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1. A test of the hierarchical model of litter decomposition

Author

Aimée T. Classen, Daniel S. Maynard, Thomas W. Crowther, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Paul Kardol, G F Ciska Veen, David A. Wardle, Mark A. Bradford, Wim H. van der Putten, Anne Bonis, Gregory S. Newman, Grégoire T. Freschet, Stephen A. Wood, Maria Viketoft, Ella M. Bradford, Richard S.P. Logtestijn, William R. Wieder, Marta Manrubia-Freixa, Jonathan R. De Long, Yale University [New Haven], Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Rubenstein School Environment and National Resources, University of Vermont [Burlington], Center Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Yale School Forestry & Environment Studies, Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), The Nature Conservancy, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Research was supported by grants to M.A.B. from the US National Science Foundation (DEB-1457614), The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Visiting Professors Programme), and the Netherlands Production Ecology & Resource Conservation Programme for Visiting Scientists. G.F.V. was supported by an NWO-VENI from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (863.14.013). M.M.-F. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by a European Research Council grant (ERC-Adv 260-55290), and G.T.F. by grant EC2CO-Multivers., Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Vermont, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, Climate, Climate Change, Ecosystem ecology, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Hierarchical database model, Decomposer, Carbon cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Decomposition (computer science), SDG 13 - Climate Action, Life Science, Laboratorium voor Nematologie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Soil Microbiology, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Models, Theoretical, PE&RC, Europe, 13. Climate action, international, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, EPS, Laboratory of Nematology
Abstract

International audience; Our basic understanding of plant litter decomposition informs the assumptions underlying widely applied soil biogeochemical models, including those embedded in Earth system models. Confidence in projected carbon cycle-climate feedbacks therefore depends on accurate knowledge about the controls regulating the rate at which plant biomass is decomposed into products such as CO2. Here we test underlying assumptions of the dominant conceptual model of litter decomposition. The model posits that a primary control on the rate of decomposition at regional to global scales is climate (temperature and moisture), with the controlling effects of decomposers negligible at such broad spatial scales. Using a regional-scale litter decomposition experiment at six sites spanning from northern Sweden to southern France-and capturing both within and among site variation in putative controls-we find that contrary to predictions from the hierarchical model, decomposer (microbial) biomass strongly regulates decomposition at regional scales. Furthermore, the size of the microbial biomass dictates the absolute change in decomposition rates with changing climate variables. Our findings suggest the need for revision of the hierarchical model, with decomposers acting as both local- and broad-scale controls on litter decomposition rates, necessitating their explicit consideration in global biogeochemical models.

Published
2017
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2. Elevation alters ecosystem properties across temperate treelines globally

Author

Maja K. Sundqvist, Jean-Christophe Clément, Aimée T. Classen, Gaku Kudo, Ellen Cieraad, Jordan R. Mayor, Sandra Lavorel, Karl Grigulis, Richard D. Bardgett, Alex Fajardo, Chelsea Chisholm, Ze’ev Gedalof, David A. Wardle, Daniel L. Oberski, Nathan J. Sanders, Michael Bahn, Department Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Center Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Rubenstein School Environment and National Resources, University of Vermont, Rocky Mountain Research Station, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center Investigation Ecosistemas Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Umeå University, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Landcare Research, Institute Environment Science, Leiden University, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Faculty of Environment Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Department of Methodology and Statistic, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Asian School Environment, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Wallenberg Scholars Award, Fondecyt 1120171, Carlsberg Fund, Danish National Research Foundation, US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research DE-SC0010562, UK Natural Environment Research Council, BiodivERsA project REGARDS ANR-12-EBID-004-01, REGARDS FWF-I-1056, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VENI 451-14-017, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Vermont [Burlington], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Institute of Environmental Sciences [Leiden] (CML), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Department of Forest Ecology [Umeå], Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], University of Guelph, Leerstoel Klugkist, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, and Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine [2016-2019] (LECA [2016-2019])

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, Biology, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Phosphorus metabolism, Trees, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Taverne, Ecosystem, Nitrogen cycle, Tundra, Soil Microbiology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Soil organic matter, Altitude, Temperature, Plant community, Phosphorus, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Plant Leaves, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecosystem ecology
Abstract

International audience; Temperature is a primary driver of the distribution of biodiversity as well as of ecosystem boundaries. Declining temperature with increasing elevation in montane systems has long been recognized as a major factor shaping plant community biodiversity, metabolic processes, and ecosystem dynamics. Elevational gradients, as thermoclines, also enable prediction of long-term ecological responses to climate warming. One of the most striking manifestations of increasing elevation is the abrupt transitions from forest to treeless alpine tundra However, whether there are globally consistent above-and belowground responses to these transitions remains an open question. To disentangle the direct and indirect effects of temperature on ecosystem properties, here we evaluate replicate treeline ecotones in seven temperate regions of the world. We find that declining temperatures with increasing elevation did not affect tree leaf nutrient concentrations, but did reduce ground-layer community-weighted plant nitrogen, leading to the strong stoichiometric convergence of ground-layer plant community nitrogen to phosphorus ratios across all regions. Further, elevation-driven changes in plant nutrients were associated with changes in soil organic matter content and quality (carbon to nitrogen ratios) and microbial properties. Combined, our identification of direct and indirect temperature controls over plant communities and soil properties in seven contrasting regions suggests that future warming may disrupt the functional properties of montane ecosystems, particularly where plant community reorganization outpaces treeline advance.

Published
2017
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