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Est une version de Référence originale :Laborde-Balen G., Diop M., Sow K., Ndiaye N. B., Diop K. et Taverne B. Sexuality of adolescent girls born with HIV in Senegal: an anthropological analysis, Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 10 (janvier) 2023: 20499361231159296.https://doi.org/10.1177/20499361231159295version d’auteur, traduite en français par M. Bernard Taverne; Objectifs : Au Sénégal, la norme sociale dominante valorise la virginité avant le mariage et érige l’abstinence des adolescents et desadolescentes comme valeur morale cardinale. La sexualité hors mariage reste socialement réprouvée en 2022. L’entrée dans lasexualité des adolescentes vivant avec le VIH soulève diverses difficultés. A Dakar des initiatives émergent pour accompagner cesjeunes, notamment grâce à des applications numériques. Ces dispositifs sont plus rares en milieu rural. Une étude menée en 2021, aexploré le vécu de la sexualité des adolescentes nées avec le VIH, vivant hors de Dakar, les contraintes socio-sanitaires auxquelles ellessont confrontées et l’accompagnement dont elles bénéficient de la part du dispositif de soins.Méthode : L’étude anthropologie « Échec thérapeutique chez les enfants et adolescents vivant avec au Sénégal, hors Dakar [ETEA-VIH,ANRS 12421] » a été menée en 2021 dans 14 hôpitaux régionaux et centres de santé. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont concerné 87enfants/adolescents VIH vivant avec le VIH, 95 parents/tuteurs et 47 acteurs de santé. L’entrée dans la sexualité des adolescentes afait l’objet d’une analyse spécifique auprès de 40 adolescents âgés de 12 à 19 ans.Résultat : Généralement, les parents feignent d’ignorer la vie sexuelle de leurs enfants. Les mères redoutent la survenue d’unegrossesse hors mariage, car la responsabilité de l’éducation sexuelle leur incombe et la « faute » leur serait attribuée. La survenued’une grossesse non désirée peut conduire à une exclusion familiale et à un risque de transmission du VIH à l’enfant, par manqued’accompagnement médical et social. Le VIH demeure une maladie stigmatisante que l’on garde secrète dans les familles. Le risque dedévoilement est une préoccupation majeure. Malgré les programmes de santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR), la plupart des soignantssont réticents à parler de sexualité et à proposer une contraception aux adolescentes. Des espaces d’informations sont organisés dansquelques hôpitaux régionaux, par des associations formées à la SSR. Ils sont plus rares dans les centres de santé. Les applicationsnumériques et les forums d’échanges sont peu accessibles en milieu rural faute de smartphones et d’accès à internet.Conclusion : En milieu rural, les adolescentes vivant avec le VIH sont confrontées au silence qui entoure la sexualité et le VIH. Uneapproche individualisée et l’accès confidentiel à la contraception doivent être privilégiés pour les accompagner, avec l’appui desassociations de PVVIH

International audience; Objectives: In Senegal, the dominant social norm upholds virginity before marriage and edifies abstinence for adolescents as a cardinal moral value. Currently, sex outside of marriage remains socially condemned. The onset of sex for adolescent girls born with HIV in Senegal brings up several challenges. In Dakar, initiatives, especially through digital applications, are being developed to support these young people. These programs are much rarer in rural settings. A study conducted in 2021 explored how adolescent girls born with HIV who live outside of Dakar experience sexuality, what socio-health constraints they face, and what support they receive from the healthcare system. Method: An anthropological study titled ‘Treatment Failure among Children and Adolescents Living with HIV in Senegal, Outside Dakar’ (ETEA-VIH, ANRS 12421) was conducted in 2021 in 14 regional hospitals and health centers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 87 HIV-positive children and adolescents, 95 parents/guardians, and 47 health care workers. Adolescent girls’ onset of sexuality was specifically analyzed for 40 adolescent girls age 12–19 years old. Results: Generally, parents feign oblivion about their children’s sexual lives. Mothers dread a pregnancy out of marriage because they are responsible for overseeing sex education and would be ‘blamed’ for the transgression. The occurrence of an unintended pregnancy can lead to exclusion from the family and a risk of transmitting HIV to the child due to the lack of medical and social support. HIV remains a stigmatizing disease that families keep secret. The risk of disclosure is a major concern. Despite sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programs, most healthcare workers are reluctant to discuss sexuality or to offer contraception to adolescent girls. Information spaces have been set up in some regional hospitals by associations trained in SRH. They are rarer in health centers. Accessibility to digital applications and discussion forums is limited due to the lack of smartphones and Internet access. Conclusion: In rural settings, HIV-positive adolescent girls are confronted with the silence that surrounds sexuality and HIV. An individualized approach and confidential access to contraception should be prioritized to support them with assistance from PLHIV associations.

Background Genome-wide association studies have identified ATP2B4 as a severe malaria resistance gene. Recently, 8 potential causal regulatory variants have been shown to be associated with severe malaria. Methods Genotyping of rs10900585, rs11240734, rs1541252, rs1541253, rs1541254, rs1541255, rs10751450, rs10751451 and rs10751452 was performed in 154 unrelated individuals (79 controls and 75 mild malaria patients). rs10751450, rs10751451 and rs10751452 were genotyped by Taqman assays, whereas the fragment of the ATP2B4 gene containing the remaining SNPs was sequenced. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between the SNPs and mild malaria. Results The results showed that mild malaria was associated with rs10900585, rs11240734, rs1541252, rs1541253, rs1541254, rs1541255, rs10751450, rs10751451 and rs10751452. The homozygous genotypes for the major alleles were associated with an increased risk of mild malaria. Furthermore, the haplotype containing the major alleles and that containing the minor alleles were the most frequent haplotypes. Individuals with the major haplotypes had a significantly higher risk of mild malaria compared to the carriers of the minor allele haplotype. Conclusions ATP2B4 polymorphisms that have been associated with severe malaria are also associated with mild malaria.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Previous studies that found an association between benzodiazepines and suicidal behaviours were confounded by indication bias. AIMS: To limit this bias, a case crossover study (CCO) was conducted to estimate the risk of suicide attempt and suicide associated with benzodiazepines. METHOD: Patients ≥16 years, with hospitalised suicide attempt or suicide between 2013 and 2016, and at least one benzodiazepine dispensing within the 120 days before their act were selected in the nationwide French reimbursement healthcare system databases (SNDS). For each patient, frequency of benzodiazepine dispensing was compared between a risk period (days -30 to -1 before the event) and two matched reference periods (days -120 to -91, and -90 to -61). RESULTS: A total of 111,550 individuals who attempted suicide and 12,312 suicide victims were included, of who, respectively, 77,474 and 7958 had recent psychiatric history. Benzodiazepine dispensing appeared higher in the 30-day risk period than in reference ones. The comparison yielded adjusted odds ratios of 1.74 for hospitalised suicide attempt (95% confidence interval 1.69-1.78) and 1.45 for suicide (1.34-1.57) in individuals with recent psychiatric history, and of 2.77 (2.69-2.86) and 1.80 (1.65-1.97) for individuals without. CONCLUSION: This nationwide study supports an association between recent benzodiazepine use and both suicide attempt and suicide. These results strengthen the need for screening for suicidal risk carefully before initiation and during treatment when prescribing benzodiazepines. REGISTRATION NO: EUPAS48070 (http://www.ENCEPP.eu).

International audience; Changes in lymphocyte production patterns occurring across human ontogeny remain poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that human lymphopoiesis is supported by three waves of embryonic, fetal, and postnatal multi-lymphoid progenitors (MLPs) differing in CD7 and CD10 expression and their output of CD127-/+ early lymphoid progenitors (ELPs). In addition, our results reveal that, like the fetal-to-adult switch in erythropoiesis, transition to postnatal life coincides with a shift from multilineage to B lineage-biased lymphopoiesis and an increase in production of CD127+ ELPs, which persists until puberty. A further developmental transition is observed in elderly individuals whereby B cell differentiation bypasses the CD127+ compartment and branches directly from CD10+ MLPs. Functional analyses indicate that these changes are determined at the level of hematopoietic stem cells. These findings provide insights for understanding identity and function of human MLPs and the establishment and maintenance of adaptative immunity.

Numerical simulations of ice crystal icing within an experimental single-stage compressor test rig representative of realistic aeronautical engines are investigated. This paper aims to assess the icing models in CEDRE multi-physics CFD code recently developed and implemented. Gas flow, ice crystal trajectories, fragmentation dynamics and melting along the geometry are successively computed before the ice accretion in the test article is calculated using a surfacic solver that includes recently developed erosion and porosity models. Three experimental operating points are considered, with wet bulb temperatures increasing from negative to positive values and respectively exhibiting no accretion, significant accretion and moderate accretion. The comparison of simulation results with experiments for these cases shows a good agreement in terms of occurrence, location and surfacic extension of accretion phenomena. Nevertheless, a global shift in the inlet temperature is necessary to reproduce experimental results.

Ce working paper est prévu pour contribuer à l’ouvrage collectif Enjeux démographiques en Afrique subsaharienne : Promouvoir et confronter les sources statistiques issu du projet DEMOSTAF. Il a été relu par deux des éditeurs scientifiques de l’ouvrage ainsi qu’un évaluateur externe que nous remercions pour sa relecture attentive.This working paper is a contribution to the collective book Enjeux démographiques en Afrique subsaharienne : Promouvoir et confronter les sources statistiques from the DEMOSTAF project. It has been reviewed by two of the book’s scientific editors and an external reviewer whom we thank for his/her careful review.Les éditeurs scientifiques / The scientific editors : Géraldine Duthé, Aurélien Dasré, Binta Ndeye Dieme, Bruno Masquelier, Marc Pilon, Clémentine Rossier, Abdramane Bassiahi Soura, Madeleine Wayack Pambè.; Le ménage est l'unité d'analyse permettant d'étudier les structures familiales des populations à partir de données de recensements. Si les Nations Unies proposent, depuis les années 1950, des recommandations de définition des ménages, chaque institut national de statistiques est libre des critères à retenir pour les délimiter. Or, si des différences existent dans la définition et la délimitation des ménages au niveau de la collecte des données entre les pays, comment garantir que les variations internationales observées au niveau des structures des ménages ne proviennent pas uniquement d'un décalage dans les définitions? Dans cette recherche, nous proposons d'analyser de façon systématique les définitions utilisées pour définir les ménages au Burkina Faso, Mali et Sénégal, en s'intéressant tout particulièrement aux instructions données aux agents recenseurs, notamment aux travers des exemples types de ménages qui leur sont proposés. Après avoir identifié les points communs et les différences entre ces trois pays, nous illustrons l'impact de ces différences de définition sur les structures des ménages à l’aide d’analyses statistiques. Nos résultats démontrent une grande hétérogénéité de critères de définitions entre des pays mettant l'accent sur la famille "nucléaire" (Burkina Faso et Mali) et le Sénégal qui donne la priorité au partage des ressources pour délimiter les ménages. Il en ressort des structures de ménages très différentes, avec de grands ménages, aux structures complexes (multi-nucléaires, multigénérationnelles) au Sénégal, alors que les ménages énumérés dans les recensements du Mali et du Burkina sont de plus petite taille et présentent des structures souvent nucléaires. Plus que des différences d'organisation sociale, les « ménages statistiques » des recensements sont donc avant tout le reflet des pratiques de collecte.

International audience; WSiC:H coatings were elaborated by reactive magnetron sputtering of a W target in an Ar/Si(CH3)4 plasma assisted by ECR microwave sources. Such coatings can be very interesting for optical or mechanical applications. The development of these coatings is based on the confrontation between in-situ diagnostics of the reactive plasma phase and material characterization of the resulting coatings. The investigation by optical emission spectroscopy of the different phenomena occurring in the reactive plasma reveals that there is a precursor flow rate range where W particles can be favored in the reactive plasma, to promote the development of composite coatings based on a SiC:H matrix, in which W-containing particles or aggregates are present. Material charac-terization such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ion Beam Analysis and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy are used to study the impact of the plasma phase on the microstructure and chemical composition of the deposited materials.

The use of plants to fight against crop and harvests pests holds an important place in traditional agriculture. But nowadays that ancestral knowledge is highly threatened by the lack of transmission. Ethnobotanical enquiries among the Bedik and Bassari in Eastern Senegal allowed to conduct surveys of the plants used for the protection of crops in a well-preserved traditional system. An ethnobotanical study of 34 informant interviews in ten villages of the Kedougou region helped to record 22 species used by the population in this area. They belong to 22 genus of 18 families which the most represented are the Lamiaceae (3 species), the Meliaceae and the Euphobiaceae (2 species each). The most quoted species are Hyptis spicigera, Euphorbia sudanica and Azadirachta indica., L'utilisation des plantes comme moyen de lutte contre les ennemis des cultures et des récoltes occupe une place importante dans l'agriculture traditionnelle. Mais aujourd'hui ces savoirs ancestraux sont fortement menacés par le manque de transmission. Deux missions d'enquêtes ethnobotaniques auprès des bédik et des bassari du Sénégal oriental ont permis d'inventorier les plantes utilisées pour la protection des cultures d'un système traditionnel bien conservé. Une étude ethnobotanique menée auprès de 34 informateurs dans dix villages de la zone de Kédougou nous a permis de recenser 22 espèces de plantes utilisées par les populations de cette zone. Elles appartiennent à 22 genres de 18 familles dont les mieux représentées sont les Lamiaceae (3 espèces), les Meliaceae et les Euphobiaceae (2 espèces chacune). Les espèces les plus citées sont Hyptis spicigera, Euphorbia sudanica et Azadirachta indica.

Access to health services is a concern around the world. Different strategies were developed, but Africa’s rate remains the lowest. This article aims to contribute to the population's access to healthcare, and to assess the determinants of the use of mutual health insurance by the population of the Ziguinchor region in Senegal. Methods: The study is transversal and descriptive, carried out from July to August 2018. Through the quota method we defined the number of patients to be interviewed. Thus, by a geographic stratification according to the departments and a second-degree stratification taking into account the staff of the different hospital departments, 392 patients were selected. Results: 73% at the Regional Hospital Center and 27% at the Regional Peace Hospital. Response rate: 97%, women 60% and men 40%. The enrollment for women (24%) is slightly higher than that for men (21%). Socio-economic factors. The rate of adherence is the highest of for patients with university level, followed by high school; income: the highest rate for patients with a monthly income between 200,000 and 500,000 FCFA, followed by patients with an income monthly between 100,000 and 200,000 FCFA. Factors linked to the provision of care: the rate of Mutual Health Insurance adherence follows distances from patients' homes. Concerning the relation to satisfaction, education, distance and information are more determining than adherence rate. Recommendations: 1) State: actions on education and distance; 2) Sensitizing the population on mutual health insurance; 3) Urging healthcare providers to reduce waiting times and respect schedules as well as appointments., South Eastern European Journal of Public Health (SEEJPH), Special Volume No. 2, 2021: Announcing the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize (1st edition)

International audience

International audience

The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) was defined in 2009 as the presence of asymptomatic, incidentally identified demyelinating-appearing white matter lesions in the CNS within individuals lacking symptoms typical of multiple sclerosis (MS). The RIS criteria have been validated and predict the transition to symptomatic MS reliably. The performance of RIS criteria that require fewer MRI lesions is unknown. 2009-RIS subjects, by definition, fulfil three to four of four criteria for 2005 dissemination in space (DIS) and subjects fulfilling only one or two lesions in at least one 2017 DIS location were identified within 37 prospective databases. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify predictors of a first clinical event. Performances of different groups were calculated. Seven hundred and forty-seven subjects (72.2% female, mean age 37.7 ± 12.3 years at the index MRI) were included. The mean clinical follow-up time was 46.8 ± 45.4 months. All subjects had focal T2 hyperintensities suggestive of inflammatory demyelination on MRI; 251 (33.6%) fulfilled one or two 2017 DIS criteria (designated as Groups 1 and 2, respectively), and 496 (66.4%) fulfilled three or four 2005 DIS criteria representing 2009-RIS subjects. Group 1 and 2 subjects were younger than the 2009-RIS group and were more likely to develop new T2 lesions over time (P < 0.001). Groups 1 and 2 were similar regarding survival distribution and risk factors for transition to MS. At 5 years, the cumulative probability for a clinical event was 29.0% for Groups 1 and 2 compared to 38.7% for 2009-RIS (P = 0.0241). The presence of spinal cord lesions on the index scan and CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands in Groups 1–2 increased the risk of symptomatic MS evolution at 5 years to 38%, comparable to the risk of development in the 2009-RIS group. The presence of new T2 or gadolinium-enhancing lesions on follow-up scans independently increased the risk of presenting with a clinical event (P < 0.001). The 2009-RIS subjects or Groups 1 and 2 with at least two of the risk factors for a clinical event demonstrated better sensitivity (86.0%), negative predictive value (73.1%), accuracy (59.8%) and area under the curve (60.7%) compared to other criteria studied. This large prospective cohort brings Class I evidence that subjects with fewer lesions than required in the 2009 RIS criteria evolve directly to a first clinical event at a similar rate when additional risk factors are present. Our results provide a rationale for revisions to existing RIS diagnostic criteria.

International audience

Grâce à l’efficacité des médicaments antirétroviraux (ARV), la mortalité et la morbidité liées à l’épidémie de VIH ont considérablement diminué au cours des dernières décennies. Néanmoins en Afrique, la persistance de nouvelles infections et le développement de résistances aux ARV traduisent les difficultés dans la prévention et la prise en charge. Ces difficultés concernent en particulier les enfants et les adolescents vivant avec le VIH (EAvVIH). En 1998, le Sénégal fut le premier pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest à mettre en place un programme gouvernemental d’accès aux ARV. Mais la prise en charge des EAvVIH reste difficile. Une enquête nationale réalisée en 2015 a montré que 64% des EAvVIH (0-19 ans) suivis dans des sites hors de Dakar, étaient en échec thérapeutique. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude anthropologique qui visait à examiner les modalités de prise en charge médicale et sociale des EAvVIH ; à identifier les déterminants structurels et sociaux de l’échec – ou du succès – thérapeutique ; et à analyser leurs influences respectives. L'enquête ethnographique a été conduite entre juillet 2020 et novembre 2021, dans 11 des 14 régions du Sénégal, dans 14 structures de santé (11 Centres de santé et 4 hôpitaux régionaux). Les entretiens et les observations ont été menés auprès de 87 enfants et adolescents, 97 parents ou tuteurs et 47 agents de santé qui leur prodiguent des soins. Les résultats montrent que les situations d’échec ou de succès thérapeutique résultent de configurations plus ou moins favorables qui mettent en jeu différents acteurs – enfants, parents, professionnels de santé et leurs interactions avec et dans des contextes socio-culturels et structurels variés. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans l’apport de l’anthropologie à l’analyse et la compréhension des systèmes de soins. Dans une perspective de santé publique, nos analyses plaident pour une approche différenciée du renforcement de compétence du personnel des structures sanitaires, tenant compte de la spécificité de chaque site.

International audience; This study reports the in vitro efficacy of a mixture of plant extracts used as antibacterial agents loaded in a dressing to prevent infection in a wound. These natural compounds were extracted from avocado and mango.A mixture of equal proportions of petroleum ether extract from avocado kernels and methanolic extract from mango kernels was effective on the majority of 36 bacterial strains and presented excellent results against S. aureus. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) measured on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) were 0.019 mg/mL for the mixture compared to 0.039 mg/mL for the avocado or mango extract alone. This mixture was incorporated into a wound dressing composed of non-woven fabric and a gel. This gel consists of a plasticizer (starch/glycerin) and an absorbent (CMC/PCD) and is designed to have swelling properties and entrap plant extract. A formulation containing equal proportions of CMC and PCD enabled us to obtain 800% of swelling and a good adhesion of the gel to the non-woven fabric.The final dressing containing the mixture of avocado and mango extracts presented excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Microbiological tests demonstrated that a wound dressing loaded with avocado/mango seed extract induced additional bacterial reduction of 3 Log10 and 2 Log10 against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively but no additional bacterial reduction of C. albicans compared to the control.Our study demonstrated the scope for interest in plant species extracts provided by agricultural co-products in developing a new antibacterial wound dressing.

International audience; This paper describes two prototypes of an on-site Early Warning Water Quality Monitoring System (EWWQMS) for pesticide quantification in natural waters. As many pesticides are non-fluorescent, the EWWQMS setup uses UV photoconversion to form highly fluorescent photoproducts. To enhance sensitivity, the two prototypes use micellar-enhanced fluorescence with surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) in aqueous solution. To improve specificity, four UV LEDs at different wavelengths then excite the fluorescent photoproducts. The EWWQMS prototypes also employ UV absorption for quantification of non-photosensitive pesticides. The first prototype detects the pesticides via a diode array spectrometer. The second system is developed with higher resolution spectrometer and an intensified CCD camera detection to improve the sensitivity of the method. These experimental set-ups are described, explained and tested. Analytical applications were carried out online in CTAC aqueous solution, for the determination of isoproturon, flufenoxuron and profenofos. The calibration curves obtained are linear over one order of magnitude, and the detection limits are in the ng mL−1 range. The analytical performances of these new methods are good compared with other published classical micellar enhanced photo-induced fluorescence methods for the determination of pesticides in aqueous solutions. Our results show that these EWWQMS prototypes can be used as a warning system to protect against pesticide contamination exceeding the threshold of treatment capabilities at industrial facilities using natural waters.

Two new salts composed of the diprotonated 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) molecule as the cations and bromide and hydrogen oxalate as the anions have been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The salt [DABCOH2]{[HC2O4][Br]} (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group P212121 with a = 9.0809(7), b = 9.5156(7), c = 12.3558(9) Å, V = 1067.67(14) Å3 and Z = 4. The salt [DABCOH2]2{[HC2O4][Br]3}·H2O (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pnma with a = 26.6554(17), b = 7.3711(4), c = 10.7421(7) Å, V = 2110.6(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The compounds were prepared from ethanolic solutions of [DABCOH2][HC2O4]2 (L 1 ) and ZnBr2 in molar ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, respectively. The salts 1 and 2 exhibit extended hydrogen bonding networks leading to supramolecular topologies.

BackgroundHIV self-testing (HIVST) is recommended by the World Health Organization as an additional HIV testing approach. Since 2019, it has been implemented in Côte d’Ivoire through the ATLAS project, including primary and secondary distribution channels. While the discreet and flexible nature of HIVST makes it appealing for users, it also makes the monitoring and estimation of the population-level programmatic impact of HIVST programs challenging. We used routinely collected data to estimate the effects of ATLAS’ HIVST distribution on access to testing, conventional testing (self-testing excluded), diagnoses, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiations in Côte d’Ivoire.MethodsWe used the ATLAS project’s programmatic data between the third quarter (Q) of 2019 (Q3 2019) and Q1 2021, in addition to routine HIV testing services program data obtained from the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief dashboard. We performed ecological time series regression using linear mixed models.FindingsThe results are presented for 1000 HIVST kits distributed through ATLAS. They show a negative but nonsignificant effect of the number of ATLAS HIVST on conventional testing uptake (−190 conventional tests [95% CI: −427 to 37, p=0·10]). We estimated that for 1000 additional HIVST distributed through ATLAS, +590 [95% CI: 357 to 821, pInterpretationsSocial network-based HIVST distribution had a positive impact on access to HIV testing and diagnoses in Cote d’Ivoire. This approach offers a promising way for countries to assess the impact of HIVST programs.FundingUnitaid 2018-23-ATLASResearch in contextEvidence before this studyWe searched PubMed between November 9 and 12, 2021, for studies assessing the impact of HIVST on HIV testing, ‘conventional’ testing, HIV diagnoses and ART initiation. We searched published data using the terms “HIV self-testing” and “HIV testing”; “HIV self-testing” and “traditional HIV testing” or “conventional testing”; “HIV self-testing” and “diagnosis” or “positive results”; and “HIV self-testing” and “ART initiation” or “Antiretroviral treatment”. Articles with abstracts were reviewed. No time or language restriction was applied. Most studies were individual-based randomized controlled trials involving data collection and some form of HIVST tracking; no studies were conducted at the population level, none were conducted in western Africa and most focused on subgroups of the population or key populations. While most studies found a positive effect of HIVST on HIV testing, evidence was mixed regarding the effect on conventional testing, diagnoses, and ART initiation.Added value of this studyHIVST can empower individuals by allowing them to choose when, where and whether to test and with whom to share their results and can reach hidden populations who are not accessing existing services. Inherent to HIVST is that there is no automatic tracking of test results and linkages at the individual level. Without systematic and direct feedback to program implementers regarding the use and results of HIVST, it is difficult to estimate the impact of HIVST distribution at the population level. Such estimates are crucial for national AIDS programs. This paper proposed a way to overcome this challenge and used routinely collected programmatic data to indirectly estimate and assess the impacts of HIVST distribution in Côte d’Ivoire.Implications of all the available evidenceOur results showed that HIVST increased the overall HIV testing uptake and diagnoses in Côte d’Ivoire without significantly reducing conventional HIV testing uptake. We demonstrated that routinely collected programmatic data could be used to estimate the effects of HIVST kit distribution outside a trial environment. The methodology used in this paper could be replicated and implemented in different settings and enable more countries to routinely evaluate HIVST programming at the population level.

PETAL (Petawatt Aquitaine Laser) is an ultrahigh-power laser dedicated to academic research that delivers sub-picosecond pulses. One of the major issues of these facilities is the laser damage on optical components located at the final stage. Transport mirrors of the PETAL facility are illuminated under different polarization directions. This configuration motivates a thorough investigation of the dependency of the laser damage growth features (thresholds, dynamics, and damage site morphologies) on the incident polarization. Damage growth experiments were carried out in s- and p-polarization at 0.8 ps and 1053 nm on multilayer dielectric mirrors with a squared top-hat beam. Damage growth coefficients are determined by measuring the evolution of the damaged area for both polarizations. In this Letter, we report higher damage growth threshold in p-polarization together with higher damage initiation threshold in s-polarization. We also report faster damage growth dynamics in p-polarization. The damage site morphologies and their evolution under successive pulses are found to strongly depend on polarization. A numerical model in 3D was developed to assess experimental observations. This model shows the relative differences in damage growth threshold even if it is not able to reproduce the damage growth rate. Numerical results demonstrate that damage growth is mainly driven by the electric field distribution which depends on the polarization.

International audience; Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis able to cause large outbreaks. The disease is polymorphic. Symptomatic primary infection is named acute Q fever and is associated with hepatitis, pneumonia, fever, and auto-immune complications while persistent focalized infections, mainly endocarditis, and vascular infections, occur in a minority of patients but are potentially lethal. In order to evaluate the genomic features, genetic diversity, evolution, as well as genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity, and ability to cause outbreaks of Q fever, we performed a pangenomic analysis and genomic comparison of 75 C. burnetii strains including 63 newly sequenced genomes. Our analysis demonstrated that C. burnetii has an open pangenome, unique genes being found in many strains. In addition, pathogenicity islands were detected in all genomes. In consequence C. burnetii has a high genomic plasticity, higher than that of other intracellular bacteria. The core- and pan-genomes are made of 1,211 and 4,501 genes, respectively (ratio 0.27). The core gene-based phylogenetic analysis matched that obtained from multi-spacer typing and the distribution of plasmid types. Genomic characteristics were associated to clinical and epidemiological features. Some genotypes were associated to specific clinical forms and countries. MST1 genotype strains were associated to acute Q fever. A significant association was also found between clinical forms and plasmids. Strains harboring the QpRS plasmid were never found in acute Q fever and were only associated to persistent focalized infections. The QpDV and QpH1 plasmids were associated to acute Q fever. In addition, the Guyanese strain CB175, the most virulent strain to date, exhibited a unique MST genotype, a distinct COG profile and an important variation in gene number that may explain its unique pathogenesis. Therefore, strain-specific factors play an important role in determining the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of Q fever alongside with host-specific factors (valvular and vascular defects notably).

International audience

Transport activities are essential for socio-economic development. However, they also cause enormous damage to human health and welfare. Thus, governments are making several decisions to reduce the negative externalities of transport, including limiting car use in favor of public transport and the transition to cleaner energy. This thesis deals with an evaluation of regional transport policies based on a multimodal model, with an approach based on multi-agent simulation. The model, applied to the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments, is based on the implementation of transport supply and demand. The supply is composed of the road and rail network, as well as the public transport services. The data to create the supply comes mainly from the Open-StreetMap platform and from public transport timetables. The offer was completed with the location of charging stations for electric vehicles. The demand is based on data from household travel surveys of an estimated 6 million inhabitants of the Hauts-de-France region. Once calibrated, the model can be used to examine pricing policies (road tolls and free public transport) and the promotion of electric vehicles. If pricing policies can reduce car use in favor of public transport, the electric car can be considered an essential tool for achieving sustainable development objectives.; Les activités de transport sont essentielles au développement socio-économique. Malgré tout, elles sont à l'origine d'énormes dommages sur la santé et le bien être des populations. A cet effet, les pouvoirs publics prennent plusieurs décisions pour réduire les externalités négatives des transports, notamment en limitant l'usage de la voiture au profit des transports publics et la transition vers des énergies plus propres. Cette thèse porte sur une évaluation de politiques de transport régional sur la base d'un modèle multimodal, avec une approche basée sur la simulation multi-agent. Le modèle, appliqué aux départements du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais, repose sur la mise en place de l'offre et la demande de transport. L'offre est composée du réseau routier et ferroviaire, ainsi que les services de transport public. Les données, pour créer l'offre, proviennent principalement de la plateforme OpenStreetMap et des horaires de transport public. L'offre a été complétée par l'emplacement des bornes de recharge pour les véhicules électriques. La demande émane des données d'enquêtes ménages déplacements des habitants de la région des Hauts-de-France, estimés à 6 millions. Une fois calibré, le modèle permet d'examiner les politiques de tarification (péage routier et gratuité des transports publics) et de promotion des véhicules électriques. Si les politiques de tarification permettent de réduire l'usage de la voiture en faveur des transports collectifs, la voiture électrique peut être considérée comme un outil essentiel pour atteindre les objectifs du développement durable.

International audience; Background: After several cases of peculiar hematological malignancies following introduction of new oral anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments in our recent practice, we aimed to systematically identify all cases of hematological malignancies (HM) in patients with chronic HCV infection and to compare them according to the prescription of oral anti-HCV Direct Acting Antivirals (DAA) treatment or not.Material/methods: In this single-center retrospective observational study, we included all patients with confirmed HM and chronic HCV infection managed between 2010 and 2019 in the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Paris. Non-inclusion criteria were a benign hematological disorder, an HM preceding chronic HCV infection and HCV acute infection. We compared characteristics of patients who received DAA before HM diagnosis to those with no DAA before HM.Results: Over the 10 years, 61 cases of HM among HCV infected patients were identified (female 29%, median age of 58.0 years [IQR 17]). Twenty-one received DAA before the onset of HM (Group DAA+) and 40 did not (Group DAA-) including 22 having received DAA after HM. In the DAA+ group, oral NS5B, NS5A and NS3A inhibitors were used in 90, 76 and 29% respectively. HM developed in the two years following DAA initiation in 76%. Eight (38%) had Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, 5 (24%) had an Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) including two with a mixed phenotype, 2 each had Hodgkin Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma or a myeloproliferative disorder and one each had a chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia or AL Amyloidosis. In the Group DAA-, HM were NHL in 20(50%) patients, Myeloproliferative neoplasms in 7 (17%), Multiple Myeloma in 5, Hodgkin Lymphoma in 3, Myelodysplastic syndrome and AML in 2 (5%) each and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in one. No significant difference between the groups DAA + and - was found according to age, sex, HCV genotype, viral load, co-infection or type and exposition of previous HCV treatments. AML, liver transplantation and cirrhosis were significantly more frequent in the DAA+ group (p = 0.020, 0.045 and 0.032, respectively).Conclusion: AML seemed more frequent after using DAA treatments, notably in severe HCV patients including cirrhotic and/or liver transplanted patients. A multicentric observational study is ongoing to confirm and explore the results.

The aim this present study is to test the effectiveness of a by-product of neem seed processing, neem hulls,as a bioadsorbent for wastewater treatment. The first part of this work consisted on the characterization ofneem hulls. Thus parameters such as moisture, ash, fixed carbon, bulk density, methylene blue and iodinenumbers, surface functions, pH at zero charge point (pHPZC) were investigated. The results of thephysicochemical characterisation showed that the surface powders of neem seed hull has an acidic character.The results also showed that neem hulls have a good capacity to bind large (methylene blue number is256.43 mg.g-1) and small (iodine number is 534.80 mg.g-1) molecules. After characterization, the removalcapacity of methylene blue was evalueted. For this purpose, the effects of adsorbent mass, contact time, initialmethylene blue concentration of the solution and temperature of methylene blue removal were evaluated.The study of the adsorption kinetics showed that the pseudo-second order model is the most suitable modelto describe the adsorption kinetics. The study of the adsorption isotherms showed that the Langmuir model isthe most suitable to describe the adsorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity is 9.50 mg.g-1. Thethermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated and the results obtained showed thatmethylene blue adsorption is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The results of this study showed thatneem hulls can be used for the removal of dyes in aqueous solution in wastewater treatment., L’objectif de la présente étude est de tester l’efficacité d’un sous-produit de la transformation des graines deneem, comme bioadsorbant pour le traitement des eaux usées. La première partie a consisté à lacaractérisation de ces coques de neem. Ainsi, les paramètres tels que les taux d’humidité, de cendres, decarbone fixe, la masse volumique apparente, les indices de bleu de méthylène et d’iode, les fonctions desurface, le pH au point de charge nulle (pHPCN) ont été déterminés. Les résultats de la caractérisation physicochimiqueont montré que la surface des poudres de coques de graines de neem a un caractère acide. Lesrésultats obtenus ont également montré que ces coques ont une bonne capacité à fixer les molécules degrande taille (indice de bleu de méthylène égale à 256,43 mg.g-1) et de petite taille (indice d’iode égal534,80 mg.g-1). Après la caractérisation, la capacité d’élimination du bleu de méthylène a été évaluée. De cefait, les effets de la masse d’adsorbant, du temps de contact, de la concentration initiale en bleu de méthylènede la solution et de la température sur l’élimination du bleu de méthylène ont été évalués. L’étude de lacinétique d’adsorption a montré que le modèle du pseudo-second ordre est le modèle qui décrit le mieux lacinétique d’adsorption. L’étude des isothermes d’adsorption a montré que le modèle de Langmuir est le plusadapté pour décrire le mécanisme d’adsorption. La capacité maximale d’adsorption est de 9,50 mg.g-1. Lesparamètres thermodynamiques tels que l’enthalpie libre (ΔG°), l’enthalpie standard (ΔH°) et l’entropie (ΔS°) ontété calculés et les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’adsorption du bleu de méthylène est un processus spontanéet exothermique. Les résultats de cette étude confirment que les coques de neem peuvent être utilisées commebioadsorbant pour l’élimination des colorants en solution aqueuse dans le traitement des eaux usées.

International audience; Zero-inflated models have become a popular tool for assessing the relationships between explanatory variables and a zero-inflated count outcome. In these models, regression coefficients have latent class interpretations, where the latent classes correspond to a susceptible subpopulation with observations generated from a count distribution and a non-susceptible subpopulation that provides only zero counts. However, it is often of interest to evaluate covariates effects in the overall mixture population, that is, on the marginal mean of the zero-inflated count response. Marginal zero-inflated models, such as the marginal zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial models, have been developed for that purpose. They specify independent submodels for the susceptibility probability and the marginal mean of the count response. When the count outcome is bounded, it is tempting to formulate a marginal zero-inflated binomial model in the same fashion. This, however, is not possible, due to the inherent constraints that relate, in the zero-inflated binomial model, the susceptibility probability and the latent and marginal means of the count outcome. In this paper, we propose a marginal zero-inflated binomial regression model that accommodates these constraints. We construct maximum likelihood estimates of the regression parameters. Their asymptotic properties are established and their finite-sample behaviour is examined by simulations. An application of the proposed model to the analysis of health-care demand is provided for illustration.

Although originally described as transcriptional activator, SPI1/PU.1, a major player in haematopoiesis whose alterations are associated with haematological malignancies, has the ability to repress transcription. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying gene repression in the erythroid lineage, in which SPI1 exerts an oncogenic function by blocking differentiation. We show that SPI1 represses genes by binding active enhancers that are located in intergenic or gene body regions. HDAC1 acts as a cooperative mediator of SPI1-induced transcriptional repression by deacetylating SPI1-bound enhancers in a subset of genes, including those involved in erythroid differentiation. Enhancer deacetylation impacts on promoter acetylation, chromatin accessibility and RNA pol II occupancy. In addition to the activities of HDAC1, polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) reinforces gene repression by depositing H3K27me3 at promoter sequences when SPI1 is located at enhancer sequences. Moreover, our study identified a synergistic relationship between PRC2 and HDAC1 complexes in mediating the transcriptional repression activity of SPI1, ultimately inducing synergistic adverse effects on leukaemic cell survival. Our results highlight the importance of the mechanism underlying transcriptional repression in leukemic cells, involving complex functional connections between SPI1 and the epigenetic regulators PRC2 and HDAC1., Nucleic Acids Research, 50 (14), ISSN:1362-4962, ISSN:0301-5610

International audience; The main objective of this study was to improve our knowledge on the responses of fish populations to multistress (diffuse pollution and warming waters) in estuaries. Adult flounders were caught in two estuaries in the Eastern English Channel: the heavily polluted Seine estuary vs the moderately contaminated Canche estuary. Fish samplings were conducted in January just before the reproduction period, and in July when gonads were at rest. The overall rise in coastal winter water temperatures detected over the Channel impairs the flounder's phenology of reproduction in the two estuaries, inducing a delay of maturation process and probably also spawning. The higher liver histopathology index in Seine vs Canche could be the consequence of the fish exposition to a complex cocktail of contaminants in a strongly industrialized estuary. Higher levels of neurotoxicity, gill lipid peroxidation, and liver EROD activity were observed in Seine vs Canche. Furthermore, a possible impairment in mitochondrial metabolism was suggested in the Seine flounder population. We confirmed in this study the potential role of two membrane lipids (sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine) in the resistance towards oxidative stress in Seine and Canche. Finally, we suggest that the Seine flounder population (and possibly the connected Eastern English Channel flounder populations over the French Coast) could be seriously impacted in the future by multistress: higher winter temperatures and chemical contamination.

International audience; BACKGROUND: HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a critical testing approach particularly for reaching those at HIV risk who are hesitant or unable to access existing services. While the discreet and flexible nature of HIVST is appealing to users, these features can limit the ability for programmes to monitor and estimate the population-level impacts of HIVST implementation. This study triangulates publicly available routine programme data from Côte d'Ivoire in order estimate the effects of HIVST distribution on access to testing, conventional testing (self-testing excluded), HIV diagnoses, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiations.METHODS: We used quarterly programmatic data (Q3-2019 to Q1-2021) from ATLAS, a project that aims to promote and implement network-based HIVST distribution in West Africa, in addition to routine HIV testing services program data obtained from the PEPFAR dashboard. We performed ecological time series regression using linear mixed-models.RESULTS: Between Q3-2019 and Q1-2021, 99,353 HIVST kits were distributed by ATLAS in 78 health districts included in the analysis. The results (Table 1) show a negative but non-significant effect of the number of ATLAS HIVST on the volume of conventional tests (-190), suggesting the possibility of a slight substitution effect. Despite this, the the beneficial effect on access to testing is significant: for each 1000 HIVST distributed via ATLAS, 390 to 590 additional HIV tests were performed if 60% to 80% of HIVST are used . The effect of HIVST on HIV diagnosis was significant and positive, with 8 additional diagnoses per 1,000 HIVST distributed. No effect of HIVST was observed on ART initiations.CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a standard methodology for estimating the population-level impact of HIVST that can be used across countries. It shows that HIVST distribution was associated with increased access to HIV testing and diagnosis in Côte d'Ivoire. Wide-scale adoption of this method will improve HIVST data quality and inform evidence-based programming.

This study aims to characterize and compare the feeding ecology of the European eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) during the continental phase (i.e. yellow and silver) along a salinity gradient (i.e. lower, middle and upper) in six northern France estuaries (i.e. brackish water). The diet and stable isotopic (i.e. δ15N and δ13C values) compositions of eels collected with a fyke net in six estuaries (Slack, Wimereux, Liane, Canche, Authie and Somme estuaries) located along the French coast of the eastern English Channel per season over a year were described by combining gut content and stable isotope analyses. Eel guts were dominated by typical BW prey, Malacostraca and Actinopterygii (54% and 40%, respectively), with the gammare Gammarus zaddachi and the green crab Carcinus maenas (38% and 14%, respectively), and smaller yellow eels of A. anguilla and juvenile European flounder, Platichthys flesus (19% and 14%, respectively) being the most frequently found in their guts. The δ13C values of a majority of eels confirmed the sea- and brackish water-specific carbon resources. Dietary and isotopic niche revealed no clear change between total length, silvering stages and seasons, but a significant difference between salinity gradients and estuaries. Eels δ13C values showed significant enrichment from upper to lower along the estuaries while the δ15N values showed an inverse effect, with the lowest values in the lower part and highest in the upper part. Higher variability in δ13C values in larger estuaries suggested that eels feed on a wide range of food sources than in smaller estuaries. While eels in the smaller estuaries fed mainly on Actinopterygii prey, eels in the larger ones had a lower trophic level (i.e. δ15N values) and fed mainly on Malacostraca prey. This spatial difference in dietary and isotopic niche is discussed in relation to biological structure of eel and environmental variables.

International audience; A green HPLC method for lamivudine (3TC), zidovudine (AZT) and nevirapine (NVP) determination in fixed-dose combination tablets was developed using ethanol as both one of the mobile phases and the solvent for sample preparation. This method was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guideline. Additionally, the method was adapted to complete the analysis of five related substances described in the International Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Int.), five other known related substances and two excipients. The separation was obtained with a C18 column (ARV4 5 µm 250 × 3.0 mm, Interchim) using a gradient mode with 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and ethanol as mobile phase at 35°C, a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, at 270 nm and an injection volume of 10 µL. The combination of ethanol (biodegradable and low-cost alternative solvent) with the use of a column diameter of 3 mm instead of 4.6 mm as used in pharmacopoeias, makes the wastes of the analysis more environmentally friendly and allows the use of a conventional HPLC pump (

Seven years after the declaration of the first epidemic of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, the country faced a new outbreak—between 14 February and 19 June 2021—near the epicentre of the previous epidemic1,2. Here we use next-generation sequencing to generate complete or near-complete genomes of Zaire ebolavirus from samples obtained from 12 different patients. These genomes form a well-supported phylogenetic cluster with genomes from the previous outbreak, which indicates that the new outbreak was not the result of a new spillover event from an animal reservoir. The 2021 lineage shows considerably lower divergence than would be expected during sustained human-to-human transmission, which suggests a persistent infection with reduced replication or a period of latency. The resurgence of Zaire ebolavirus from humans five years after the end of the previous outbreak of Ebola virus disease reinforces the need for long-term medical and social care for patients who survive the disease, to reduce the risk of re-emergence and to prevent further stigmatization. The viral lineage responsible for the February 2021 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea is nested within a clade that predominantly consists of genomes sampled during the 2013–2016 epidemic, suggesting that the virus might have re-emerged after a long period of latency within a previously infected individual.

soumission à Episciences, Nowadays, there is a growing interest in data mining and information retrieval applications from Knowledge Graphs (KG). However, the latter (KG) suffers from several data quality problems such as accuracy, completeness, and different kinds of errors. In DBpedia, there are several issues related to data quality. Among them, we focus on the following: several entities are in classes they do not belong to. For instance, the query to get all the entities of the class Person also returns group entities, whereas these should be in the class Group. We call such entities “outliers.” The discovery of such outliers is crucial for class learning and understanding. This paper proposes a new outlier detection method that finds these entities. We define a semantic measure that favors the real entities of the class (inliers) with positive values while penalizing outliers with negative values and improving it with the discovery of frequent and rare itemsets. Our measure outperforms FPOF (Frequent Pattern Outlier Factor) ones. Experiments show the efficiency of our approach., De nos jours, il existe un intérêt croissant pour les applications d'exploration de données et de recherche d'informations à partir de graphes de connaissances (KG). Cependant, ces derniers (KG) souffrent de plusieurs problèmes de qualité de données tels que la précision, la complétude et différents types d'erreurs. Dans DBpedia, il existe plusieurs problèmes liés à la qualité des données. Parmi eux, nous nous concentrons sur le suivant: plusieurs entités se trouvent dans des classes auxquelles elles n'appartiennent pas. Par exemple, la requête pour obtenir toutes les entités de la classe Person retourne aussi les entités de groupe, tandis que celles-ci devraient être dans la classe Group. Nous appelons ces entités "outliers". La découverte de ces entités mal classées est cruciale pour l'apprentissage et la compréhension des classes. Cet article propose une nouvelle méthode de détection des outliers qui permet de trouver ces entités. Nous définissons une mesure sémantique qui favorise les entités réelles de la classe (inliers) avec des valeurs positives tout en pénalisant les outliers avec des valeurs négatives et nous l'améliorons avec la découverte d'itemsets fréquents et rares. Notre mesure est plus performante que celle du FPOF (Frequent Pattern Outlier Factor). Les expérimentations prouvent l'efficacité de notre approche.

International audience; Depuis une vingtaine d’années et les évolutions de l’organisation du travail, les relations informelles dans les entreprises sont regardées comme inefficaces et contreproductives. Les discussions autour d’un café, les déjeuners entre collègues, les discussions de couloirs… sont vus comme des moments d’oisiveté, de déconcentration, voire comme des moments subversifs. Les relations informelles entre collaborateurs peuvent être utiles pour l’entreprise uniquement si elles permettent le développement de nouvelles idées porteuses d’innovation, source d’avantage concurrentiel. Progressivement, la perspective productiviste dominante dans le discours managérial a conduit à nier tout intérêt pour des relations informelles qui échapperaient au contrôle de l’organisation du travail. La crise de la Covid 19 a remis durablement en question ce discours sur l’informel. Le déclenchement soudain de la crise a permis de prendre conscience que l’informel non- formalisé était au cœur de la mise en œuvre des processus formalisés du travail.

Purpose: Use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for diagnosis is limited regarding the low number of target molecules in early-stage tumors. Human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated carcinomas represent a privileged model using circulating viral DNA (ctHPV DNA) as a tumor marker. However, the plurality of HPV genotypes represents a challenge. The next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based CaptHPV approach is able to characterize any HPV DNA sequence. To assess the ability of this method to establish the diagnosis of HPV-associated cancer via a blood sample, we analyzed ctHPV DNA in HPV-positive or HPV-negative carcinomas. Experimental Design: Patients (135) from France and Senegal with carcinoma developed in the uterine cervix (74), oropharynx (25), oral cavity (19), anus (12), and vulva (5) were prospectively registered. Matched tumor tissue and blood samples (10 mL) were taken before treatment and independently analyzed using the CaptHPV method. Results: HPV prevalence in tumors was 60.0% (81/135; 15 different genotypes). Viral analysis of plasmas compared with tumors was available for 134 patients. In the group of 80 patients with HPV-positive tumors, 77 were also positive in plasma (sensitivity 95.0%); in the group of 54 patients with HPV-negative tumors, one was positive in plasma (specificity 98.1%). In most cases, the complete HPV pattern observed in tumors could be established from the analysis of ctHPV DNA. Conclusions: In patients with carcinoma associated with any HPV genotype, a complete viral genome characterization can be obtained via the analysis of a standard blood sample. This should favor the development of noninvasive diagnostic tests providing the identification of personalized tumor markers. See related commentary by Rostami et al., p. 5158

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; The burden of encephalitis and its associated viral etiology is poorly described in Africa. Moreover, neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are increasingly reported in many countries, but less so in Africa. Our prospective study aimed to characterize the main viral etiologies of patients hospitalized for encephalitis in two hospitals in Dakar. From January to December 2021, all adult patients that met the inclusion criteria for clinical infectious encephalitis were enrolled. Cerebrospinal fluids, blood, and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and tested for 27 viruses. During the study period, 122 patients were enrolled. Viral etiology was confirmed or probable in 27 patients (22.1%), with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 8), HSV-1 (n = 7), HHV-7 (n = 5), and EBV (n = 4) being the most detected viruses. Age groups 40–49 was more likely to be positive for at least one virus with an odds ratio of 7.7. The mortality was high among infected patients, with 11 (41%) deaths notified during hospitalization. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 was the most prevalent virus in hospitalized patients presenting with encephalitis. Our results reveal the crucial need to establish a country-wide surveillance of encephalitis in Senegal to estimate the burden of this disease in our population and implement strategies to improve care and reduce mortality.

Cet article n'est publié dans aucune revue, j'aimerais qu'il soit corrigé puis publié par HAL; Cette étude vise à connaitre la diversité et les variations spatiotemporelles dans les communautés de macroalgues vivant le long de la côte Nord du Sénégal à deux échelles de temps (2 saisons froides et 2 saisons chaudes). Elle est réalisée par la méthode des transects et quadrats. L'inventaire a été effectué entre 2017 et 2019 dans 5 sites se trouvant sur ladite côte. Dans chaque site, 3 transects de 500 m distant chacun de 500 m l'un à l'autre et disposés perpendiculairement à la côte ont été prédéterminés à l'aide de Google Earth et du logiciel Arc Gis. Sur chaque transect, des points d'échantillonnages espacés de 50 m les uns des autres avec leurs coordonnés ont été préétablis. Sur chaque point d'échantillonnage, 3 quadrats ont été fixés puis les algues sont récoltées et décomptées. Au total, 12 espèces réparties dans 10 genres et 8 familles ont été identifiées dans tous les sites et saisons confondus. Une variation inter-sites et intersaisons des espèces a été notée avec une diversité plus importante en saison chaude 2017 et 2018 soit, respectivement 9 et 8 espèces. Les indices de Shannon calculés renseignent sur la faible diversité de la côte Nord du Sénégal. Meristotheca senegalensis, Laurencia obtusa, Dictyota ciliolata et Dictyopteris delicatula ont été rencontrées qu'en saisons chaudes tout au long de l'étude. En revanche, Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata a été observé en saisons froides. D'autres ont été observée dans toutes les saisons ; il s'agit du Caulacanthus ustulatus, Ceramium rubrum var. pacificum, Dictyota dichotoma et Bryopsis plumosa.

The reaction between ethylamine and oxalic acid in water in a 1:1 molar ratio afforded the title salt, C2H8N+·C2HO4 −·0.5C2H2O4. The hydrogen oxalate anions interact through hydrogen bonding and are organized into a chains propagating along the c-axis direction. The chains are connected to the neighbouring cations and oxalic acid molecules by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and N...O dipole–dipole contacts, leading to a supramolecular three-dimensional network.

The reaction between equimolar amounts of propane-1,3-diamine and molybdenum trioxide in water led to the formation of single crystals of the title salt, (C3H12N2)[MoO4]. The asymmetric unit is comprised of one propane-1,3-diammonium cation and one molybdate anion. The latter is isolated in the structure and has a slightly distorted tetrahedral configuration. An extensive network of N—H...O hydrogen bonds connects anions and cations, giving rise to a compact three-dimensional packing.

International audience; Cyanobacteria have massively contributed to carbonate deposition over the geological 27 history. They are traditionally thought to biomineralize CaCO 3 extracellularly as an 28 indirect byproduct of photosynthesis. However, the recent discovery of freshwater 29 cyanobacteria forming intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) challenges 30 this view. Despite the geochemical interest of such a biomineralization process, its 31 molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history remain elusive. Here, using comparative 32 genomics, we identify a new gene (ccyA) and protein family (calcyanin) possibly associated 33 with cyanobacterial iACC biomineralization. Proteins of the calcyanin family are 34 composed of a conserved C-terminal domain, which likely adopts an original fold, and a 35 variable N-terminal domain whose structure allows differentiating 4 major types among 36 the 35 known calcyanin homologs. Calcyanin lacks detectable full-length homologs with 37 known function. The overexpression of ccyA in iACC-lacking cyanobacteria resulted in 38 an increased intracellular Ca content. Moreover, ccyA presence was correlated and/or co-39 localized with genes involved in Ca or HCO 3transport and homeostasis, supporting the 40 hypothesis of a functional role of calcyanin in iACC biomineralization. Whatever its 41 function, ccyA appears as diagnostic of intracellular calcification in cyanobacteria. By 42 searching for ccyA in publicly available genomes, we identified 13 additional 43 cyanobacterial strains forming iACC, as confirmed by microscopy. This extends our 44 knowledge about the phylogenetic and environmental distribution of cyanobacterial 45 iACC biomineralization, especially with the detection of multicellular genera as well as a 46 marine species. Moreover, ccyA was probably present in ancient cyanobacteria, with 47 independent losses in various lineages that resulted in a broad but patchy distribution 48 across modern cyanobacteria.