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International audience; The two main types of mineralisation in the Co-Ni-As Bou Azzer district, i.e., “contact” mineralisation” and “cross-cutting” structures have been re-defined based on new field, structural, textural and mineralogical observations. The main orebodies consists of elongated lenses of massive Ni-Co-Fe arsenide minerals. These lenses occur in a core of carbonate or siliceous gangue and are almost exclusively located along the contact between serpentinite and a quartz diorite intrusion. Vein systems, cross-cutting the different lithologies, are ore-bearing only along segments in contact with the serpentinite and/or the massive mineralisation. The two orebody types share a rather similar mineralisation history, starting with a Ni-rich arsenide stage (mainly expressed within the massive mineralisation), followed by a massive Co-arsenide stage recognised in both mineralisation styles, and ending with Fe-rich arsenide and base metal sulphide stage.Detailed field observations, microstructural, tectonic, textural and mineralogical analyses led us to propose a genetic model for the Bou Azzer ore district in which massive mineralisation was formed by alteration and transformation of previously formed breccia levels composed of serpentinite (transformed to gangue) and magnetite/spinel (transformed to Co-Ni arsenide minerals) fragments. Inversely, a tectono-hydrothermal event controlled by a NE oriented transtension generated the vein system, associated certainly with partial leaching and reconcentration of metals from the massive mineralisation because veins are principally mineralised when crossing massive orebodies. We discuss a possible temporal continuum between the two mineralisation styles: massive mineralisation, coeval with serpentinisation (serpentine neoformation), is related to the transformation of brecciated lenses and vein mineralisation is formed as an infill of large fractures during transtensive tectonics. This model has significant tectonic implications, because serpentinite breccia lenses, favourable high-permeability environment for the massive mineralisation formation, can be compared to ophicalcic rocks developed in a context of mantle exhumation by detachment. Two types of textures can be differentiated within the massive mineralisation: i) Brecciated Massive Mineralisation, developed in the core of ophicalcic levels, and ii) Laminated Massive Mineralisation, supposed to form within ancient mylonitic serpentinite levels corresponding to intensive deformation zones. Although the geodynamic significance will not be addressed in this article, we propose and discuss an alternative model in which the presence of exhumed mantle rocks allows the formation of specific massive arsenide deposits.

International audience; Germanium (Ge) is often found as trace element in undeformed sphalerite (ZnS). However, the presence of Ge-minerals (oxides, chloritoids and/or sulphides with up to 70 wt% Ge) is remarkable in Pb-Zn deposits from the Variscan Pyrenean Axial Zone. Their abundance is controlled by the chemical and/or the mechanical processes that affect rare element concentration from sulphides which have undergone deformation and metamorphism. In this study, we document the microstructures and chemical heterogeneities in sphalerite, based on EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) coupled to LA-ICPMS in situ analyses. Deformation induces the dynamic recrystallization of sphalerite. Recrystallized domains have low Ge contents (1-50 ppm Ge) whereas porphyroclastic sphalerite grains commonly show higher Ge concentrations (up to 650 ppm Ge). Ge-minerals (up to 70 wt% Ge) are exclusively hosted by the Ge-poor recrystallized domains. We propose that Ge was removed from the sphalerite crystal lattice during sulphide recrystallization, and was subsequently concentrated in Ge-minerals, leaving behind a Ge-depleted fine-grained recrystallized sphalerite matrix. Numerous sulphide ore types enriched in rare elements like Pyrenean deposits may present recrystallization features and we suggest evaluating the potential of such deposits by integrating chemical and structural informations at the micrometer scale using state-of-the-art analytical techniques in exploration methods.

International audience; The Tocantinzinho gold deposit is located in the north of Brazil, in the Tapajós Gold Province of the Amazon Craton. Current total measured and indicated resources are 70.2 Mt @ 1.06 g/t Au (2.4 Moz). The mineralized bodies are hosted in equigranular hornblende-biotite syeno and monzogranites plutons, with many aplite and pegmatite pockets. The magmas have I type signatures and were oxidized. The ages of the mineralized granites vary between 1996.1 ± 2.2 Ma and 1989.1 ± 1.1 Ma, and they are situated in the middle of a tectonic corridor formed by shear zones oriented parallel NW-SE that cut regional biotite-hornblende granodiorites with ages between 2007 ± 8 Ma and 1997 ± 10 Ma. Three hydrothermal phases, simultaneous to tectonic deformations, affected the Tocantinzinho Au deposit: the first, H1, occurred approximately at 1996.1 ± 2.2 Ma, during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition, which altered the igneous feldspars, biotite and hornblende. Then, the granites were brecciated in a transpressional, brittle and hydraulic fracturing regime, forming B1 breccias simultaneous to hydrothermal alteration H2, developed between 1996.1 ± 2.2 Ma and 1989.1 ± 1.1 Ma. The mineralization occurred during this phase, which simultaneously disseminated 1.0– 1.5 g/t of gold, together with pyrite and minor galena, and formed few quartz + pyrite veins with high gold contents, between 1.5 and 70.0 g/t. In an undated tectonic event occurred after and probably near 1989.1 ± 1.1 Ma, the entire mineralized region was cut by andesite dikes that reached the Proterozoic surface, and generated a new hydrothermal, degassing episode, H3. This last hydrothermal stage generated micro-fractures filled with B2 micro-breccia formed by high-pressure water-driven cataclasis, and probably remobilized previously precipitated gold but did not bring new gold to the deposit. Muscovite 40Ar/399Ar ages of the altered zone suggest that the isotopic system of this mineral was reseted at approximately 1860 Ma, about 130 Ma after the end of H3. The Tocantinzinho seems to be a single deposit, which combines characteristics of mesozonal, equigranular type, intrusion-related gold deposit, with those of porphyry-type gold deposits, although in both cases the differences are more frequent than the similarities. The available data does not allow discard that the Tocantinzinho is an orogenetic deposit.

International audience; The Passa Três granite is a NNE-SSW elongated shape intrusion located in the Paraná State (southern Brazil). This intrusion was emplaced within metapelites of the Mesoproterozoic Votuverava Group, which are part of the N040°E trending Lancinha Shear Zone. Gold mineralisation within the Passa Três granite is held by meter-scale quartz veins forming orebodies with variable massive, banded, sheared and/or brecciated internal textures. Structural data indicate the existence of two orthogonal directions of structures, N-S and E-W, dipping 60–75°W and 45–70°S respectively. Mineralised veins contain, in addition to the quartz of the gangue, and in chronological order: fluorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, gold, aikinite, molybdenite, muscovite, carbonate and baryte. Gold occurs as native grains within fractures that affect pyrite, commonly associated with chalcopyrite and aikinite. Quartz veins are sometimes bordered by aplitic dykes. Additionally, some of the veins exhibit a thin margin of K-feldspar minerals that could represent the early stage of vein formation. These observations, the presence of Unidirectional Solidification Textures (UST), along with abundant expression of pegmatite-rich pockets within granite that crops out close to the surface allow the reconstruction of the granite architecture in terms of late magmatic evolution, magmatic-hydrothermal transition and position of the cupola. N-S and E-W systems are interpreted to be contemporaneous and conjugate. Normal displacements are predominant and main mineralised veins are essentially located within extensional pull-apart structures. The structural model suggests that the normal faults were initiated along former low-angle planes associated with aplite and/or early quartz veins that subsequently controlled the opening of the pull-apart structures that represent the economic orebodies. Zircon from the granite and muscovite grains from mineralised veins were dated by U-Pb and Ar-Ar methods, respectively. Zircons from the main facies (medium grained: GEM and microgranite: GEF) provided undistinguishable ages which were pooled to give an age of 611.9 ± 3.6 Ma. A less abundant, leucocratic facies (“white granite”: GEB) yielded a significantly younger age of 592.8 ± 7.1 Ma. Muscovites from quartz veins gave Ar-Ar ages of 612.9 ± 2 to 608.8 ± 2 Ma (transitional vein with a K-feldspar border), 611.7 ± 2 to 608.8 ± 2 Ma (mineralised veins) and 608.4 ± 2 Ma (barren quartz vein). Thus, the Passa Três granite and its gold mineralisation appear to represent a unique example of an intrusion-related gold system in which the mineralisation concentrates in the core of the magmatic intrusion in the form of meter-scale veins strongly controlled by tectonics.

International audience; In the Moroccan Eastern Anti-Atlas, the Thaghassa intrusion-related gold deposit is hosted in hornfelsed metasedimentary rocks that lie adjacent to the Ikniwn granodiorite. Fields studies reveal three tectono-magmatic stages controlling the formation of the deposit. i) The first stage refers to the top-to-the-south asymmetry and the syn-kinematic Ikniwn pluton emplacement controlled by a compressional or transpressional strain regime. ii) The second stage is characterized, from older to younger and further away from the intrusion, by: metatexite with leucocratic stromatic bands, aplo-pegmatite sills, intermediate veinlets composed of quartz, K-feldspar and muscovite, and then gold-bearing striped foliation-veins. All these features are assumed to have been emplaced during a large-scale ENE-WSW dextral shearing process that results from an ESE-WNW shortening direction during transtensive tectonics. We suggest that the progressive and continuous shearing was initiated since the aplo-pegmatite stage and achieved during the hydrothermal phase. The existence of intermediate veins characterized by quartz-rich core and apatite-muscovite-feldspar-rich rims demonstrates the progressive evolution from the magmatic to the hydrothermal stage and evidence for the persistence of the magmatic character, at least until the onset of the hydrothermal process. iii) The late stage developed large volcanic dyke swarm and brittle faulting.Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating yields a Concordia age of 563.5 ± 6.3 Ma for the Ikniwn granodiorite intrusion. The fluid inclusions data besides the mineral thermometry indicate that two main types of fluids can been highlighted: i) a hot aquo-carbonic (H2O-NaCl-CO2) fluid with N2 and CH4, evolving from vapour-rich N2 and CH4 inclusions for the magmatic stage (∼550°C) to CH4-CO2 biphased inclusions for the ongoing hydrothermal stage (∼450-300°C) and ii) an always secondary low T (∼200°C) saline aqueous type (probably NaCl) free from volatiles, with very variable salinity. Eventually, we highlight that in the hornfels-hosted IRG deposits, fluid sources may originate from both magmatic processes and devolatization of the metamorphic host rocks.

The presence of unique accessory Ge-minerals (containing up to 70 wt% Ge) is a widespread phenomenon in Pb-Zn deposits of the Variscan Pyrenean Axial Zone (PAZ). Such a mode of occurrence is, however, rare worldwide with germanium more typically occurring as a trace component of sulfides, notably sphalerite (

During basin burial, interstitial fluids initially trapped within the sedimentary pile easily move under thermal and pressure gradients. As the main mechanism is linked to fluid overpressure, such fluids play a significant role on frictional mechanics for fault reactivation and sediment deformation. The Lodeve Permian Basin (Herault, France) is an exhumed half-graben with exceptional outcrop conditions providing access to barite-sulfide mineralized systems and hydrocarbon trapped into syn-rift roll-over faults. Architectural studies show a cyclic infilling of fault zone and associated bedding-parallel veins according to three main fluid events during dextral/normal faulting. Contrasting fluid entrapment conditions are deduced from textural analysis, fluid inclusion microthermometry and sulfur isotope geothermometer. We conclude that a polyphase history of trapping occurred during Permian syn-rift formation of the basin. The first stage is characterized by an implosion breccia cemented by silicifications and barite during an abrupt pressure drop within fault zone. This mechanism is linked to the dextral strike-slip motion on faults and leads to a first sealing of the fault zone by basinal fluid mineralization. The second stage consists of a succession of barite ribbons precipitated under overpressure fluctuations, derived from fault-valve action. This corresponds to periodic reactivations of fault planes and bedding-controlled opening localized at sulphide-rich micro-shearing structures showing a normal movement. This process formed the main mineralized ore bodies by the single action of fluid overpressure fluctuations undergoing changes in local stress distribution. The last stage is associated with the formation of dextral strike-slip pull-apart infilled by large barite and contemporaneous hydrocarbons under suprahydrostatic pressure values. This final tectonic activation of fault is linked to late basinal fluids and hydrocarbon migration during which shear stress restoration on the fault plane is faster than fluid pressure build-up. This integrated study shows the interplay action between tectonic stress and fluid overpressure in fault reactivation during basin burial that clearly impact potential economic reservoirs.

International audience; The Tapajós Domain in the Amazonian Craton comprises hundreds of gold occurrences mainly hosted by Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks, whose geotectonic evolution and deformation style are poorly understood. The Tocantinzinho granite hosts a large amount of gold, forming the largest gold deposit known in the Tapajós Domain. The Tocantinzinho area is formed by plutonic rocks cut by subvolcanic rocks shallowly emplaced and constrained by NW-SE strike-slip faults, probably in a transtensive site. The magmatism started with the emplacement of huge granodiorite that presently formed the basement country rocks (2007–1997Ma), it was followed by the Tocantinzinho granite magmatism (1989–1979 Ma), and the coeval to late andesite emplacement. Petrological and textural evidence suggest the complex and synchronous occurrence of tectonics and few magmatic events expressed by the emplacement of successive granite, aplite, pegmatite, andesite, and dacite. The magmatic event finished with the cooling of this set of rocks below c. 320 °C, at c. 1950 Ma. The cooling rates vary from c. 3.6–14.7°C/Ma, with an average of 7.5°C/Ma, indicating no important vertical exhumations. The elongated geometry of the Tocantinzinho granite and related rocks, features of solid-state deformation within granites and syntectonic deformation of some andesite dikes imply the existence of wrench type tectonic control. The I-type signature of these rocks, their high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous to peraluminous affinities combined with the tectonic style indicate a post-collisional tectonic setting. Based on geochemical and structural constrains, the rocks from the Tocantinzinho area are interpreted as a part of the Creporizão Suite and probably represent the first expressions of this syn-to late-tectonic magmatism in the region. A continuous and progressive process of magmatic emplacement controlled by tectonics will be proposed and discussed in conclusion.

The Achmmach tin mineralization (NE of the Moroccan Central Massif) is associated with tourmaline-rich alteration halos, veins, and faults hosted in sandstones and metapelites of the Upper Visean-Namurian. These deposits are reported to be late Hercynian in age and related to the emplacement of late-orogenic granite not outcropping in the studied area. Structural and paragenetic studies of the Achmmach tin deposit were conducted in order to establish a general model of the mineralization. From field constraints, the late Hercynian phase is marked by a transition from transpression to extension with deformation conditions evolving from ductile to brittle environments. The transpression (horizontal shortening direction roughly trending E-W) is coeval with the emplacement of the first tourmaline halos along several conjugated trends (N070, N020, and N120). Thereafter, a tourmaline-rich breccia formed in response to the fracturing of early tourmaline-altered rocks. Subsequently, during the extensional phase, these structures were reactivated as normal faults and breccias, allowing the formation of the main tin mineralization (cassiterite) associated with a wide variety of sulfides (arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, bismuthinite, pyrite, and stannite). This evolution ends with fluorite and carbonate deposition. The hydrothermal fluid flow velocity, calculated by applying statistical measures on the tourmaline growth bands, varies with the lithology. Values are lower in metapelites and higher in breccia. In the general evolution model proposed here, tourmaline alteration makes the rock more competent, allowing for brittle fracturing and generation of open space where the main Sn mineralization was precipitated.

International audience; Subduction infancy corresponds to the first few million years following subduction initiation, when slabs start their descent into the mantle. It coincides with the transient (yet systematic) transfer of material from the top of the slab to the upper plate, as witnessed by metamorphic soles welded beneath obducted ophiolites. Combining structure–lithology–pressure–temperature–time data from metamorphic soles with flow laws derived from experimental rock mechanics, this study highlights two main successive rheological switches across the subduction interface (mantle wedge vs. basalts, then mantle wedge vs. sediments; at ∼800 °C and ∼600 °C, respectively), during which interplate mechanical coupling is maximized by the existence of transiently similar rheologies across the plate contact. We propose that these rheological switches hinder slab penetration and are responsible for slicing the top of the slab and welding crustal pieces (high- then low-temperature metamorphic soles) to the base of the mantle wedge during subduction infancy. This mechanism has implications for the rheological properties of the crust and mantle (and for transient episodes of accretion/exhumation of HP-LT rocks in mature subduction systems) and highlights the role of fluids in enabling subduction to overcome the early resistance to slab penetration.

International audience; Fault pseudotachylytes form by frictional melting during seismic slip and therefore are widely interpreted as “earthquake fossils.” Rapid movement along a rupture surface typically forms a pseudotachylyte generation vein, the thickness of which increases with earthquake magnitude. The direction and sense of seismic slip cannot always be determined due to the generally complex geometry of pseudotachylyte veins. Here we show, for the first time, that the orientation of the magnetic fabric of fault pseudotachylytes indicates both direction and sense of seismic slip. The magnetic fabric, acquired in a manner similar to that of other magmas, arises in this case from the asymmetric preferred orientation of paramagnetic grains during viscous shear of the friction melt. This kinematic information, coupled with fault plane orientation and generation vein thickness, provides new and critical insight for the earthquake focal mechanism. The magnetic fabric of pseudotachylytes therefore not only constitutes a valuable kinematic criterion for these fault rocks, but also could expand our knowledge of prehistoric seismic events.

International audience; The Madeira Sn-Nb-Ta deposit corresponds to the albite-enriched facies of Madeira granite (Madeira Suite) that is part of a NE-SW alignment of three granitic bodies. Structural analyses suggest that the albite-enriched granite emplacement and development of related structures occurred in a different tectonic setting than earlier facies of the granitic bodies in the NE-SW alignment and that the structure was dominated by a N-NE-trending shortening related to a left-lateral motion along a NE-SW corridor within a Riedel shear. Three types of structures (flat-lying, near vertical fractures, and geodes/miaroles) concentrated the last magmatic-related fluid in the albite-enriched granite. U-Pb in situ zircon dating of the albite-enriched granite yielded an age of 1,822 ± 22 Ma. The other granitic plutons of the Madeira Suite, Água Boa granite (topaz-granite facies), and Europa per-alkaline granite formed at 1,825 ± 14 Ma, 1,831± 11 Ma, and 1,839 ± 10 Ma, respectively. The granite bodies of the Madeira Suite occur in an area occupied by a cauldron complex composed of volcanic sequences (Iricoumé Group) and associated A-type granites (Mapuera Suite), and their formation was controlled by the reactivation of the cauldron structures and the pre-existing structures. The gap between the cauldron complex and the Madeira Suite is no greater than 35 Ma. The geological evolution was reanalyzed from the perspective of an entire extensional environment where three successive episodes of A-type magmatism and basin formation (Urupi Formation) occurred. The data and interpretations of this work imply crucial constraints on the petrologic models proposed for the albite-enriched granite and, consequently, on the genesis of the Madeira deposit

International audience; The Baikal Rift System in southern Siberia is one of the main intracontinental extensional features on Earth. The rift system represents the northwestern boundary of the Amuria plate and in that respect can be considered as an evolving plate boundary. The Baikal Rift System has been widely studied both in terms of geology and geophysics and many models have been proposed for its formation and evolution. However, the age of the initiation of deformation and the mechanism driving this deformation are still largely debated. While major extension has occurred since the Late Miocene-Pliocene, the onset of extension seems older than the India-Asia collision, implying that several driving mechanisms may have acted together or in relay through time. In this work, we review the available data and models for deformation in an area encompassing the Baikal Rift System, the Sayan ranges to the west and the Transbaikal to the east. Using a synthesis of this data and our own field and mapping observations, we show that the Baikal Rift System, along with transpressional deformation in the Sayan ranges and transtension in the Transbaikal area, can be explained through major left-lateral strike-slip systems. The deformation is strongly controlled by inherited crustal and lithospheric structures, and is distributed over a wide area within the western Amuria plate that consequently cannot be considered as a rigid block. Such distributed deformation is likely to have a strong effect on the structure of the future continental margin if extension evolves towards the formation of oceanic crust.

International audience; We describe the structure, microstructure, and petrophysical properties of fault rocks from two normal fault zones formed in low-porosity turbiditic arkosic sandstones, in deep diagenesis conditions similar to those of deeply buried reservoirs. These fault rocks are characterized by a foliated fabric and quartz-calcite sealed veins, which formation resulted from the combination of the (1) pressure solution of quartz, (2) intense fracturing sealed by quartz and calcite cements, and (3) neoformation of synkinematic white micas derived from the alteration of feldspars and chlorite. Fluid inclusion microthermometry in quartz and calcite cements demonstrates fault activity at temperatures of 195degC to 268degC. Permeability measurements on plugs oriented parallel with the principal axes of the finite strain ellipsoid show that the Y axis (parallel with the foliation and veins) is the direction of highest permeability in the foliated sandstone (10-2 md for Y against 10-3 md for X, Z, and the protolith, measured at a confining pressure of 20 bars). Microstructural observations document the localization of the preferential fluid path between the phyllosilicate particles forming the foliation. Hence, the direction of highest permeability in these fault rocks would be parallel with the fault and subhorizontal, that is, perpendicular to the slickenlines representing the local slip direction on the fault surface. We suggest that a similar relationship between kinematic markers and fault rock permeability anisotropy may be found in other fault zone types (reverse or strike-slip) affecting feldspar-rich lithologies in deep diagenesis conditions.

International audience; The East Sayan ranges are a key area to understand the interactions between the transpressive deformation linked to the far-field effects of the India-Asia collision and the extension linked to the opening of the Baikal Rift System. The active deformation that affects this range is very recent (around 5 Ma) but occurs in a very complex morphotectonic setting and the understanding of the Tertiary deformation relies entirely on a detailed knowledge of the pre-deformation situation. Using apatite fission track thermochronology, cosmogenic 10Be and morphological study on Tertiary lava flows we demonstrate that prior to the Oligocene the morphology of the East Sayan area was characterized by a wide, constantly rejuvenated erosion surface. Apatite fission track thermal modelling indicates that this surface started to form at least in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (140-120 Ma). The long-term exhumation rates (several tens of million years) derived from apatite fission track data (17.5 m/Ma) and the short-term erosion rates (over a few hundred thousand years) derived from cosmogenic 10Be data (12-20 m/Ma) are coherent implying a near constant mean erosion rate since Late Jurassic. This constant, slow erosion prevented the formation of a lateritic-kaolinic weathering crust on the planation surface. By Oligocene-early Miocene times a long wavelength uplift that remains to be explained, induced incision that created shallow valleys later filled by basaltic lava flows. Finally, the present short-wavelength topography initiated during the Pliocene.

International audience; – The 300 km long allochthonous sheet of oceanic mantle forming the New Caledonia ophiolite displays three specific characters: 1) the ophiolite pile lacks concordant sheeted dykes and pillow basalt layers; 2) the ophiolite, refered to as the Peridotite nappe, is thrusted over the basaltic formations of the Poya terrane which are classicaly thought to originate from a different oceanic environment; 3) The basal contact of the ultramafic sheet is remarkably flat all along New-Caledonia and the Peridotite nappe has not been thickened during obduction, rather it experienced significant extension. This suggests that the peridotites have not been emplaced by a tectonic force applied to the rear. New petrological and geochemical results obtained from mantle rocks finally show that the Poya terrane may originate from the same oceanic basin as the peridotites. In this article, we consider such possible cogenetic links and we propose a simple model for the obduction of the New Caledonia ophiolite in which the Poya basalts represent the original cover of the Peridotite nappe. We infer that continuous uplift of the subducted units buried beneath the oceanic lithosphere in the northern part of New Caledonia drove passive uplift of the ophiolite and led to erosion and to initiation of sliding of the basaltic layer. During the Priabonian (latest Eocene), products of the erosion of the basaltic layer were deposited together with sediments derived from the Norfolk passive oceanic margin. These sediments are involved as tectonic slices into an accretionary wedge formed in response to plate convergence. The volcaniclastic sedimentation ends up with the emplacement of large slided blocks of basalts and rafted mafic units that progressively filled up the basin. Obduction process ended with the gravity sliding of the oceanic mantle sheet, previously scalped from its mafic cover. This process is contemporaneous with the exhumation of the HP-LT units of Pouebo and Diahot. Gravity sliding was facilitated by the occurrence of a continuous serpentine sole resulting from metasomatic hydratation of mantle rocks, which developed during the uplift of the Norfolk basement and overlying Diahot and Pouébo units. Progressive emersion of the obducted lithosphere allowed subsequent weathering under subaerial, tropical conditions. Obduction passive et mise en place gravitaire des grandes nappes ophiolitiques : les ophiolites de Nouvelle-Calédonie (SW Pacifique) sont-elles un cas d'école ? Résumé. – La nappe de manteau de Nouvelle-Calédonie, s'étendant sur 300 km de long montre trois caractéristiques im-portantes: 1) La succession ophiolitique ne contient ni dykes, ni basaltes en coussin, 2) l'ophiolite est charriée sur des formations basaltiques (nappe de Poya) que l'on considère classiquement comme originaires d'un bassin océanique dif-férent de celui d'où est issu le manteau, et 3) le contact basal de la nappe ultrabasique est remarquablement plat tout le long de l'île et celle-ci n'a pas été épaissie durant l'obduction. Cela suggère que les péridotites n'ont pas été mises en place en réponse à une poussée tectonique arrière. De nouveaux résultats pétrologiques et géochimiques obtenus sur l'ophiolite montrent en réalité que les basaltes de Poya peuvent être extraits de la fusion du manteau de l'ophiolite. Nous proposons donc un nouveau modèle pour l'obduction, dans lequel les basaltes de Poya forment la couver-ture initiale primitive du manteau de la nappe des péridotites. La surrection progressive des unités profondes enfouies lors de la subduction de la lithosphère du bassin sud-Loyauté à l'Eocène, a permis le soulèvement passif de l'ophiolite et l'érosion puis le glissement des unités basaltiques. Durant le Priabonien, l'accumulation des produits de l'érosion de la couche des basaltes et de la marge passive de Norfolk ont formé les séquences de flysch comprenant localement des débris basaltiques grossiers. Ces sédiments font partie d'un prisme d'accrétion tectonique construit en réponse à la convergence au front de la subduction. La sédimentation détritique se termine par la mise en place de grandes unités ba-saltiques glissées qui comblent le bassin. Le processus de l'obduction se termine par le glissement gravitaire de l'écaille de manteau océanique sur les basaltes. Cet événement est contemporain de l'exhumation des unités HP-BT de Pouébo et du Diahot. Le glissement gravitaire a été facilité par la présence sous l'ophiolite, d'une semelle continue de serpentines résultant de l'interaction du manteau avec des fluides métasomatiques remontant durant l'exhumation des unités en-fouies pendant la subduction continentale. L'émersion progressive de la lithosphère obduite a placé le manteau dans des conditions d'altération supergène tropicale.

International audience; We make this reply to Philippe Oliver's comments on the deformation of the Mesozoic cover of the northern Agly massif.

International audience; This work describes the history of late Pleistocene glaciations in the central Sayan-Tuva Upland (southern Siberia). Geological and geomorphological analysis as well as 10Be surface-exposure dating revealed the glacier fluctuations in this continental area. The available published data show that the glaciers were formed in the MIS 6 and probably survived in the MIS 5. Data are also available concerning glacial advances in different periods of MIS 4, MIS 3 and MIS 2. ELAs were 2030-2230 m. Two distinct 10Be exposure ages groups are highlighted reflecting the time of formation of glacial deposits in the MIS 2 associated to the Big Sayan Ridge outlet glaciers. The Sentsa - Sailag group (terminal moraine) has a mean exposure age of 16.44 ± 0.38 ka. The Jombolok (terminal moraine) - Jombolok (outwash plain) group has a mean exposure age of 22.80 ± 0.56 ka. The last glaciation that occurred at MIS 2 is characterized by the absence of ice cap on the Azas volcanic Plateau and of ice field in the Todza Basin. The thickness of the valley glacier was 300-400 m. At MIS 2, the terminal moraines were ∼1300-1400 m a.s.l. in the Tissa, Sentsa, Jombolok and Sailag river valleys.

International audience; Geochronological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses have been focussed on the Mont-Loze're- Borne plutonic complex and surrounding rocks (Ce'vennes, French Massif Central) in which B-W-Sn and As-Au-Sb mineralization is encountered. Two main results are highlighted: (1) the existence of a 301-306 Ma magmatohydrothermal event unrelated to the emplacement of the Pont-de-Montvert-Borne plutonic body at 316 Ma; (2) the magmatic and hydrothermal features are strongly associated, both in time and in space, thus demonstrating an intimate connection between mineralizing processes and magmatism in this part of the French Massif Central. We also show that mineralization and associated hydrothermal occurrences do not correspond to a simple and single geochemical signature and that a contamination model must be invoked in order to account for the complexity of isotopic results. This study demonstrates that the application of the O and H isotopic signatures as tracers of the source and nature of fluids in an orogenic context requires some specific care. Finally, a model of the tectonic-magmatic- hydrothermal evolution of the study area is suggested in which we discuss two alternative scenarios. The first one implies the existence of two different hydrothermal/ mineralizing events (Bo-W-Sn and As-Au-Sb ones). The second one suggests the same source for all hydrothermal and mineralized structures.

International audience; The Madeira deposit (Sn, Nb, Ta) at Pitinga, Amazonia, in Brazil, is associated with the albite-enriched facies of the A-type Madeira granite (~1,820 Ma). Fluorine (cryolite), Y, REE, Li, Zr, and Th are potential by-products of the disseminated ore. We studied the xenotime from the core albite-enriched (CAG), transitional albite-enriched granite (TAG) and pegmatitic albite-enriched granite (PAG). In all these rocks, xenotime is magmatic, has high HREE contents (0.37 to 0.54 atoms per formula unit; LREE are not detected), and low U, Th and Ca content. The CAG xenotime is the richest in REE, followed by that in the PAG and TAG units. Fluorine was detected in all xenotime crystals from CAG (up to 5.10%) and from PAG (up to 1.40%) and in most crystals from TAG (up to 0.68%). Where the xenotime is richer in F, the Na and Si increase, the P, Ca, and the effectiveness of a thorite-type substitution decrease. Fluorine controls the ratio REE/Y; the richer the xenotime in F, the richer it is in REE, in particular Er and Yb. The cell parameters a and c are significantly shortened in F-rich xenotime. There is no evidence of OH in the structure. We contend that fluorine substitutes for O to form PO3F tetrahedra, as in bobdownsite. The formation of the PO3F tetrahedra in the xenotime accounts well for the compatibility between the crystallographic characteristics and the chemical composition.

International audience; We analyzed twelve fault gouge samples from the Bogd fault in south-western Mongolia to understand the origin and behavior of clay minerals. The investigation relies on x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction methods to investigate microstructure and preferred orientation. Smectite (montmorillonite), illite-smectite mixed layers, illite-mica and kaolinite are the major clay components, in addition to quartz and feldspars, which are present in all samples. The observations suggest that the protoliths and the fault rocks were highly altered by fluids. The fluid-rock interactions allow clay minerals to form, as well as alter feldspars to precipitate kaolinite and montmorillonite. Thus, newly formed clay minerals are heterogeneously distributed in the fault zone. The decrease of montmorillonite component of some of the highly deformed samples also suggests that dehydration processes during deformation were leading to illite precipitation. Based on synchrotron x-ray diffraction data, the degree of preferred orientation of constituent clay minerals is weak, with maxima for (001) ranging from 1.3 to 2.6 multiples of a random distribution (m.r.d). Co-existing quartz and feldspars have random orientation distributions. Microstructure and texture observations of the gouges from the foliated microscopic zone, alternating with micrometric isotropic clay-rich area, also indicate that the Bogd fault experienced brittle and ductile deformation episodes. The clay minerals may contribute to a slip weakening behavior of the fault.

International audience; The paper is concerned with the kinematics of the major faults, their pattern, and the time of occurrence of compression and extension deformations in the southeast of the Eastern Sayan. The geometry of the mountain ranges and the kinematics of the major faults exhibit northeast-oriented compression responsible for the current processes of relief formation, which corresponds to the direction of the vector of deformations associated with the Indo-Asian collision. The results obtained thus far may be indicative of the remote influence of collision on the orogenic activity and transpressional deformations in the Eastern Sayan since the end of the Miocene. Morphotectonic analysis has shown that the areas of Quaternary extension- related deformations in the Eastern Sayan are not a response to active rifting in the Baikal Rift Zone. The position and geometry of the subsided blocks and magma ruptures point to the fact that they form locally as extension structural elements near the strike-slip faults. The strike-slip and thrust faults are widespread and play the leading role in the development of the southeastern part of the Eastern Sayan.

New-Caledonia island consists of an ultramafic nappe thrusted over a continental and arc-derived basement as the result of the closure of a back-arc basin during the upper Eocene. The morphology of New-Caledonia is mostly characterized by its elongated shape and rectilinear coastline. Indeed, the western and eastern edges of the island are delineated by N140 trending normal faults that are well imaged on seismic lines. Major tectonic lineaments onland, including the scarps corresponding to the main boundary of the ultramafic nappe, also trend N140 suggesting a morphotectonic control by faults having similar kinematics (longitudinal flexure-fault of previous authors). We provide detailed observations from some of these scarps demonstrating indeed that these are not erosional features in origin. We explore the possibility that such surfaces do represent major tectonic limits that accommodated extension and significant tectonic thinning of both the peridotite nappe and its basement. Remnants of a complex extensional fault zone, 200 m wide, are still preserved along the western scarp of the Mont Dore mountain, close to Nouméa city. The deformed zone is composed of an early shallow dipping detachment fault, some decimeters thick, offset by a group of late high angle normal faults and is bounded by cataclastic breccias that progressively pass into the fractured host peridotite. The late high angle fault zones have been the site of important syn-tectonic fluid circulation and are underlined by cm-thick silica infills bearing vertical striae. Typical morphology of the main scarps with break of slope is related to the combination of high angle normal faults and low angle detachment. Similar shallow dipping detachment surfaces have been observed along the east coast of southern New-Caledonia as well as within the ultramafic nappe itself and its basement. This study confirms that N140 oriented, large fault zones, with pure-normal to transtensional component of displacement, controlled the morphotectonic evolution of New-Caledonia at the regional scale, after the obduction of ophiolite nappe at the end of the Eocene. Such a fact has to be taken into account when attempting to reconstruct the post-obduction evolution of the island and more particularly when considering the development and distribution of the Ni-rich lateritic surfaces.

International audience; The study area is located in the Galicia-Trás-os-Montes Zone (GTMZ zone, Arenas et al. 1986, Fig. 1), that belongs to the internal zone of the Hercynian belt and is composed of a relative autochthonous and parautochthonous units overthrusted by allochthonous complexes (Ribeiro et al. 1990). This domain of Palaeozoic schists is affected by a low to high temperature – medium pressure metamorphism. These rocks exhibit a well-developed regional schistosity related to nappes emplacement (D1 and D2 events) and are affected by NS-trending crenulation lineation and folds (D3 event) The late D3 event is characterized by a high-temperature metamorphism leading to development of local migmatite. Both parautochthonous and allochthonous units are intruded by syn- and post-kinematic plutons. Four generations of granites (G1 to G4) are identified by their textural and geochemical characteristics and by crosscutting relationships. Gold deposits are spatially associated with the G3 granites whereas Sn-W deposits are represented, in the study area, by disseminated and vein-type mineralization spatially close to the G2 granites (fig. 1).

International audience; The Galician Hercynian segment constitutes the core of the Ibero-Armorican orogenic arc, characterized by few tectonic units that record three main phases of deformation (D1 to D3). Four generations of granite, syn- to post-D3 intruded the major tectonic units. From older to younger, we find: i) syn-kinematic biotite-rich granodiorite (G1); ii) syn-kinematic two micas granites (G2) ; iii) biotite-dominant granites (G3) and iii) late-kinematic biotite-rich granodiorite (G4). Numerous sills, dykes and vein systems are widespread within the metasediments of the para-autochton unit. Gold-bearing quartz veins were spatially associated with G3 granites likely the Boborás intrusion, concerned by this work. The Boborás granite (G3) outcrops as a small NS-elongated elliptical intrusion. Granite is homogeneous and exhibits an equigranular texture composed of quartz, oligoclase, microcline, biotite dominant and muscovite.

Resume Les gisements epithermaux de type low-sulfidation a Au et Pb Zn de Troita, Trestia et Magura (monts Apuseni, Roumanie) sont spatialement associes au porphyre cuprifere de Bolcana. Dans l'objectif d'etudier la connexion entre ces mineralisations, une etude geometrique a ete realisee a partir de mesures structurales et d'une representation 3D des differents gisements a l'aide du geomodeleur GOCAD © . Cette etude montre qu'il existe une repartition zonaire des differents filons epithermaux a Au et Pb Zn autour du porphyre, qui ne peut etre due a un telescopage des differents systemes. Pour citer cet article : O. Cardon et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).

The magmatic-hydrothermal transition is subject to debate in numerous cases where mineral deposits are spatially related to granite intrusions. In most of cases, intrusion only appears as a rheological trap for mineralizations (e.g. Pb-Zn deposits). Some rare examples suggest a magmatic origin for mesothermal gold deposit emphasis by magmatic to hydrothermal transition textures (Mustard, 2003). We studied two neighbouring deposits (Brués As-Au deposit and Mina Soriana Sn-W deposit), both emplaced on top of two different granite cupola (respectively Boborás granite and Beariz granite). For both granites, during emplacement, granitic melts injected hosting micaschists forming regular sills and dykes network. In both cases: i) Granitic dykes, sills and feldspar-quartz veins developed hydrothermal alteration within host micaschists (mainly tourmalinitisation at Mina Soriana and greisenification at Brués). Internal textures of the quartz-feldspar veins show gradual evolution from quartz-feldspar (border) to early single quartz (center). ii) this early quartz-feldspar veins are reopened and filled by a second quartz generation, followed by arsenopyrite deposition. iii) A third generation of quartz filled arsenopyrite cavities. Further fracturation of these composite veins allow trap of polymetallic sulphides, followed by bismuthinite stage. Differences are: Sn-W deposition during early quartz stage in Mina Soriana and Au-Bi-Te deposition with associated phengite during ultimate stage at Brués. Exceptional exposures and similarities of textural/mineralogical evolutions between these two deposits allow us to trace a continuous transition from magmatic to hydrothermal processes during ore deposits genesis. In spite of aquo-carbonaceous and low salinity fluid inclusions in Brués gold deposit, like other intrusion-related gold deposits (Lang and Baker, 2001), this continuous transition suggests the persistence of a magmatic input into fluid responsible for the mineralising stages. Lang J.R. and Baker T. (2001). Mineralium Deposita, 36:477-489. Mustard R. (2003).Proceedings of the 7th SGA Meeting, Athens, Greece, 24-28 Aug. 2003, 1:355-358.

International audience; Au and W-Sn mineralization of the Schistose Domain of Galicia-Trás-os-Montes are spatially related to late hercynian granites. The Bruès (Au) and the Mina Soriana W-(Sn) deposits are studied. Both show some similarities and are assumed to form in the same tectonic and metamorphic context, on top of the granites. The role of the granite as a source for mineralizing fluids and rheological control for vein emplacement is re-adressed and discussed.

If plutonism and granite emplacement are particularly well studied, associated fluid circulations within host rocks are poorly understood. For instance, path and final destination of these kinds of fluids are rarely identified and no clear ideas are available concerning their trapping. So, granite roof exposure represents a great deal in studying this problem. We herein present a case-study of Late-Hercynian granite roof affected by a fracture network evolving from early aplito-pegmatitic sills and dykes to late quartz gold-bearing veins. The Boborás granite is assumed to represent one of the syntectonic G3 granite within the Hercynian belt of NW Spain (Galicia). Road cuttings and ancient mining works provide exceptional 3D exposure of the granite roof, Palaeozoic host micaschist, and fracture network called the Bruès vein system. This one is concentrated around granite roof, within a 200 meters thick zone. At the granite contact, micaschist foliation is flat. Sills and low-angle dykes are filled by micro-granite and/or pegmatite. Both are crosscut by high-angle pegmatitic dykes which are frequently bordered by late quartz shear veins. Associated vertical “en echelon” tension gashes filled by quartz are also observed. All these structures are oriented E-W to NE-SW. It may be stressed that sills are sometimes directly linked with granitic bodies. Microtectonics investigations allow to determine that all these structures, since the earlier horizontal ones to the later high-dipping ones, are formed within a homogenous tectonic context characterized by north verging normal motion. Evidences are : i) top of granite, microgranite sills show a N-S submagmatic extension expressed by E-W trending microfractures of plagioclase crystals filled by magmatic quartz; ii) steped wall rock of high-angle microgranite dykes and sigmoidal sills are compatible with northward normal motion; iii) late quartz shear veins parallel to high-angle dykes are developed within north verging normal faults underlined by drag folds in micaschists. Microscopic textures of quartz shear veins are characteristic of syntectonic growth during north-directed normal tectonics. All the structures described above have been interpreted within a continuous long lived tectonic event associated with magmatic and hydrothermal fluid circulations. Because the structures evolved in time and space from near-horizontal to vertical ones, a regional extensional context is suspected to prevail during the Bruès vein system formation. The evolution of the subsequent deformation from submagmatic state through the ductile/brittle one until the brittle one agrees with the cooling of pluton in extensional context. However, this assumption needs to be confirmed in the light of more regional tectonic analyses. The Boborás granite and the Bruès vein system thus constitute a remarkable case study of geometrical and temporal association between open-fill fractures and intrusion. The lack of overprinting by high strain ductile structures (mylonite), makes possible to trace the continuous evolution from submagmatic to solid-state deformation. It also takes up the crucial role of strain localization at granite roof for development of fluid trapping structures.

The Au-Ag (-Pb-Zn) Apacheta deposit is located in the Shila district, 600 km southeast of Lima in the Cordillera Occidental of Arequipa Province, southern Peru. The vein mineralization is found in Early to Middle Miocene calc-alkaline lava flows and volcanic breccias. Both gangue and sulfide mineralization express a typical low-sulfidation system; assay data show element zoning with base metals enriched at depth and higher concentrations of precious metals in the upper part of the veins. Three main deposition stages are observed: (1) early pyrite and base-metal sulfides with minor electrum 1 and acanthite; (2) brecciation of this mineral assemblage and cross-cutting veinlets with subhedral quartz crystals, Mn-bearing calcite and rhombic adularia crystals; and finally (3) veinlets and geodal filling of an assemblage of tennantite/tetrahedrite + colorless sphalerite 2 + galena + chalcopyrite + electrum 2. Fluid inclusions in the mineralized veins display two distinct types: aqueous-carbonic liquid-rich Lw-c inclusions, and aqueous-carbonic vapor-rich Vw-c inclusions. Microthermometric data indicate that the ore minerals were deposited between 300 and 225 °C from relatively dilute hydrothermal fluids (0.6-3.4 wt% NaCl). The physical and chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluids show a vertical evolution, with in particular a drop in temperature and a loss of H2S. The presence of adularia and platy calcite and of co-existing liquid-rich and vapor-rich inclusions in the ore-stage indicates a boiling event. Strong H2S enrichment in the Vw-c inclusions observed at -200 m, the abundance of platy calcite, and the occurrence of hydrothermal breccia at this level may indicate a zone of intense boiling. The vertical element zoning observed in the Apacheta deposit thus seems to be directly related to the vertical evolution of hydrothermal-fluid characteristics. Precious-metal deposition mainly occurred above the 200-m level below the present-day surface, in response to a liquid/vapor phase separation due to an upward boiling front.

The Cevennes area belongs to the para-autochthonous domain of the Hercynian Belt of the French Massif Central. Three lithological series, namely: sandstone-pelite, black micaschist and gneiss-micaschist, are identified. They form an imbrication of five tectonic units which overthrust the unmetamorphosed Viganais Paleozoic units to the south and the gneissic Mamejean Unit to the north. The structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Cevennes area is characterized by three events, namely: (1) southward shearing coeval to a MP/MT metamorphism dated around 340 Ma; (2) post nappe anatexis (T5 kb); (3) Namurian (ca 315 Ma) E-W extensional tectonics and plutonism. The structure of the Mt-Lozere-Borne granitic complex is constrained by new AMS and gravimetric data. The plutons are the driving power of the hydrothermal convective circulations responsible for an early deposition of diffuse arsenopyrite in the thermal aureole. Gold bearing sulfides are afterwards concentrated in quartz veins along brittle normal and wrench faults around the granite. Lastly, ore bearing quartz pebbles are sedimented in the Stephanian Ales coal basin.

The Co-Ni district of Bou Azzer (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) is a unique and particular type of deposit because formed in a context carbonated serpentinite. Two types of mineralisation are exploited: massive orebodies and a system of veins.The massive mineralisations are metallic bodies, in the form of lenses, oriented N120°E and essentially enriched in Ni- and Co-arsenides. They are located at the contact between serpentinite, quartz diorite and Precambrian volcanic rocks. Their formation is realised under medium temperature conditions at ca. 220°C, high salinity at 38% wt eq. NaCl fluids and pressures bracketed between 67-2883 bars.Vein systems are controlled by faults that are systematically mineralised in Co- and Fe- arsenides when they intersect the massive mineralisations. These veins intersect all the lithologic units of the Bou Azzer inlier, except for the Cambrian sedimentary formation. They are trending between NS to N070°E and are systematically associated with normal movements in vertical planes. In the horizontal plane, the mineralised faults present sinistral or dextral motions coherent with a transtensive context controlled by a N030°E shortening direction. Associated fluid yields minimum temperatures of emplacement at 170°C in average, salinity between 32 and 41% wt eq. NaCl and pressures ranging from 24 to 1800 bars.All structures describe a same mineral paragenesis, a same textures and a same type of hosted gangues (quartz and carbonates). Fluids evolve since Ni-(Co-Fe) rich end-members to Co-(Ni-Fe) rich one since massive mineralisations to vein systems inducing a continuum in the formation of both types of mineralisation.Two types of textures are observed in massive mineralisation: a Brecciated Massive Mineralisation (BMM) texture and a Laminated Massive Mineralisation (LMM) one. BMM is characterised by i) Ni-/Co-arsenides fractured by serpentine; ii) residual fragments of serpentinite, iii) spinel relics and iv) fragments of Ni-arsenides isolated within the carbonated gangue. The texture of the gangue reflects the fact that these mineralised lenses are certainly previously formed brecciated bodies of an early gangue of serpentinite and spinel relics. The LMM is described as alternating Ni- arsenides and carbonated gangue layers. The combination of these two textures reflects the early architecture of the faulted contact, i.e. the BMM are ancient brecciated bodies whereas the LMM are witness of ancient mylonitic levels.Geochemical analyses carried out on arsenides, carbonate gangues, spinels and the liquid part of fluid inclusions show a common enrichment in Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag and Au and the same for Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. The close relationship between these mineralisations and their host-rocks indicates that the leaching of pre-existing ultramafic fragments (spinels and Ni-arsenides) by a mineralising fluid and the in-situ metal precipitation are the processes at the origin of the cobalt- Bou Azzer nickel.The early formation of the serpentinite brecciated gangue is interpreted as a result of crustal thinning in a hyper-extensional context that occurred around 540-560 Ma and accompanied by an initiation of oceanic crust formation. The circulation of seawater in the mantle would be the main agent of its serpentinisation. The exhumation would be the vector of the rise and the brecciation of the serpentinite put in contact with a quartz diorite. Consequently, the formation of the Bou Azzer mineralisation would begin with the serpentinisation process, described during the early stages of the mineralisation process and ended by tectonically controlled vein formation.; Le district de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer est un gisement unique au monde mis en place dans un environnement de serpentinite carbonatée. Deux types de minéralisations sont exploités : des minéralisations massives et un système de veines. Les minéralisations massives sont des corps métalliques, sous forme de lentilles, orientées N120°E et essentiellement enrichies en arséniures de nickel et de cobalt. Elles sont localisées au contact entre une serpentinite, une diorite quartzique ou des roches volcaniques précambriennes. Leur mise en place se fait dans des conditions de moyennes températures (à 220°C en moyenne), de fortes salinités à 38%pds eq. NaCl et de pressions variables entre 67-2883 bars.Les systèmes de veines sont des failles systématiquement minéralisées en arséniures de cobalt et de fer lorsqu’elles recoupent les minéralisations massives. Ces failles recoupent toutes les unités lithologiques de la boutonnière de Bou Azzer, sauf la formation sédimentaire cambrienne. Elles ont des orientations oscillantes entre N/S à N 070°E et sont systématiquement associées à un mouvement normal observé dans le plan vertical. Dans le plan horizontal, les failles minéralisées présentent des jeux sénestres ou dextres cohérents avec un contrôle transtensif selon une direction de raccourcissement orientée N030°E. Le fluide des structures extensives décrit des températures à 170°C en moyenne des salinités entre 32 et 41 %pds eq. NaCl et des pressions variant de 24 et 1800 bars. Les trois types de structures décrivent la même paragenèse minérale, les mêmes textures et les mêmes types de gangues encaissant les minéralisations (quartz et carbonates). Le système évolue de fluides riches en Ni-(Co-Fe) à des fluides riches en Co-(Ni-Fe) depuis les minéralisations massives jusqu’aux systèmes des veines induisant un continuum dans la formation de ces deux types de minéralisations. Deux types de textures sont également observés au sein des minéralisations massives : i) une texture Bréchifiée des Minéralisations Massives (BMM) et une texture Laminée des Minéralisations Massives (LMM). La BMM est illustrée par des arséniures de nickel et de cobalt fracturés par de la serpentine ; par des fragments résiduels de serpentinite, des reliques de spinelles et des fragments d’arséniures de nickel isolés au sein de la gangue carbonatée. La texture de la gangue traduit le fait que ces lentilles minéralisées sont certainement d'anciens corps bréchifiés d’une gangue précoce de serpentinite et des reliques de spinelles. La LMM est décrite par des niveaux alternant entre des arséniures de nickel et de la gangue carbonatée. Cette texture traduit l’architecture précoce du contact faillé sous forme d’anciens lits de spinelles remobilisés par le fluide minéralisateur. Les analyses géochimiques menées sur les arséniures, les gangues carbonatées, les spinelles et le fluide montrent un enrichissement commun en Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag et Au et la même signature en Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. La relation étroite entre ces minéralisations et leurs encaissants indique que le lessivage des structures pré-existantes (spinelles et arséniures de nickel) par un fluide minéralisateur et la précipitation in-situ des métaux sont les processus à l’origine des gisements de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer. La formation précoce de la gangue de serpentinites résulterait d’un amincissement crustal en contexte hyper-extensif en transtension décrit il y a 540-560 Ma et accompagné d’un début d’océanisation lors de la formation du complexe supérieur. La circulation d’eau de mer dans le manteau serait l’agent principal de sa serpentinisation. L’exhumation serait le vecteur de la remontée et de la bréchification de la serpentinite mise en contact avec une diorite quartzique. Le timing de formation des minéralisations de Bou Azzer débuterait avec le processus de serpentinisation, décrit pendant les premiers stades de la formation des minéralisations.

The Co-Ni district of Bou Azzer (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) is a unique and particular type of deposit because formed in a context carbonated serpentinite. Two types of mineralisation are exploited: massive orebodies and a system of veins.The massive mineralisations are metallic bodies, in the form of lenses, oriented N120°E and essentially enriched in Ni- and Co-arsenides. They are located at the contact between serpentinite, quartz diorite and Precambrian volcanic rocks. Their formation is realised under medium temperature conditions at ca. 220°C, high salinity at 38% wt eq. NaCl fluids and pressures bracketed between 67-2883 bars.Vein systems are controlled by faults that are systematically mineralised in Co- and Fe- arsenides when they intersect the massive mineralisations. These veins intersect all the lithologic units of the Bou Azzer inlier, except for the Cambrian sedimentary formation. They are trending between NS to N070°E and are systematically associated with normal movements in vertical planes. In the horizontal plane, the mineralised faults present sinistral or dextral motions coherent with a transtensive context controlled by a N030°E shortening direction. Associated fluid yields minimum temperatures of emplacement at 170°C in average, salinity between 32 and 41% wt eq. NaCl and pressures ranging from 24 to 1800 bars.All structures describe a same mineral paragenesis, a same textures and a same type of hosted gangues (quartz and carbonates). Fluids evolve since Ni-(Co-Fe) rich end-members to Co-(Ni-Fe) rich one since massive mineralisations to vein systems inducing a continuum in the formation of both types of mineralisation.Two types of textures are observed in massive mineralisation: a Brecciated Massive Mineralisation (BMM) texture and a Laminated Massive Mineralisation (LMM) one. BMM is characterised by i) Ni-/Co-arsenides fractured by serpentine; ii) residual fragments of serpentinite, iii) spinel relics and iv) fragments of Ni-arsenides isolated within the carbonated gangue. The texture of the gangue reflects the fact that these mineralised lenses are certainly previously formed brecciated bodies of an early gangue of serpentinite and spinel relics. The LMM is described as alternating Ni- arsenides and carbonated gangue layers. The combination of these two textures reflects the early architecture of the faulted contact, i.e. the BMM are ancient brecciated bodies whereas the LMM are witness of ancient mylonitic levels.Geochemical analyses carried out on arsenides, carbonate gangues, spinels and the liquid part of fluid inclusions show a common enrichment in Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag and Au and the same for Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. The close relationship between these mineralisations and their host-rocks indicates that the leaching of pre-existing ultramafic fragments (spinels and Ni-arsenides) by a mineralising fluid and the in-situ metal precipitation are the processes at the origin of the cobalt- Bou Azzer nickel.The early formation of the serpentinite brecciated gangue is interpreted as a result of crustal thinning in a hyper-extensional context that occurred around 540-560 Ma and accompanied by an initiation of oceanic crust formation. The circulation of seawater in the mantle would be the main agent of its serpentinisation. The exhumation would be the vector of the rise and the brecciation of the serpentinite put in contact with a quartz diorite. Consequently, the formation of the Bou Azzer mineralisation would begin with the serpentinisation process, described during the early stages of the mineralisation process and ended by tectonically controlled vein formation.; Le district de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer est un gisement unique au monde mis en place dans un environnement de serpentinite carbonatée. Deux types de minéralisations sont exploités : des minéralisations massives et un système de veines. Les minéralisations massives sont des corps métalliques, sous forme de lentilles, orientées N120°E et essentiellement enrichies en arséniures de nickel et de cobalt. Elles sont localisées au contact entre une serpentinite, une diorite quartzique ou des roches volcaniques précambriennes. Leur mise en place se fait dans des conditions de moyennes températures (à 220°C en moyenne), de fortes salinités à 38%pds eq. NaCl et de pressions variables entre 67-2883 bars.Les systèmes de veines sont des failles systématiquement minéralisées en arséniures de cobalt et de fer lorsqu’elles recoupent les minéralisations massives. Ces failles recoupent toutes les unités lithologiques de la boutonnière de Bou Azzer, sauf la formation sédimentaire cambrienne. Elles ont des orientations oscillantes entre N/S à N 070°E et sont systématiquement associées à un mouvement normal observé dans le plan vertical. Dans le plan horizontal, les failles minéralisées présentent des jeux sénestres ou dextres cohérents avec un contrôle transtensif selon une direction de raccourcissement orientée N030°E. Le fluide des structures extensives décrit des températures à 170°C en moyenne des salinités entre 32 et 41 %pds eq. NaCl et des pressions variant de 24 et 1800 bars. Les trois types de structures décrivent la même paragenèse minérale, les mêmes textures et les mêmes types de gangues encaissant les minéralisations (quartz et carbonates). Le système évolue de fluides riches en Ni-(Co-Fe) à des fluides riches en Co-(Ni-Fe) depuis les minéralisations massives jusqu’aux systèmes des veines induisant un continuum dans la formation de ces deux types de minéralisations. Deux types de textures sont également observés au sein des minéralisations massives : i) une texture Bréchifiée des Minéralisations Massives (BMM) et une texture Laminée des Minéralisations Massives (LMM). La BMM est illustrée par des arséniures de nickel et de cobalt fracturés par de la serpentine ; par des fragments résiduels de serpentinite, des reliques de spinelles et des fragments d’arséniures de nickel isolés au sein de la gangue carbonatée. La texture de la gangue traduit le fait que ces lentilles minéralisées sont certainement d'anciens corps bréchifiés d’une gangue précoce de serpentinite et des reliques de spinelles. La LMM est décrite par des niveaux alternant entre des arséniures de nickel et de la gangue carbonatée. Cette texture traduit l’architecture précoce du contact faillé sous forme d’anciens lits de spinelles remobilisés par le fluide minéralisateur. Les analyses géochimiques menées sur les arséniures, les gangues carbonatées, les spinelles et le fluide montrent un enrichissement commun en Co, Ni, As, Zn, Bi, Cu, Ag et Au et la même signature en Na/K, Li/B, V/Cr, As/V, Zn/V, Co/Cr. La relation étroite entre ces minéralisations et leurs encaissants indique que le lessivage des structures pré-existantes (spinelles et arséniures de nickel) par un fluide minéralisateur et la précipitation in-situ des métaux sont les processus à l’origine des gisements de cobalt-nickel de Bou Azzer. La formation précoce de la gangue de serpentinites résulterait d’un amincissement crustal en contexte hyper-extensif en transtension décrit il y a 540-560 Ma et accompagné d’un début d’océanisation lors de la formation du complexe supérieur. La circulation d’eau de mer dans le manteau serait l’agent principal de sa serpentinisation. L’exhumation serait le vecteur de la remontée et de la bréchification de la serpentinite mise en contact avec une diorite quartzique. Le timing de formation des minéralisations de Bou Azzer débuterait avec le processus de serpentinisation, décrit pendant les premiers stades de la formation des minéralisations.

The Tocantinzinho deposit is located on the Tapajós Gold Province and is the largest gold deposit within Province, with 53,9 tons of gold. Its formation begins with a granodioritic magmatism around 2005Ma, followed by a granitic magmatism 10 Ma latter. The Tocantinzinho granite is composed by two main facies, syenogranite (1996±2Ma) and monzogranite (1989±1Ma), and by aplite and pegmatite bodies, suggesting a fluid-rich magmatism at shallow depth. Andesite dikes (1998±8Ma) are intrusive in both rocks. Sharp fragments of those rocks along contacts and minor mingling with granitic magma suggest a multiphase magmatism at distinct timing. The first dikes have intruded within granite when it was crystalizing, thus a minimum age of 1975Ma was estimated. Cooling rates of plutonic rocks vary from 3.6 to 14.7°C/Ma, with an average of 7.5°C/Ma, suggesting vertical exhumation processes were minor. The elongated geometry of granite along with sin-magmatic strike-slip tectonics of andesite corroborate the predominance of horizontal movements. Geochemical analysis show high-K calk-alkaline affinity and niobium anomaly indicator of two possible geotectonic settings for these rocks: Andean-type continental arc or post-collisional one. Considering the genetic relationship between magmatism, strike-slip faults, and low cooling rates, a post-collisional setting is more likely. The geochemical signature, ages and style of tectonism allow us to compare those rocks with the ones from Creporizão Intrusive Suite (1997-1957Ma). Dacite dikes (1992±2Ma) cut across all other rocks, but the temporal relationship among them remains misunderstood, due to the geochemical signature similar to the anorogenic rocks, suggesting it belongs to a distinct and latter magmatic series. Indeed, the dated zircons were probably inherited from host rocks. The mineralized area is restricted to a domain constrained by two major sinistral strike-slip N100°-130E°E faults that comprises the Tocantinzinho granite and sub-volcanic rocks, which were hydrothermally altered, brittle deformed and mineralized during two phases. The first one is characterized by breccias and microfractures infilled with muscovite (1864±5Ma) and pyrite, which contains low gold grades and are restricted to the Tocantinzinho granite. The second phase was controlled by strike-slip and normal tectonics generating tension gashes veins and pull apart breccias infilled with quartz, chlorite, calcite, albite, rutile, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and gold. The gold grade can reach up to 70 ppm in some sulfide-rich veins. These structures are parallel and mainly trends N30-60°E, showing textures and orientated minerals typical of syn-tectonic infilling. Based on petrographical features and argon ages two hypothesis were proposed for the ore genesis: the first one consider a genetic relationship between magmatism and ore fluids for first mineralization stage and the second hypothesis consider a reactivation of pre-existing faults by an extensional tectonism related to the Maloquinha Intrusive Suite magmatism (ca.1880Ma) for this phase. The second mineralization phase is considered as formed as consequence of tectonic reactivation at ca. 1880Ma, in both hypothesis. Both phases in both hypothesis were classified as magmatic-hydrothermal ore mineralization and might be classified as intrusion-related gold systems. However, new field works are important in order to identify and characterize the nature and source of hydrothermal fluids, as well as ore dating and new geochemical and geochronological data of sub-volcanic rocks are imperative to better understand the genesis and evolution of the Tocantinzinho gold deposit. Such results, strongly linked to the fact that the tectonic control seem significant, may help for future exploration and exploitation programs.; Le gisement de Tocantinzinho est situé sur la province aurifère de Tapajós et est le plus grand gisement d'or de la province, avec 53,9 tonnes d'or estimées. Sa formation commence par un magmatisme granodioritique autour de 2005 Ma, suivi d'un magmatisme granitique. Le granite Tocantinzinho est composé de deux faciès principaux (syenogranite - 1996± 2Ma; monzogranite 1989±1 Ma), des corps d’aplite et de pegmatite, qui suggère un magmatisme enrichie en fluide et mis en place à faible profondeur. Intrusifs dans ces roches, des dykes d'andésite (1998±8Ma) ont des fragments de granite et des mélanges entre les 2 magmas suggèrent un magmatisme à la fois continu et polyphasé. Il est proposé que les premiers dykes d’andésite se sont mis en place alors que le granite n’était pas entièrement cristallisé (mingling) et les derniers lors des stades de déformation à l’état solide du granite. Utilisant la courbe de refroidissement, un âge minimum de 1975 Ma a été estimé pour l’andésite. Les taux de refroidissement des roches plutoniques varient de 3,6 à 14,7°C/Ma, avec une moyenne de 7,5°C/Ma, suggérant que les processus d'exhumation verticale sont faibles. La géométrie allongée du granite ainsi que la tectonique syn-magmatique de l'andésite corroborent la prédominance des mouvements horizontaux. L’affinité calc-alcaline fortement potassique et des anomalies en niobium définissent deux configurations possibles pour le cadre géotectonique: arc continental de type Andin ou Post-collisionnel. Compte tenue la relation génétique entre magmatisme, cisaillement décrochant et les faibles taux de refroidissement, l’environnement post-collisionnel est plus probable. Cela ensemble avec les âges nous permettent de comparer ces roches avec celles de la Suite Intrusive Creporizão (1997-1957Ma). La dacite (1992 ± 2 Ma) recoupe les autres roches, cependant, la signature géochimique comparable aux roches anorogéniques suggère qu’elle appartient à une série magmatique distinct. La zone minéralisée est limitée par deux failles majeures senestres de direction N100°-130E°. Le granite Tocantinzinho et les roches hypo-volcaniques déformées sont dans ce couloir, altérées par de fluides hydrothermaux et minéralisées pendant deux phases tectoniques distinctes. La première est caractérisée par des brèches et des microfractures remplies par muscovite (1864±5Ma) et pyrite, associées à de faibles teneur d’or (

This work focus on the characterization of the source and dynamic of compactional fluids during sedimentary burial, through two complementary examples of late orogenic oil-field half-grabens: The exhumed Lodève Permian Basin and a deep buried Jurassic basin in the North Viking Graben (North Sea).Constituting the main part of the thesis, a multi-disciplinary approach was conducted in the Lodève Basin where Ba-F-Cu-Pb polymetalic mineralized systems are trapped into synrift faults and paleokarsts in the carbonate basement at the hinge point of the roll-over. The source, timing and P/T conditions of fluid migration were deduced from the analysis of the microfabric, the fluid inclusions microthermometry, and the isotopic (Sr, S, O, H) and Rare Earth Element (REE) signature. Results are then crossed with a structural and thermal modeling that consolidates the sequence and dynamics of fluid during burial.A similar approach was conducted in the North Viking Graben where fluid markers are restricted to 3D seismic and well core data. Comparable Ba-Pb-Zn veins are reported in basin margin, plugging one of the most important siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir in the substratum. This analysis provides additional constraints on basinal fluid behavior and allows us to propose a global dynamic model for various compositions of fluids and reservoirs.We conclude to a polyphase fluid sequence history including:(a) In the carbonate basement of the Lodève Basin, karstic paleocanyon incisions and associated cavities coupled to synrift fault, act as major drain for fluids. These structures are early affected by hypogen-sulfuric karstification in response to the interaction between bacterial oxidation of sulfides entrapped within Lower Permian blackshales and the basement oxidizing aquifer.(b) Disequilibrium compaction initiates overpressure-driven basinal fluid migration towards basin margins, characterized by temperatures around 150-180°C and salinities between 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Isotopic (Sr, S, O) and REE analyses reveal that Ba-M+-rich mineralizing fluids derived mainly from buried blackshales diagenesis. External Fluids coming from the lower crust are also identified that play a key role in fluorite precipitation by the leaching of late hercynian granites (mean temperature of 250°C and salinity > 20wt%eq.NaCl).(c) During the synrift period, fluid overpressure is responsible for the periodic reactivation of fault plane according to seismic-valve process, bedded-control shearing and hydraulic brecciation at the basement-seal interface. These mechanisms induce cyclic polymetallic mineralization by the mixing between in situ formation water and deep ascending basinal fluids.(d) Thermogenic fluids expulsion starts with last basinal fluids during late burial stage. Hydrocarbons thus migrate along the same regional pathways up to the rollover crest, where they are partly rerouted by the previous mineralized baffle.(e) In the Lodève basin, post-rift exhumation of the margins led to the remobilization of synrift deposits by subaerial biochemical processes at the sulfate-methane transition. The latter results from the interaction between the still active hydrocarbon dysmigration with a playa lake sulfate-rich aquifer. Secondary low-temperature barite fronts precipitate then within basement meteoric karsts.In addition to the « source to sink » model of basinal fluids, this work provides new insights on the early plugging of hydrocarbon reservoirs and for the metallogenesis of Mississippi Valley-Type deposits.; Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation de la source et de la dynamique des fluides de bassin au cours de leur chargement à travers deux exemples complémentaires de demi-grabens tardi-orogéniques pétroliers : le Bassin Permien de Lodève, aujourd'hui à l'affleurement et un bassin jurassique enfouis dans le North Viking Graben (Mer du Nord). Le cœur de la thèse concerne le Bassin de Lodève où, à partir d'une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée, nous avons caractérisé l'architecture des minéralisations (Ba, F, Cu, Pb) piégées dans un réseau paléokarstique alimenté par les failles syn-rift, dans le substratum carbonaté à l'apex du roll-over. La source, le calendrier et les conditions de migration des fluides ont été approchés à partir de l'analyse de la micro-fabrique, la microthermométrie sur inclusions fluides, les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O, H) et de Terres Rares. Les résultats analytiques ont été enfin croisés avec un modèle thermique et structural du bassin qui conforte la séquence et la dynamique du système fluide en cours d'enfouissement. Une démarche similaire, mais plus limitée, a été conduite dans le bassin du North Viking Graben où l'accès aux marqueurs fluides est restreint aux données de sismique 3D et de carottes. Comme à Lodève, les minéralisations Ba-Pb-Zn colmatent un réservoir dans le substratum à l'apex du roll-over. Elles se présentent sous forme de ciments dans des grès ou des fractures. Cette analyse apporte des contraintes complémentaires et permet de proposer un modèle dynamique général avec des variantes en fonction de la nature des fluides et des réservoirs. On retiendra donc la séquence fluide suivante :(a) Dans le cas du bassin de Lodève sur substratum carbonaté, les chemins préférentiels de drainage se développent dans des paléocanyons N-S couplés à un réseau de fractures et d'endokarsts météoriques. Ces derniers sont élargis en début de rifting par la dissolution hypogène sulfurique produite par l'oxydation bactérienne de la pyrite des blackshales, au contact de l'aquifère oxydant du Cambien.(b) Le déséquilibre de compaction initie la migration des fluides interstitiels en surpression vers les marges avec des températures autour de 150-180°C et des salinités entre 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O) révèlent que la majorité des fluides provient de l'altération diagénétique des blackshales riches en métaux. Des interactions sont également mises en évidence avec des fluides profonds (entre 240°C et 260°C ; salinités > à 20wt%eq.NaCl), qui lessivent les granites tardi-hercyniens.(c) Pendant le syn-rift, les conditions de surpression de fluide permettent la réactivation cyclique des failles, les décollements stratigraphiques et la formation de brèches hydrauliques, favorisant la mise en connexions avec les réservoirs superficiels à l'apex du roll-over. Le modèle de Sibson ajusté aux fluides de bassins est alors le moteur de la migration verticale.(d) Les fluides thermogéniques commencent à être expulsés avec les derniers fluides de compaction au cours d'un stade plus évolué de l'enfouissement en empruntant les mêmes chemins jusqu'à l'apex du roll over. Ils sont alors partiellement freinés et déviés par les colmatages minéralisés antérieurs.(e) A Lodève, la continentalisation des minéralisations antérieures au cours de l'exhumation post-rift conduit à leur remaniement partiel au niveau de la transition sulfate-méthane induite par l'interaction entre une playa évaporitique et la dysmigration des hydrocarbures. Des barytines secondaires de basse température, déprimées en Sr sont alors précipitées de manière synsédimentaire dans des karsts météoriques du socle. Outre l'illustration d'un modèle complet (source to sink) de dynamique des fluides dans un bassin, ce travail apporte de nouvelles contraintes dans l'approche du colmatage des réservoirs à hydrocarbures sur les têtes de blocs basculés et sur la genèse des gîtes miniers de type Mississippi Valley-Type.