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International audience; The stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium is globally endangered due to anthropogenic pressure on its habitats, climate change and the invasive crayfish species, particularly the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Aiming to guide A. torrentium conservation within the hotspot of its genetic diversity in the western Balkan Peninsula, we combined population genetics and species distribution models (SDMs) to reveal the impact of climate change and the invasive P. leniusculus on A. torrentium diversity. Population genetic analyses based on newly developed microsatellites revealed moderate within-population genetic diversity and high differentiation among populations, reflecting isolated populations with limited gene flow. Alongside strong genetic structuring, we discovered high level of inbreeding coefficient indicating homozygote excess within the majority of populations. The SDMs results predicted substantial reductions of suitable habitats for A. torrentium by 2070; 80 % of its currently suitable habitat is predicted to be lost under high‐warming climate change scenario. Obtained results indicated that 44 % of populations with high and/or unique genetic diversity, including three highly divergent and geographically restricted evolutionary lineages, are located in the areas predicted to become unsuitable in the future, highlighting their vulnerability to extinction. Further, SDMs revealed considerable decrease of future habitat suitability for P. leniusculus, suggesting that climate change represents greater threat to A. torrentium. Our study highlights the importance of conserving remnant A. torrentium populations, among other, through assisted migration and population mixing that could help populations overcome the risks of inbreeding and maladaptation, and thus enabling A. torrentium to withstand the ongoing climate change.

International audience

The genetic characteristics of white-clawed crayfish populations in Marches Region (Central Italy) was investigated to plan conservation strategies. In order to clarify their taxonomic status, 50 specimens from ten populations were collected in six different hydrographic drainages of the Umbro-Marchigiano Appennine. The genetic relationships of the Austropotamobius italicus specimens were assessed using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene. The 3 distinct haplotypes M1, M2, M3 detected have been compared to those available in GenBank corresponding to four subspecies described for A. italicus. Our results confirmed the presence of both subspecies A. i. carsicus (M1 and M2) and A. i. meridionalis (M3) in Marches region. Two mixed populations with both subspecies have been characterized. These new data of the genetic structure of population will be used to plan management and recovery programs.