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13 results on '"Astrid Hopfensitz"'

1. Management of common pool resources in a nation-wide experiment

Author

Jean-Christian Tisserand, Astrid Hopfensitz, Serge Blondel, Youenn Loheac, César Mantilla, Guillermo Mateu, Julie Rosaz, Anne Rozan, Marc Willinger, Angela Sutan, Burgundy School of Business (BSB) - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Dijon Bourgogne (ESC) (BSB), Centre de Recherche sur l'ENtreprise [Dijon] (CEREN), emlyon business school (EM), Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management (GRANEM), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de recherche en économie et management (CREM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESC Rennes School of Business (ESC [Rennes]), Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement (UMR GESTE), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Funding by the European Researcher's Night consortium. Angela Sutan acknowledges PARI funding from Bourgogne Franche Comté region. Further Astrid Hopfensitz acknowledges IAST funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future (Investissements d'Avenir) program, grant ANR-17-EURE-0010 and through JCJC grant ANR-15-CE33-0005-01., ANR-17-EURE-0010,CHESS,Toulouse Graduate School défis en économie et sciences sociales quantitatives(2017), and ANR-15-CE33-0005,SINT,L'intelligence sociale: experiences et théories concernant les agents économiques(2015)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Experiment, Science Popularization, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation/Q.Q2.Q23 - Forestry, Large Sample, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C93 - Field Experiments, Common Pool Resource, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation/Q.Q2.Q22 - Fishery • Aquaculture, General Environmental Science
Abstract

International audience; Dilemmas related to the use of environmental resources concern diverse populations at local or global scales. Frequently, individuals are unable to visualize the consequences of their actions, where they belong in the decision-making line, and have no information about past choices or the time horizon. We design a new one-shot extraction game to capture these dynamic decisions. We present results from a nationwide common pool resource experiment, conducted simultaneously in eleven French cities, involving a total of 2813 participants. We examine, for the first time, the simultaneous impact of several variables on the amount of resource extracted: the local vs. the national scale of the resource, the size of the group (small vs. big), the low vs. high recovery rate of the resource, and the available information. We show that individuals significantly reduce extraction levels in local as compared to national level dilemmas and that providing recommendations on sustainable extraction amounts significantly improves the sustainability of the resource. Overall, women extract significantly less, but care more about preserving the local resource; older participants extract significantly more resources but extract less from the national resource. Our experiment also fulfills a science popularization pedagogical aim, which we discuss..

Published
2022

2. Children with higher screen time exposure were less likely to show patience and to make school friends at 4–6 years of age

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason, Astrid Hopfensitz, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), emlyon business school, Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-15-CE33-0005,SINT,L'intelligence sociale: experiences et théories concernant les agents économiques(2015), and ANR-10-LABX-0029,IAST,Institut for Advanced Study in Toulouse(2010)

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Friends, Developmental psychology, Screen Time, 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Humans, Medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Schools, business.industry, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Patience, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sedentary Behavior, business, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract

International audience; Excessive screen time during early childhood has been negatively associated with cognitive development, including poor academic success.1 Social integration2 and delayed gratification (ie patience), are key childhood factors that have been associated with positive achievements in later life.3 Despite this, little is known about the possible association between screen time and these childhood factors. This study fills a gap in our knowledge, by investigating the association between screen time; delayed gratification, which is waiting for a larger reward; and social integration, which is the number of times a child is called as a friend by their classmates.

Published
2021

3. Schoolchildren cooperate more successfully with non-kin than with siblings

Author

Maxime Cauchoix, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Marie Bourjade, Astrid Hopfensitz, Anne Regnier, Alexis S. Chaine, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Adult, Future studies, Evolution, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, Friends, Kin selection, 050105 experimental psychology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social Networking, Perception, Kinship, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Interpersonal Relations, Cooperative Behavior, Child, Child development, General Environmental Science, media_common, Human evolution, General Immunology and Microbiology, Siblings, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Evolution of cooperation, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Preference, Friendship, Child, Preschool, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

National audience; Cooperation plays a key role in the development of advanced societies and can be stabilized through shared genes (kinship) or reciprocation. In humans, cooperation among kin occurs more readily than cooperation among non-kin. In many organisms, cooperation can shift with age (e.g. helpers at the nest); however, little is known about developmental shifts between kin and non-kin cooperation in humans. Using a cooperative game, we show that 3- to 10-year-old French schoolchildren cooperated less successfully with siblings than with non-kin children, whether or not non-kin partners were friends. Furthermore, children with larger social networks cooperated better and the perception of friendship among non-friends improved after cooperating. These results contrast with the well-established preference for kin cooperation among adults and indicate that non-kin cooperation in humans might serve to forge and extend non-kin social relationships during middle childhood and create opportunities for future collaboration beyond kin. Our results suggest that the current view of cooperation in humans may only apply to adults and that future studies should focus on how and why cooperation with different classes of partners might change during development in humans across cultures as well as other long-lived organisms.

Published
2021

4. Age-related neural correlates of facial trustworthiness detection during economic interaction

Author

Wim De Neys, François Orliac, Grégory Simon, Jean-François Bonnefon, Grégoire Borst, Emilie Salvia, Astrid Hopfensitz, Katell Mevel, Olivier Etard, Nicolas Poirel, Olivier Houdé, Laboratoire de psychologie du développement et de l'éducation de l'enfant (LaPsyDÉ - UMR 8240), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Imagerie et Stratégies Thérapeutiques de la Schizophrénie (ISTS), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles [CHU Caen], CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Cognitive Neuroscience, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Amygdala, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, 050105 experimental psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Dictator game, Age related, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Applied Psychology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Neural correlates of consciousness, medicine.diagnostic_test, Trustworthiness detection, 05 social sciences, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Associative learning, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Trustworthiness, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mentalization, Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, Trust Game, Psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

National audience; Some economic transactions require people to trust strangers, whose trustworthiness is unknown. In these circumstances, behavioral studies have shown that adults (but not young adolescents) seem to have some minimal ability to detect the trustworthiness of adult strangers based on their facial features. In this study, we explored the neural correlates of this facial trustworthiness detection. A group of adolescents and adults played a series of economic Trust Games with adult trustees of which we had previously recorded the strategy. Results showed that when adult investors were looking at the picture of a trust-abusing trustee, the left amygdala was relatively more activated than when they were looking at a trust-honoring player. Younger adolescents did not show this pattern and responded with a more pronounced deactivation when facing a trust-abusing trustee. An exploratory whole-brain analysis detected a similar age shift for mentalizing regions of the brain. Our results fit with an emerging model suggesting that the amygdala is implicated in an associative learning process that progressively refines a mapping of faces onto trustworthy behavior and may result in avoiding to be exploited by untrustworthy strangers.

Published
2020

5. What if women earned more than their spouse? An experimental investigation of work-division in couples

Author

Francois Cochard, Astrid Hopfensitz, Hélène Couprie, Théorie économique, modélisation et applications (THEMA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C99 - Other, Inequality, 050204 development studies, media_common.quotation_subject, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Time allocation, Wage, Context (language use), 0502 economics and business, Specialization (functional), JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J1 - Demographic Economics/J.J1.J16 - Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination, 050207 economics, media_common, Earnings, Experiment on couples, Work division, MESH: Time allocation, 05 social sciences, jel:C99, Public good, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, jel:D13, MESH: Experiment on couples, Spouse, 8. Economic growth, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics/D.D1.D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation, jel:J16, Demographic economics, MESH: Work-division, Psychology
Abstract

International audience; Female specialization on household work and male specialization on labor-market work is a widely observed phenomenon across time and countries. This absence of gender neutrality with respect to work-division is known as the “work-division puzzle”. Gender differences regarding characteristics (preferences, productivity) and context (wage rates, social norms) are generally recognized as competing explanations for this fact. We experimentally control for context and productivity to investigate preferences for work-division by true co-habiting couples, in a newly developed specialization task. Efficiency in this task comes at the cost of inequality, giving higher earnings to the “advantaged” player. We compare behavior when men (or women) are in the advantaged position, which corresponds to the traditional (or power) couple case where he (or she) earns more. Women and men contribute equally to the household public good in all conditions. This result allows us to rule out some of the standard explanations of the work-division puzzle.

Published
2018

6. Mise en place d'une expérience avec le grand public : entre recherche, vulgarisation et pédagogie

Author

Fabrice Le Lec, Eva Raiber, Marianne Lefebvre, Angela Sutan, Cesar Mantilla, Emmanuel Peterle, Jean-Christian Tisserand, Serge Blondel, Mélody Leplat, Francois Cochard, Astrid Hopfensitz, Cécile Bazart, Alexandrine Bornier, Julie Rosaz, Emmanuel Petit, Joëlle Brouard, Nicolas Jacquemet, Guillaume Péron, Marc Willinger, Youenn Loheac, Fabio Galeotti, Guillermo Mateu, Anne Rozan, Alexandre Flage, Mohamed Ali Bchir, Xavier Hollandts, Adam Zylbersztejn, Nathalie Chappe, Marie Claire Villeval, Mihaela Bonescu, Hayyan Alia, Centre de recherche en économie et management (CREM), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brest business school (BBS), Burgundy School of Business (BSB) - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Dijon Bourgogne (ESC) (BSB), Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (LAMETA), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES), Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management (GRANEM), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage, Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques (UR 3190) (CRESE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kedge Business School (CRCGM et IFGE), Kedge Business School (Kedge BS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE-R), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques (EA 3190) (CRESE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers (UA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Économie Industrielle et Économie Comportementale, Centre de recherche en économie et management ( CREM ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -France Business School ( FBS ), France Business School-France Business School, Brest business school ( BBS ), Burgundy School of Business (BSB) - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Dijon Bourgogne (ESC) ( BSB ), Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée ( LAMETA ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg ( ENGEES ), Groupe de Recherche ANgevin en Economie et Management ( Granem ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage, Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - UFC ( CRESE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique ( GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Lumière - Lyon 2 ( UL2 ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Kedge Business School ( CRCGM et IFGE ), Kedge Business School, Toulouse School of Economics ( TSE ), Toulouse School of Economics, Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ), Université d'Angers ( UA ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ), and Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université d'Angers (UA)

Subjects
Event (relativity), 05 social sciences, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C93 - Field Experiments, Library science, 050109 social psychology, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 050105 experimental psychology, Replication (computing), expérience, Popular education, JEL: A - General Economics and Teaching/A.A1 - General Economics/A.A1.A11 - Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists, JEL : C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C93 - Field Experiments, pédagogie, [ SHS.ECO ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economies and finances, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Sociology, JEL : A - General Economics and Teaching/A.A1 - General Economics/A.A1.A11 - Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, grand public, vulgarisation
Abstract

International audience; We present the implementation of an economic experiment conducted simultaneously in 11 French cities, with over 2700 participants, during four uninterrupted hours, during a popular-science event held in September 2015. Our goal is both to provide a roadmap for a possible replication and to discuss how the discipline can invest in new fields (science popularization, popular education, public communication).; Nous présentons la mise en place d'une expérience lors d'un évènement grand public national, de manière simultanée dans 11 villes françaises, en septembre 2015. L’expérience a impliqué plus de 2700 participants et a duré quatre heures ininterrompues. L’objectif de cet article est à la fois de fournir une feuille de route pour une éventuelle réplication et de penser à la manière dont la discipline peut investir des terrains nouveaux (vulgarisation, pédagogie populaire, communication grand public).

Published
2017

7. Can We Detect Cooperators by Looking at Their Face?

Author

Jean-François Bonnefon, Astrid Hopfensitz, Wim De Neys, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse School of Management Research (TSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse School of Management (TSM), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse School of Management (TSM)

Subjects
Facial expression, Face perception, 05 social sciences, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, 050109 social psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, Social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, General Psychology, Intuition
Abstract

Humans are willing to cooperate with each other for mutual benefit—and to accept the risk of exploitation. To avoid collaborating with the wrong person, people sometimes attempt to detect cooperativeness in others’ body language, facial features, and facial expressions. But how reliable are these impressions? We review the literature on the detection of cooperativeness in economic games, from those with protocols that provide a lot of information about players (e.g., through long personal interactions) to those with protocols that provide minimal information (e.g., through the presentation of passport-like pictures). This literature suggests that people can detect cooperativeness with a small but significant degree of accuracy when they have interacted with or watched video clips of other players, but that they have a harder time extracting information from pictures. The conditions under which people can detect cooperation from pictures with better than chance accuracy suggest that successful cooperation detection is supported by purely intuitive processes.

Published
2017

8. Split-second trustworthiness detection from faces in an economic game

Author

Jean-François Bonnefon, Wim De Neys, Astrid Hopfensitz, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Toulouse School of Management Research (TSM), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse School of Management (TSM), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse School of Management (TSM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Trust, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Dictator game, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Face perception, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Face evaluation, Trustworthiness, Face, Trust Game, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, Female, Economic game, Psychology, Social psychology, Intuitive processing, Intuition, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Abstract. Economic interactions often imply to gauge the trustworthiness of others. Recent studies showed that when making trust decisions in economic games, people have some accuracy in detecting trustworthiness from the facial features of unknown partners. Here we provide evidence that this face-based trustworthiness detection is a fast and intuitive process by testing its performance at split-second levels of exposure. Participants played a Trust game, in which they made decisions whether to trust another player based on their picture. In two studies, we manipulated the exposure time of the picture. We observed that trustworthiness detection remained better than chance for exposure times as short as 100 ms, although it disappeared with an exposure time of 33 ms. We discuss implications for ongoing debates on the use of facial inferences for social and economic decisions.

Published
2017

9. Do spouses cooperate? An experimental investigation

Author

Hélène Couprie, Francois Cochard, Astrid Hopfensitz, Théorie économique, modélisation et applications (THEMA), and CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Efficiency versus Equality, 050204 development studies, 05 social sciences, Prisoner's dilemma, Social dilemma, 16. Peace & justice, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Dilemma, Cooperation, Prisoner dilemma, Spouse, 0502 economics and business, Experiment on couples, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics/D.D1.D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation, Economics, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory/C.C7.C72 - Noncooperative Games, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, 050207 economics, Social psychology, Household, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

International audience; This study makes a significant contribution to investigations of household behavior by testing for a willingness to cooperate and share income by men and women who are either in couple with each other or complete strangers. We present results from an economic experiment conducted with 100 co-habiting heterosexual couples. We compare defection behavior in the prisoner’s dilemma within real couples to pairs of strangers. One out of four participants chose not to cooperatewith their spouse. To understand why spouses might prefer defection, we use a novel allocation task to elicit the individual’s trade-off between efficiency and equality within a couple. We further investigate the impact of socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of the couples. We find in particular that lack of preferences for joint income maximization, having children and being married lead to higher defection rates in the social dilemma.

Published
2016

10. Social connectedness improves co-ordination on individually costly, efficient outcomes

Author

Astrid Hopfensitz, Emiliano Lorini, Frederic Moisan, Giuseppe Attanasi, Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Université de Strasbourg - UNISTRA (FRANCE), University of Cambridge (UNITED KINGDOM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT2J (FRANCE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 (FRANCE), Toulouse School of Economics - TSE (FRANCE), Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse - IRIT (Toulouse, France), emlyon business school, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Logique, Interaction, Langue et Calcul (IRIT-LILaC), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Social connectedness, social ties, group identity, coordination, experiment, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Experiment, 0502 economics and business, Economics, Coordination game, 050207 economics, B- ECONOMIE ET FINANCE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 050205 econometrics, jel:C92, Logique en informatique, jel:C91, business.industry, 05 social sciences, jel:C72, Informatique et langage, Social ties, Public relations, Intelligence artificielle, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Apprentissage, Interpersonal ties, Salient, Coordination, Group identity, [SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration, Ordination, Club, business, Social psychology, human activities, Finance
Abstract

International audience; We study the impact of social ties on behavior in two types of asymmetric coordination games. Social ties are varied by making players interact with partners from different in-groups (fellow members of their own sports team, members of their sports club, students of their university). Subjective social ties are further measured by direct questionnaires. We find that smaller and more salient in-groups lead to significantly more group beneficial choices. The same effect is observed for players that report high values of their subjective social ties. We discuss the implication of these results for theories assuming that socially tied individuals follow some group beneficial reasoning.

Published
2016

11. Honest signalling in trust interactions: smiles rated as genuine induce trust and signal higher earnings opportunities

Author

Paul Seabright, Samuele Centorrino, Elodie Djemai, Manfred Milinski, Astrid Hopfensitz, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine (LEDa), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C9 - Design of Experiments/C.C9.C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior, Cost–benefit analysis, experiment, [QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin], smiling, 05 social sciences, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory/C.C7.C71 - Cooperative Games, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, video, 050105 experimental psychology, Test (assessment), Trustworthiness, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), trust game, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making/D.D7.D70 - General, Honest signaling, Liberian dollar, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, CLIPS, Psychology, Social psychology, computer, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, computer.programming_language
Abstract

International audience; We test the hypothesis that smiles perceived as honest serve as a signal that has evolved to induce cooperation in situations requiring mutual trust. Potential trustees (84 participants from Toulouse, France) made two video clips averaging around 15 seconds for viewing by potential senders before the latter decided whether to ‘send’ or ‘keep’ a lower stake (4 euro) or higher stake (8 euro). Senders (198 participants from Lyon, France) made trust decisions with respect to the recorded clips. If money was sent to the trustee, stakes were tripled and trustees could decide to keep all, two thirds or one half of the tripled stakes. Clips were further rated concerning the genuineness of the displayed smiles. We observe that smiles rated as more genuine strongly predict judgments about the trustworthiness of trustees, and willingness to send them money. We observe a relation between costs and benefits: smiles from trustees playing for higher stakes are rated as significantly more genuine. Finally, we show that those rated as smiling genuinely return more money on average to senders. An increase of one standard deviation in rating of smile genuineness is associated with an unconditional expected gain of about one dollar and thirty cents to senders in the two trials of the experiment. Potential gains for senders could be significantly increased from taking smiles rated as genuine into account.

Published
2015

12. Anticipation par les tiers des effets de népotisme et de préférences de couple à partir de la similarité faciale

Author

Ivănescu, Andrei, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, Jean-François Bonnefon, and Astrid Hopfensitz

Subjects
Reconnaissance des apparentés, Third parties, Facial similarity, Tiers, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Inclusive fitness, Appariemment de phénotype, Similarité faciale, Kin recognition, Phenotype matching
Abstract

Our relation to our kin shapes much of our social world. It's no surprise then, that how we recognize and react to our own kin has been a widely investigated topic. In particular, when tackling direct kin recognition, facial similarity has emerged as a putative cue of relatedness. In this thesis, I investigate whether or not the same can be said for third party kin recognition. Split between two lines of research, we explore individuals' predictions of nepotistic and mating behavior} in third party scenarios using facial stimuli. These two domains provide the backbone of our research. Categorization must serve action. So, what would strengthen the notion of a presence of third-party kin recognition in humans? Facial similarity \emph{must have} a context-dependent effect on participants predictions, susceptible to valence changes in scenarios and switches from the prosocial and mate choice domains. This is precisely what we set out to do with our two lines of research. Though our literature review revealed that when context is starved participants seem to be able to detect similarity and seemingly connect it to relatedness. Our nepotism and mating series of experiments, by re-inserting context, offers us a different conclusion altogether. Within scenarios in which valence is modified and our participants analysis is bounded by predictions made by kin selection, their choices do no reflect a connection between similarity and relatedness.; Notre relation avec nos apparentés forme une grande partie de notre monde social; et la façon dont nous reconnaissons et traitons nos apparentés a donné lieu à une importante somme de recherche. Lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparenté direct, la similarité faciale est considérée comme un indice d'apparentement. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie si elle joue un rôle comparable lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparentement entre des tiers, en menant deux lignes de recherche: les prédictions de comportement népotistiques et les prédictions de préférences de couple, par des tiers, en présence de stimuli faciaux. La catégorisation devant servir l'action, la similarité faciale doit avoir un effet dépendant du contexte sur ces prédictions, susceptible à des changements de valence et de domaine. En l'absence de contexte, les individus semblent pouvoir détecter la similarité faciale et la mettre en relation avec l'apparentement. Nos deux séries d'expériences offrent une conclusion différente. Quand la valence du contexte change et que nous analysons les prédictions des participants en terme de kin selection, leurs choix ne semblent pas mettre en relation similarité faciale et apparentement.

Published
2017

13. Anticipation par les tiers des effets de népotisme et de préférences de couple à partir de la similarité faciale

Author

Ivănescu, Andrei, STAR, ABES, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, Jean-François Bonnefon, and Astrid Hopfensitz

Subjects
[SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Reconnaissance des apparentés, Third parties, Facial similarity, Tiers, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Inclusive fitness, Appariemment de phénotype, Similarité faciale, Kin recognition, Phenotype matching
Abstract

Our relation to our kin shapes much of our social world. It's no surprise then, that how we recognize and react to our own kin has been a widely investigated topic. In particular, when tackling direct kin recognition, facial similarity has emerged as a putative cue of relatedness. In this thesis, I investigate whether or not the same can be said for third party kin recognition. Split between two lines of research, we explore individuals' predictions of nepotistic and mating behavior} in third party scenarios using facial stimuli. These two domains provide the backbone of our research. Categorization must serve action. So, what would strengthen the notion of a presence of third-party kin recognition in humans? Facial similarity \emph{must have} a context-dependent effect on participants predictions, susceptible to valence changes in scenarios and switches from the prosocial and mate choice domains. This is precisely what we set out to do with our two lines of research. Though our literature review revealed that when context is starved participants seem to be able to detect similarity and seemingly connect it to relatedness. Our nepotism and mating series of experiments, by re-inserting context, offers us a different conclusion altogether. Within scenarios in which valence is modified and our participants analysis is bounded by predictions made by kin selection, their choices do no reflect a connection between similarity and relatedness., Notre relation avec nos apparentés forme une grande partie de notre monde social; et la façon dont nous reconnaissons et traitons nos apparentés a donné lieu à une importante somme de recherche. Lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparenté direct, la similarité faciale est considérée comme un indice d'apparentement. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie si elle joue un rôle comparable lorsqu'il s'agit de reconnaître un apparentement entre des tiers, en menant deux lignes de recherche: les prédictions de comportement népotistiques et les prédictions de préférences de couple, par des tiers, en présence de stimuli faciaux. La catégorisation devant servir l'action, la similarité faciale doit avoir un effet dépendant du contexte sur ces prédictions, susceptible à des changements de valence et de domaine. En l'absence de contexte, les individus semblent pouvoir détecter la similarité faciale et la mettre en relation avec l'apparentement. Nos deux séries d'expériences offrent une conclusion différente. Quand la valence du contexte change et que nous analysons les prédictions des participants en terme de kin selection, leurs choix ne semblent pas mettre en relation similarité faciale et apparentement.

Published
2017

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