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International audience; Sensitivity to a stress concentration is important for the development of pharmaceutical tablets as it is related to defects like capping. The Brittle Fracture Index (BFI) was introduced by Hiestand et al. to test this sensitivity. Recently, a more general index, based on the average stress criterion, was proposed as a generalized Hiestand approach. In this work, this new approach is tested on tablets obtained for several products and pressure levels, and results show the wide applicability of the new criterion. Furthermore, X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to link the tablet microstructure and the sensitivity to a stress concentration. A strong correlation was found between the size of the largest pores in the structure and the value of a(0) which quantify the sensitivity to a stress concentration in the generalized Hiestand approach. These results constitute the first attempt to link the brittle fracture propensity of tablets with their effective microstructure.

International audience; Evaluating future groundwater recharge with associated uncertainty at the scale of France Among aquifer recharge processes, effective precipitation infiltration is the most directly impacted by climate. We propose a methodology for estimating this recharge at the scale of large territories, based on global hydrological models requiring few data and parameters. The originality of our work lies in the use of the IDPR (Network Development and Persistence Index) which is a qualitative cartographic index of infiltration potentiality. The study of more than 350 hydrological basins made it possible to highlight a linear relation between the BaseFlow Index and the IDPR for the sedimentary basins. Based on this relationship and assuming that the effective rainfall infiltration ratio could be assimilated to the BFI, an map of this ratio was generated all over France, allowing the effective precipitation map to be converted into a recharge map. The methodology was then applied to estimate future recharge using the outputs of climate models for two contrasted radiative concentration pathway scenarios. By 2030, whatever the scenario, the modeling results predict a moderate decrease in the direct recharge of aquifers everywhere in France except in Paris basin and around the Mediterranean sea. By 2080, the optimistic scenario allows to recover recharge values close to the current ones, outside the north of the Paris basin. At the opposite, within the pessimistic scenario, a majority of aquifers would undergo a recharge decrease by 10 to 30%, with stress zones in the Paris basin, around the Mediterranean sea and in Corsica. Nonetheless, these first results should be considered carefully as the associated uncertainties are significant and can reach 50% for the most pessimistic forecasts.; Parmi les processus qui participent à la recharge des aquifères, la recharge par infiltration des précipitations efficaces est la plus directement impactée par le climat. Nous proposons une méthodologie qui permet d'estimer cette recharge à l'échelle de grands territoires, sur la base de modèles hydrologiques globaux nécessitant peu de données et de paramètres. L'étude de plus de 350 bassins hydrologiques a permis de mettre en évidence pour les bassins sédimentaires, une relation entre le BaseFlow Index et l'IDPR (Indice de Développement et de Persistance des Réseaux), qui est un indice cartographique qualitatif de potentialité d'infiltration. Sur la base de cette relation, une carte du ratio d'infiltration de la pluie efficace a pu être générée pour toute la France métropolitaine, permettant de transformer la carte de pluie efficace en carte de recharge. La méthodologie a été appliquée pour estimer la recharge future en utilisant les sorties de modèles climatiques pour deux scenarios de forçage radiatif. A l'horizon 2030, quel que soit le scénario, les résultats de la modélisation prévoient une baisse modérée de la recharge directe des aquifères sur la majorité du territoire, en dehors du bassin parisien et du pourtour méditerranéen. A l'horizon 2080, le scénario optimiste permet de revenir à des valeurs de recharge proches de l'actuel, en dehors du nord du bassin parisien. En revanche, dans le scénario pessimiste, une majorité des aquifères voit sa recharge diminuer de 10 à 30%, avec des zones plus tendues dans le bassin parisien, le pourtour méditerranéen et la Corse. Les incertitudes associées à ces résultats sont néanmoins importantes et peuvent atteindre 50% sur les prévisions les plus pessimistes.

International audience; Evaluating future groundwater recharge with associated uncertainty at the scale of France Among aquifer recharge processes, effective precipitation infiltration is the most directly impacted by climate. We propose a methodology for estimating this recharge at the scale of large territories, based on global hydrological models requiring few data and parameters. The originality of our work lies in the use of the IDPR (Network Development and Persistence Index) which is a qualitative cartographic index of infiltration potentiality. The study of more than 350 hydrological basins made it possible to highlight a linear relation between the BaseFlow Index and the IDPR for the sedimentary basins. Based on this relationship and assuming that the effective rainfall infiltration ratio could be assimilated to the BFI, an map of this ratio was generated all over France, allowing the effective precipitation map to be converted into a recharge map. The methodology was then applied to estimate future recharge using the outputs of climate models for two contrasted radiative concentration pathway scenarios. By 2030, whatever the scenario, the modeling results predict a moderate decrease in the direct recharge of aquifers everywhere in France except in Paris basin and around the Mediterranean sea. By 2080, the optimistic scenario allows to recover recharge values close to the current ones, outside the north of the Paris basin. At the opposite, within the pessimistic scenario, a majority of aquifers would undergo a recharge decrease by 10 to 30%, with stress zones in the Paris basin, around the Mediterranean sea and in Corsica. Nonetheless, these first results should be considered carefully as the associated uncertainties are significant and can reach 50% for the most pessimistic forecasts.; Parmi les processus qui participent à la recharge des aquifères, la recharge par infiltration des précipitations efficaces est la plus directement impactée par le climat. Nous proposons une méthodologie qui permet d'estimer cette recharge à l'échelle de grands territoires, sur la base de modèles hydrologiques globaux nécessitant peu de données et de paramètres. L'étude de plus de 350 bassins hydrologiques a permis de mettre en évidence pour les bassins sédimentaires, une relation entre le BaseFlow Index et l'IDPR (Indice de Développement et de Persistance des Réseaux), qui est un indice cartographique qualitatif de potentialité d'infiltration. Sur la base de cette relation, une carte du ratio d'infiltration de la pluie efficace a pu être générée pour toute la France métropolitaine, permettant de transformer la carte de pluie efficace en carte de recharge. La méthodologie a été appliquée pour estimer la recharge future en utilisant les sorties de modèles climatiques pour deux scenarios de forçage radiatif. A l'horizon 2030, quel que soit le scénario, les résultats de la modélisation prévoient une baisse modérée de la recharge directe des aquifères sur la majorité du territoire, en dehors du bassin parisien et du pourtour méditerranéen. A l'horizon 2080, le scénario optimiste permet de revenir à des valeurs de recharge proches de l'actuel, en dehors du nord du bassin parisien. En revanche, dans le scénario pessimiste, une majorité des aquifères voit sa recharge diminuer de 10 à 30%, avec des zones plus tendues dans le bassin parisien, le pourtour méditerranéen et la Corse. Les incertitudes associées à ces résultats sont néanmoins importantes et peuvent atteindre 50% sur les prévisions les plus pessimistes.

International audience; Quantifying the renewable groundwater resource is a key point for water managers that have to organize the water supply for the present and the future in the context of climate change. Our work aims to estimate and to map groundwater recharge by precipitation with a resolution adapted to water management needs. A gridded water budget model was developed to compute the groundwater recharge with a resolution of 8 km and a daily time step. Three different water budget methods were included to assess the uncertainty associated to the effective rainfall parameterization method. We then proposed a global solution to split the effective rainfall between runoff and infiltration, relying on a GIS built parameter called IDPR. This distributed parameter is related to the drainage density and hydrological connectivity. The IDPR index is available over the all France area with at least a 50 m spatial resolution. The river baseflow index (BFI) was calculated with the Wallingford method over more than sixty french instrumented watersheds. It is assumed that the BFI is representative of the average infiltration coefficient of the hydrogeological basin. A linear relationship between the BFI and the spatial average IDPR index was proved for the sedimentary basins. It thus allowed calibrating the IDPR index in terms of infiltration capacity. Finally, groundwater direct recharge could be calculated and annual average recharge maps were generated. This methodology will be applied to produce recharge maps over all France, as well as future recharge maps under different climate scenarios.

International audience; Introduction. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by John et al. (1991) is one of the most widely accepted tools for assessing dimensions of personality. It comprises 44 items that assess five broad dimensions of personality (the Big Five Factors): Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to experience. Based on correlations with the facets described in the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R), another Big Five assessment tool with 240 items and 6 facets per dimension, Soto and John (2009) showed that the dimensions in the BFI could be divided into two facets each (ten facets altogether). These results are in line with those of DeYoung, Quilty and Peterson (2007), who ran factorial analyses with all the NEO PI-R facets and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and identified ten intermediate factors (between facets and dimensions) they called “aspects” (two per dimension). The goal of the present study is to investigate the ten facets described by Soto and John in a French sample, using the French version of the BFI (BFI-Fr), which has good psychometric properties, and to check whether the pattern of correlations of these facets with the NEO PI-R match those of the American version. Method. We created three groups. The first comprised 360 students from the ILEPS (Institut Libre d’Education Physique Supérieure) and Tours University (psychology undergraduates). Participants (mean age 21.1 years  2.30; 58% women) completed the BFI-Fr and the NEO PI-R. The second comprised 142 psychology students from Tours University (mean age 20.6 years  1.78; 81% women); they completed the BFI-Fr twice, two weeks apart (test and retest). The third comprised 252 psychology students from Paris-Nanterre University (mean age 23 years  4.2; 89% women) who described a total of 405 people they knew well (mean age 35.2  10.8; 49% women) using the peer-report format of the BFI-Fr. Results. In the self-report format, eight of Soto and John’s ten aspects had acceptable internal consistency (based on Guildford’s (1954) internal consistency criteria, due to the small number of items), with Cronbach’s α between .60 and .86 and test-retest correlations between .71 and .89, showing satisfactory temporal stability. We found a single facet for Extraversion (Assertiveness), two for Agreeableness (Altruism and Compliance), two for Conscientiousness (Self-Discipline and Order), one for Neuroticism (Anxiety), and two for Openness to Experience (Openness to aesthetics and Openness to ideas). Based on their convergence with the corresponding facets in the NEO PI-R, these eight facets showed satisfactory external validity. With regard to the peer-report format, the Activity facet of Extraversion, which did not have sufficient internal consistency in the self-report format, had acceptable properties (i.e. 9 out of 10 facets). Only the Depression facet of Neuroticism still had insufficient internal consistency. In this study, we proposed an improvement of two facets (Activity and Compliance) and added one facet specific to the French version (Emotional Instability) in place of the Depression facet. Discussion. We showed that the BFI-Fr can be used to assess nine of the ten facets described by Soto and John. We also identified an Emotional Instability facet, replacing the Depression facet of Neuroticism. DeYoung et al. (2007) considered that anxiety and depression are indissociable and can be represented by a Neuroticism aspect they labeled Withdrawal. They suggested a second aspect of this dimension they called Volatility (with the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R as main marker and the N5 Impulsiveness and N3 Depression as secondary markers). The Emotional Instability facet we found corresponds closely to the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R and appears to be a satisfactory marker of DeYoung et al.’s (2007) Volatility aspect. Although this study has limitations, particularly related to the samples (students), the BFI-Fr facets (derived from those defined by Soto and John in the BFI or proposed as improvements on the original facets) match the corresponding NEO PI-R facets and can also be seen as main markers of the aspects defined by DeYoung et al.; Le Big Five Inventory (BFI) de John (1991) représente un des outils les plus consensuels de l'évaluation dimensionnelle de la personnalité. Les cinq grandes dimensions qu'il mesure sont~: l'Extraversion, l'Agréabilité, le Caractère consciencieux, le Névrosisme et l'Ouverture. Soto et John (2009) ont montré qu'il était possible de considérer deux facettes par dimension du BFI. L'objectif de cette étude est de savoir s'il est possible de retrouver ces dix facettes dans un échantillon français, en s'appuyant sur les corrélations avec les facettes équivalentes du NEO PI-R (NEO Personality Inventory Revised). Méthode Le premier échantillon constitué de 360~étudiants de l'Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieure (ILEPS) et de l'Université de Tours (en psychologie) a permis de tester la validité externe des facettes du BFI-Fr en lien avec celles du NEO PI-R. Le second échantillon constitué de 142~étudiants de psychologie de l'Université de Tours a permis de rechercher la validité temporelle (test et retest). Le troisième échantillon constitué de 252~étudiants en psychologie de l'Université de Paris-Nanterre a permis de tester la forme hétéro-évaluative du BFI-Fr. Résultats et discussion Le BFI-Fr permet d'évaluer neuf des dix facettes proposées par Soto et John~: Activité et Assertivité pour la dimension Extraversion~; Altruisme et Compliance pour la dimension Agréabilité~; Ordre et Autodiscipline pour la dimension Caractère consciencieux~; Anxiété pour la dimension Névrosisme~; Ouverture à l'esthétique et Ouverture aux idées pour la dimension Ouverture. L'étude a permis de définir une facette Instabilité émotionnelle en remplacement de la facette Dépression du Névrosisme qui ne présentait pas de qualités psychométriques suffisantes. AbstractIntroduction The Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by John et al. (1991) is one of the most widely accepted tools for assessing dimensions of personality. It comprises 44 items that assess five broad dimensions of personality (the Big Five Factors): Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to experience. Based on correlations with the facets described in the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R), another Big Five assessment tool with 240 items and 6 facets per dimension, Soto and John (2009) showed that the dimensions in the BFI could be divided into two facets each (ten facets altogether). These results are in line with those of DeYoung et al. (2007), who ran factorial analyses with all the NEO PI-R facets and the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and identified ten intermediate factors (between facets and dimensions) which they called "aspects" (two per dimension). The goal of the present study is to investigate the ten facets described by Soto and John in a French sample, using the French version of the BFI (BFI-Fr), which has good psychometric properties, and to check whether the pattern of correlations of these facets with the NEO PI-R match those of the American version. Method We created three groups. The first comprised 360 students from the Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieure (ILEPS) and Tours University (psychology undergraduates). Participants (mean age 21.1 years ± 2.30; 58% women) completed the BFI-Fr and the NEO PI-R. The second comprised 142 psychology students from Tours University (mean age 20.6 years ± 1.78; 81% women); they completed the BFI-Fr twice, two weeks apart (test and retest). The third comprised 252 psychology students from Paris-Nanterre University (mean age 23 years ± 4.2; 89% women) who described a total of 405 people they knew well (mean age 35.2 ± 10.8; 49% women) using the peer-report format of the BFI-Fr. Results In the self-report format, eight of Soto and John's ten aspects had acceptable internal consistency (based on Guildford's (1954) internal consistency criteria, due to the small number of items), with Cronbach's α between 0.60 and 0.86 and test-retest correlations between 0.71 and 0.89, showing satisfactory temporal stability. We found a single facet for Extraversion (Assertiveness), two for Agreeableness (Altruism and Compliance), two for Conscientiousness (Self-Discipline and Order), one for Neuroticism (Anxiety), and two for Openness to Experience (Openness to aesthetics and Openness to ideas). Based on their convergence with the corresponding facets in the NEO PI-R, these eight facets showed satisfactory external validity. With regard to the peer-report format, the Activity facet of Extraversion, which did not have sufficient internal consistency in the self-report format, had acceptable properties (i.e. 9 out of 10 facets). Only the Depression facet of Neuroticism still had insufficient internal consistency. In this study, we proposed an improvement of two facets (Activity and Compliance) and added one facet specific to the French version (Emotional Instability) in place of the Depression facet. Discussion We showed that the BFI-Fr can be used to assess nine of the ten facets described by Soto and John. We also identified an Emotional Instability facet, replacing the Depression facet of Neuroticism. DeYoung et al. (2007) considered that anxiety and depression are indissociable and can be represented by a Neuroticism aspect they labeled Withdrawal. They suggested a second aspect of this dimension they called Volatility (with the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R as main marker and the N5 Impulsiveness and N3 Depression as secondary markers). The Emotional Instability facet we found corresponds closely to the N2 Angry Hostility facet of the NEO PI-R and appears to be a satisfactory marker of DeYoung et al.'s (2007) Volatility aspect. Although this study has limitations, particularly related to the samples (students), the BFI-Fr facets (derived from those defined by Soto and John in the BFI or proposed as improvements on the original facets) match the corresponding NEO PI-R facets and can also be seen as main markers of the aspects defined by DeYoung et al.