraient permettre de proposer des thérapies sensorielles à ces patients, basées sur leurs capacités de perception.