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1. Control of Sub-Nanosecond Precessional Magnetic Switching in STT-MRAM Cells for SRAM Applications

Author

Ursula Ebels, M. Marins de Castro, B. Dieny, B. Rodmacq, Stéphane Auffret, Liliana D. Buda-Prejbeanu, I. L. Prejbeanu, Ricardo C. Sousa, B. Lacoste, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Magnetoresistive random-access memory, 02 engineering and technology, Nanosecond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Magnetostatics, 01 natural sciences, Aspect ratio (image), Switching time, Stack (abstract data type), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Static random-access memory, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Dram
Abstract

International audience; STT-MRAM are foreseen as the best contender forDRAM replacement. STT-MRAM could also be used for SRAMapplications if switching time below 1ns could be realized in areliable way. In this study, we demonstrate that sub-ns switchingwith final state determined by the current polarity through thestack can be achieved in STT-MRAM cells comprising two spinpolarizinglayers having orthogonal magnetic anisotropies [1],[2].We carried out a thorough experimental and modeling study ofthese ultrafast STT-MRAM. We demonstrated that a quitereliable switching can be achieved by increasing the cell aspectratio (AR) or advantageously by applying an in-plane statictransverse field on the cell. Switching in 200ps could bedemonstrated with write energy less than 100fJ.

Published
2016
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2. Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with a synthetic storage or reference layer: A new route towards Pt- and Pd-free junctions

Author

Bernard Dieny, Ricardo C. Sousa, B. Rodmacq, Léa Cuchet, Stéphane Auffret, I. L. Prejbeanu, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Multidisciplinary, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Pillar, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Article, 0103 physical sciences, Perpendicular, Coupling (piping), Antiferromagnetism, Magnetic layer, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

We report here the development of Pt and Pd-free perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (p-MTJ) for STT-MRAM applications. We start by studying a p-MTJ consisting of a bottom synthetic Co/Pt reference layer and a synthetic FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB storage layer covered with an MgO layer. We first investigate the evolution of RKKY coupling with Ru spacer thickness in such a storage layer. The coupling becomes antiferromagnetic above 0.5 nm and its strength decreases monotonously with increasing Ru thickness. This contrasts with the behavior of Co-based systems for which a maximum in interlayer coupling is generally observed around 0.8 nm. A thin Ta insertion below the Ru spacer considerably decreases the coupling energy, without basically changing its variation with Ru thickness. After optimization of the non-magnetic and magnetic layer thicknesses, it appears that such a FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB synthetic storage layer sandwiched between MgO barriers can be made stable enough to actually be used as hard reference layer in single or double magnetic tunnel junctions, the storage layer being now a single soft FeCoB layer. Finally, we realize Pt- or Pd-free robust perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions, still keeping the advantage of a synthetic reference layer in terms of reduction of stray fields at small pillar sizes.

Published
2016
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3. Highly asymmetric magnetic domain wall propagation due to coupling to a periodic pinning potential

Author

Gilles Gaudin, Peter J. Metaxas, Jacques Ferré, Alexandra Mougin, Robert Stamps, Raphaël Weil, B. Rodmacq, Pierre-Jean Zermatten, R.L. Novak, Stanislas Rohart, Vincent Baltz, J.P. Jamet, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales (UMPhy CNRS/THALES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-THALES, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and THALES [France]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, Magnetic domain, Field (physics), Condensed matter physics, Magnetometer, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Magnetization, Dipole, Hysteresis, Ferromagnetism, law, 0103 physical sciences, Nanodot, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Magneto-optical microscopy and magnetometry have been used to study magnetization reversal in an ultrathin magnetically soft (Pt/Co)2 ferromagnetic film coupled to an array of magnetically harder (Co/Pt)4 nanodots via a predominantly dipolar interaction across a 3 nm Pt spacer. This interaction generates a spatially periodic pinning potential for domain walls propagating through the continuous magnetic film. When reversing the applied field with respect to the static nanodot array magnetization orientation, strong asymmetries in the wall velocity and switching fields are observed. Asymmetric switching fields mean that hysteresis of the film is characterized by a large bias field of dipolar origin which is linked to the wall velocity asymmetry. This latter asymmetry, though large at low fields, vanishes at high fields where the domains become round and compact. A field-polarity-controlled transition from dendritic to compact faceted domain structures is also seen at intermediate fields and a model is proposed to interpret the transition.

Published
2015
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4. Field-current phase diagrams of in-plane spin transfer torque memory cells with low effective magnetization storage layers

Author

M. Pakala, B. Rodmacq, B. Dieny, B. Lacoste, R. C. Sousa, L. E. Nistor, L. San Emeterio Alvarez, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Applied Materials France SARL, and Applied Materials

Subjects
Tunnel effect, Magnetization, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Polarity (physics), Demagnetizing field, Spin-transfer torque, General Physics and Astronomy, Electric current, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], Anisotropy, Current density
Abstract

International audience; Field-current phase diagrams were measured on in-plane anisotropy Co60Fe20B20 magnetic tunnel junctions to obtain the spin transfer torque (STT) field-current switching window. These measurements were used to characterise junctions with varying free layer thicknesses from 2.5 down to 1.1 nm having a reduced effective demagnetizing field due to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at CoFeB/MgO interface. Diagrams were obtained with 100 ns current pulses, of either same or alternating polarity. When consecutive pulses have the same polarity, it is possible to realize the STT switching even for conditions having a low switching probability. This was evidenced in diagrams with consecutive pulses of alternating polarity, with 100% switching obtained at 4.7 MA/cm2, compared to the lower 3.4 MA/cm2 value for same polarity pulses. Although the low level of the current density window is higher in alternating polarity diagrams, the field window in both diagrams is the same and therefore independent of the pulse polarity sequence.

Published
2014
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5. The contribution of x-ray specular reflectometry to the oxygen-induced magnetic properties in Pt/Co/AlOx

Author

H. Garad, L. Ortega, A. Y. Ramos, J. Marcus, F. Gay, F. Fettar, S. Auffret, B. Rodmacq, B. Dieny, Surfaces, Interfaces et Nanostructures (NEEL - SIN), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), X'Press : diffraction et hautes pressions (NEEL - X'Press), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (NEEL - MRS), Automatisation & caractérisation (NEEL - AUTOCARAC), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Surfaces, Interfaces et Nanostructures (SIN), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), X'Press (X'Press), Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (MRS), and Automatisation et Caractérisation (AUTOCARAC)

Subjects
Flux pinning, Materials science, Silicon, Magnetoresistance, Annealing (metallurgy), Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, PACS : 75.60.Nt 75.50.Vv 72.20.My 73.43.Qt, Nuclear magnetic resonance, flux pinning, Hall effect, 0103 physical sciences, magnetoresistance, Specular reflection, platinum, coercive force, 010306 general physics, Reflectometry, silicon, magnetic annealing, aluminium compounds, Coercivity, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, cobalt, alumina, chemistry, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, silicon compounds
Abstract

3 pages; International audience; Two key parameters were analyzed in Si/SiO/Pt/Co/AlOx: the oxidation time of the Al layer resulting in AlOx, and the ex situ annealing temperatures varied in the 15 and 55 s and 20, 300, and 450 °C ranges, respectively. For intermediate annealing temperatures (∼300 °C), the quantitative analysis of specular reflectometry data shows that the progressive oxidation of layers by increasing the oxidation time goes along with an improvement of the homogeneity of the alumina layer. This outcome casts new light on the temperature dependence of magnetic properties of the samples. The remarkable temperature variation of the coercive field, extracted from extraordinary Hall effects in the 5-300 K range, is associated with structural change due to Co-oxygen bondings, which leads to strong pinning of Co spins in the low temperature regime.

Published
2011
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6. Balancing interlayer dipolar interactions in multilevel patterned media with out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy

Author

S. Landis, B. Rodmacq, Jacques Ferré, Alberto Bollero, Vincent Baltz, B. Dieny, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), and Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA))

Subjects
010302 applied physics, RKKY interaction, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Spintronics, Condensed matter physics, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Coercivity, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic anisotropy, Dipole, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Patterned media, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy, Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction
Abstract

International audience; Nanostructures consisting of a stack of two magnetic multilayers with out-of-plane anisotropy and distinct coercivities hold great promises in spintronics devices. Yet their miniaturization leads to interlayer dipolar coupling, which results in detrimental asymmetrical behaviors of magnetization reversal or even in the loss of intermediate antiparallel configuration. In this letter, we take advantage of Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions in order to compensate for this coupling and restore symmetry. The study has been performed on an array of square dots of 200 nm lateral size, each dot consisting of two Co/Pt multilayers antiferromagnetically coupled through a thin Ru spacer.

Published
2009
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7. X-ray analysis of the magnetic influence of oxygen in Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers

Author

Aurelien Manchon, M. Hochstrasser, B. Dieny, G. Panaccione, Clarisse Ducruet, Stéphane Auffret, Stefania Pizzini, B. Rodmacq, Vojtech Uhlir, Jan Vogel, Lucien Lombard, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (MNM), Institut Néel (NEEL), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratory for Solid State Physics (ETH Zurich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratory TASC (TASC), INFM-CNR, Micro et NanoMagnétisme (NEEL - MNM), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Nanostructure, oxidation, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, PACS: 75.70.Cn, 75.30.Gw, 79.60.Jv, 81.65.Mq, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 0103 physical sciences, platinum, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, magnetic multilayers, MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY, [PHYS.COND.CM-MSQHE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect [cond-mat.mes-hall], TUNNEL-JUNCTION, X-ray photoelectron spectra, Heterojunction, PERPENDICULAR ANISOTROPY, aluminium compounds, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, ORBITAL-MOMENT, cobalt, Magnetic anisotropy, chemistry, AU MULTILAYERS, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, Platinum, Cobalt
Abstract

International audience; X-ray spectroscopy measurements have been performed on a series of Pt/Co/AlOx trilayers to investigate the role of Co oxidation in the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at the Co/AlOx interface. It is observed that varying the degree of oxidation modifies the magnetic properties of the Co layer, inducing a magnetic anisotropy crossover from in plane to out of plane. The microscopic structural properties are analyzed via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. It is shown that increasing the oxidation time enhances the amount of interfacial oxide, which may be at the origin of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

Published
2008
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8. Exchange Bias in Annealed [Pt/Co]/NiFe Systems

Author

Alberto Bollero, B. Dieny, Liliana D. Buda-Prejbeanu, B. Rodmacq, Vincent Baltz, SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Physics and Astronomy [Leeds], and University of Leeds

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Permalloy, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Annealing (metallurgy), 02 engineering and technology, Coercivity, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Mosaicity, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Exchange bias, Ferromagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, Antiferromagnetism, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Exchange bias without antiferromagnetic layer was observed in systems consisting of two exchange coupled ferromagnetic materials: (Pt/Co)n multilayer (with out-of-plane anisotropy) and permalloy, NiFe, (with in-plane anisotropy). We investigated the influence of various parameters on this phenomenon: Pt buffer layer thickness, number of repeats in the multilayer, thickness of the NiFe layer. Annealing yields a doubling in the magnitude of the loop shift as a result of an improved texture and mosaicity of the films

Published
2006
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9. Domain decoration in dipolar coupled ferromagnetic stacks with perpendicular anisotropy

Author

Nicolas Vernier, Alexandra Mougin, J.P. Jamet, B. Rodmacq, B. Dieny, Vincent Baltz, Jacques Ferré, S. Wiebel, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Kerr effect, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Magnetic domain, Condensed matter physics, Demagnetizing field, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Magnetic hysteresis, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic susceptibility, Magnetic anisotropy, Ferromagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic Physics, Single domain, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; The dipolar stray field effects between two nonuniformly magnetized ferromagnetic Co/ Pt stacks with perpendicular anisotropy are investigated by polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy. Decoration of a reversed domain in the hard stack by a domain ring in the soft stack is evidenced and interpreted by magnetostatic calculations. Mirrored 360° domain walls are strongly stabilized by these interactions.

Published
2005
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