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1. Twenty-one years of passive sampling monitoring of SO2 , NO2 and O3 at the Cape Point GAW station, South Africa

Author

Johan P. Beukes, Casper Labuschagne, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, T. Portafaix, E.-G. Brunke, P. G. van Zyl, Jan-Stefan Swartz, Jacobus J. Pienaar, North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), South African Weather Service (SAWS), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 10092390 - Beukes, Johan Paul, 10062092 - Pienaar, Jacobus Johannes, 10710361 - Van Zyl, Pieter Gideon, 20564759 - Swartz, Jan-Stefan, 27922723 - Brunke, E.-G., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, INDAAF, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Atmosphere, Cape, medicine, Ecosystem, Low-cost sensor, DEBITS, Southern Hemisphere, Multiple linear regression, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Long-term trend, respiratory tract diseases, Trend analysis, 13. Climate action, Inorganic gaseous species
Abstract

International audience; Sulphur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and ozone (O 3) are considered typical inorganic gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to assess long-term seasonal and inter-annual trends of a 21-year SO 2 , NO 2 and O 3 passive sampling (monthly means) dataset collected at the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station. Comparison of the concentrations of these gaseous species with other IGAC DEBITS Africa measurement sites indicated that levels of these species were generally similar to other African inland ecosystems, but lower compared to an industrial site in southern Africa. The SO 2 , NO 2 and O 3 monthly mean concentrations showed seasonal patterns, which can be attributed to various factors influencing levels of these species at CPT GAW. These factors are generally season specific, which include changes in meteorological conditions and source contributions. Higher NO 2 concentrations were also attributed to increased microbial activity in the wet season. The O 3 seasonal pattern corresponded to the NO 2 seasonality, which was attributed to their related chemistry. SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations displayed inter-annual variability, while O 3 did not indicate significant inter-annual fluctuations. The seasonal and inter-annual variability was explored with a multilinear regression model, in which global, regional and local meteorological factors, as well as population growth were included. Modelling results indicated that variances in SO 2 concentrations were predominantly influenced by changes in global forcing factors. Global, regional and local factors played a significant role in NO 2 trends, which included the influence of population growth and associated increased anthropogenic activities. It was also established that variances in O 3 concentrations were predominantly associated with regional and local factors. Trend analysis indicated that SO 2 , NO 2 and O 3 concentrations remained relatively constant over the 21-year sampling period at this background site in the Southern Hemisphere.

Published
2019
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2. Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network

Author

F. Sprovieri, N. Pirrone, M. Bencardino, F. D'Amore, F. Carbone, S. Cinnirella, V. Mannarino, M. Landis, R. Ebinghaus, A. Weigelt, E.-G. Brunke, C. Labuschagne, L. Martin, J. Munthe, I. Wängberg, P. Artaxo, F. Morais, H. D. M. J. Barbosa, J. Brito, W. Cairns, C. Barbante, M. D. C. Diéguez, P. E. Garcia, A. Dommergue, H. Angot, O. Magand, H. Skov, M. Horvat, J. Kotnik, K. A. Read, L. M. Neves, B. M. Gawlik, F. Sena, N. Mashyanov, V. Obolkin, D. Wip, X. B. Feng, H. Zhang, X. Fu, R. Ramachandran, D. Cossa, J. Knoery, N. Marusczak, M. Nerentorp, C. Norstrom, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), School of Mathematical Sciences [Dublin], University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), GKSS-Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques (LBCM), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre atlantique, Nantes, IFREMER - Centre de Toulon/La Seyne sur Mer (IFREMER - CENTRE DE TOULON/LA SEYNE SUR MER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ARCTIC-OCEAN, Atmospheric mercury, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Transporte Global, Troposphere, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], lcsh:Chemistry, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], ddc:551, Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica, MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, GMOS, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, SPECIATED MERCURY, SOUTH-AFRICA, lcsh:QC1-999, Atmospheric chemistry, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, MACE-HEAD, Pollution, Meteorology, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Mercurio, chemistry.chemical_element, AMBIENT AIR, POLAR SUNRISE, NY-ALESUND, Article, Atmósfera, GASEOUS ELEMENTAL MERCURY, Global network, medicine, CHASING QUICKSILVER, Stratosphere, Patrones Hemisféricos, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], atmospheric mercury, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Mercury (element), mercury global network, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Meteorología y Ciencias Atmosféricas, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (http://www.gmos.eu) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global observing system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no observational data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010-2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg concentrations between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient observed is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both. Fil: Sprovieri, Francesca. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Pirrone, Nicola. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Bencardino, Mariantonia. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: D'Amore, Francesco. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Carbone, Francesco. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Cinnirella, Sergio. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Mannarino, Valentino. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research; Italia Fil: Landis, Matthew. US Environmental Protection Agency; Estados Unidos Fil: Ebinghaus, Ralf. Helmholtz Zentrum; Alemania Fil: Weigelt, Andreas. Helmholtz Zentrum; Alemania Fil: Brunke, Ernst Günther. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Labuschagne, Casper. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Martin, Lynwill. South African Weather Service; Sudáfrica Fil: Munthe, John. Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd.; Suecia Fil: Wängberg, Ingvar. Swedish Environmental Research Inst. Ltd.; Suecia Fil: Artaxo, Paulo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Morais, Fernando. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: De Melo Jorge Barbosa, Henrique. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Brito, Joel. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Cairns, Warren. Universita' Ca' Foscari Di Venezia; Italia Fil: Barbante, Carlo. Universita' Ca' Foscari Di Venezia; Italia. Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes; Italia Fil: Dieguez, Maria del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Patricia Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Aurélien, Dommergue. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Angot, Helene. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Magand, Olivier. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. University Grenoble Alpes; Francia Fil: Skov, Henrik. University Aarhus; Dinamarca Fil: Horvat, Milena. Jožef Stefan Institute; Eslovenia Fil: Kotnik, Jože. Jožef Stefan Institute; Eslovenia Fil: Alana Read, Katie. University of York; Reino Unido Fil: Mendes Neves, Luis. Cape Verde Observatory; Brasil Fil: Manfred Gawlik, Bernd. Joint Research Centre; Italia Fil: Sena, Fabrizio. Joint Research Centre; Italia Fil: Mashyanov, Nikolay. St. Petersburg State University; Rusia Fil: Obolkin, Vladimir. Limnological Institute SB RAS; Rusia Fil: Wip, Dennis. University of Suriname; Surinam Fil: Bin Feng, Xin. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Zhang, Hui. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Fu, Xuewu. Institute Of Geochemistry Chinese Academy Of Sciences; China Fil: Ramachandran, Ramesh. Anna University; India Fil: Cossa, Daniel. Centre Méditerranée; Francia Fil: Knoery, Joël. Centre Atlantique; Francia Fil: Marusczak, Nicolas. Centre Méditerranée; Francia Fil: Nerentorp, Michelle. Chalmers University Of Technology; Suecia Fil: Norstrom, Claus. University Aarhus; Dinamarca

Published
2016
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3. Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability

Author

M. Ramonet, John B. Miller, Martina Schmidt, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Peylin, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Ray L. Langenfelds, J. Lathière, C. Carouge, Stanley C. Tyler, E. G. Brunke, Didier Hauglustaine, Catherine Prigent, Fabrice Papa, G. R. van der Werf, L. P. Steele, James W. C. White, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Laboratoire de Biogéochimie Isotopique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, Biogeochemical cycle, Fossil Fuels, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, PERIOD, PINATUBO, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Human Activities, INVERSION, Biomass, Emission inventory, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION, EMISSIONS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, CH4, Ecology, Atmosphere, Hydroxyl Radical, Atmospheric methane, AIR, Global change, 15. Life on land, TRANSPORT, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Atmospheric chemistry, INTERANNUAL GROWTH-RATE, Environmental science, CO2, Wetland methane emissions
Abstract

International audience; Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times(1). The growth rate of atmospheric methane is determined by the balance between surface emissions and photochemical destruction by the hydroxyl radical, the major atmospheric oxidant. Remarkably, this growth rate has decreased(2) markedly since the early 1990s, and the level of methane has remained relatively constant since 1999, leading to a downward revision of its projected influence on global temperatures. Large fluctuations in the growth rate of atmospheric methane are also observed from one year to the next(2), but their causes remain uncertain(2-13). Here we quantify the processes that controlled variations in methane emissions between 1984 and 2003 using an inversion model of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Our results indicate that wetland emissions dominated the inter-annual variability of methane sources, whereas fire emissions played a smaller role, except during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. These top-down estimates of changes in wetland and fire emissions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on remote sensing information and biogeochemical models. On longer timescales, our results show that the decrease in atmospheric methane growth during the 1990s was caused by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. Since 1999, however, they indicate that anthropogenic emissions of methane have risen again. The effect of this increase on the growth rate of atmospheric methane has been masked by a coincident decrease in wetland emissions, but atmospheric methane levels may increase in the near future if wetland emissions return to their mean 1990s levels.

Published
2006
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