Search

International audience; The circular economy is entirely in line with the European Commission’s long-term strategy aimed at moving toward an economy without any climate impact by 2050 (European Commission, 2018). Yet, to our knowledge, there is little work that analyzes the impact of the circular economy on CO2 emissions in Europe. The objective of this study is to analyze, at the level of the European Union (EU-15), the impact of the circular economy on CO2 emissions using an Autoregressive-Distributed Lag model (ARDL). The results of the study over the period 2000-2015 show that, in the long term, circular economy practices tend to reduce CO2 emissions, while in the short term, the effect is the opposite. The short-term results also question the modalities of our economic growth and the need to find a consensus between “efficiency and sufficiency” in order to limit resource consumption and CO2 emissions.

This paper investigates how banks adjust their business model amid rising global economic uncertainty. Specifically, we analyze the effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on banks' non-interest income activities, using a large panel dataset of 3913 banks operating in 9 countries over the period 2009–2018. We find no statistically significant effect of EPU on banks’ net non-interest income (NNII). Further analysis shows that the lack of impact on NNII is due to a reduction in gross non-interest income which was offset by a decrease in gross non-interest expenses. Our results also suggest that the likelihood of banks to diversify income amid high EPU is conditional on the negative interest rate environment.

In predominantly agrarian economies with limited irrigation, rainfall plays a critical role in shaping households’ incomes and subsequently their spending decisions. This study uses household-level panel data from a nationally representative survey in India to estimate the effect of agricultural productivity shocks – as proxied by exogenous annual rainfall deviations from long-term average – on education expenditures and children’s work status in rural Indian households. Our results show that a transitory increase in rainfall significantly reduces education expenditures and increases the likelihood of child labor across a range of work activities. Additionally, we show that productivity-enhancing inputs such as land ownership and credit access do not mitigate these countercyclical effects of rainfall variations, indicating the importance of market imperfections (in labor and land markets). We also find that the effects of productivity shocks are reinforced for historically marginalized castes, and moderated for more educated households. These highlight that the average effects mask considerable heterogeneity based on household and regional characteristics

Purpose: As governments force electricity producers to use more renewable energy sources, over a hundred thermal power plants in high-income countries turned to biomass as a partial or complete replacement for coal. Is the co-firing technology appropriate for Vietnam? Method: The technology assessment study is conducted by building an integrated lifecycle model of the sector, tracking material and financial flows from fuel sourcing to airborne emissions, simulating the economics, environmental and social implications of blending 5% of rice straw in two different existing coal power plants in Vietnam. Findings: The business value of co-firing is positive –straw is cheaper than coal–. It is likely not large enough to motivate the stakeholders. Co-firing creates an external social benefit by reducing air-borne pollution and creating jobs. It reduces the pollution caused by open field straw burning. We found the external social benefit to be several times larger than the private business value. Within that external benefit, the social value of avoided SO2, PM2.5 and NOx emissions dominates the social value of avoided CO2 emissions. The net job creation effect is positive: collecting straw creates more employment than using less coal destroys. Originality and limitations: This is the first technology assessment of co-firing biomass in coal power plants in Vietnam and one of the first for a subtropical middle-income country. The study only considers rice straw, and it does not address the role of government nor the biomass market functioning. Conclusion: The price of coal is the primary determinant of co-firing business value. There is an empirical economic justification for a public intervention to promote co-firing biomass in Vietnam. Local air quality goals, rather than greenhouse gas reduction policy, can justify such regulations.

Global historical series spanning the last two centuries recently became available for primary energy consumption (PEC) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Based on a thorough analysis of the data, we propose a new, simple macroeconomic model whereby physical power is fueling economic power. From 1820 to 1920, the linearity between global PEC and world GDP justifies basic equations where, originally, PEC incorporates unskilled human labor that consumes and converts energy from food. In a consistent model, both physical capital and human capital are fed by PEC and represent a form of stored energy. In the following century, from 1920 to 2016, GDP grows quicker than PEC. Periods of quasi-linearity of the two variables are separated by distinct jumps, which can be interpreted as radical technology shifts. The GDP to PEC ratio accumulates game-changing innovation, at an average growth rate proportional to PEC. These results seed alternative strategies for modeling and for political management of the climate crisis and the energy transition., Main text: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; Appendices: 18 pages, 8 figures; 57 References

International audience; This article investigates the theoretical and empirical relationships between organisational punishment and productivity. We do so by highlighting the contributions of two academic fields to this topic: management and economics. We underscore the many common theoretical and empirical grounds across management and economics. We heighten, in particular, how motivation and learning theories have contributed to the development of both theoretical and empirical research on this topic. This article also argues that this debate could be significantly advanced if insights stemming from industrial relations and labour process theory were also considered, as these disciplines have traditionally focused on macro-issues such as how changes in the economic/institutional contexts may affect the likelihood that organisations will resort to punishment. In order to foster future research on this topic, three research themes were developed: (a) freedom of choice and the role of contract completeness; (b) perception of punishment, monitoring and productivity; and (c) punishment, productivity and exogenous variables.

The relationship between a household's income and its carbon emissions is often summed up by a number, the elasticity of the carbon footprint with respect to income. I survey here the cross-sectional studies of household carbon footprints and their estimation of the elasticities with respect to income and with respect to expenditures. The difference between these two elasticities comes from the personal saving rate's increasing with income. I compile published estimates of the elasticities of the carbon footprint or energy requirements, and compute new estimates. This amounts to around 80 estimates (one-third of which are newly computed) for over 20 countries. It is found that, generally, the carbon footprint grows less rapidly than expenditure, and confirms that the income elasticity is lower than the expenditure elasticity. Unambiguously, the assumption of an income elasticity equal to unity is not supported by the published literature. I discuss the difference between carbon inequality and carbon concentration, the ambiguity in the literature between income elasticity and expenditure elasticity. I present the limitations of our knowledge of the relationship between income and carbon footprint, from contestable assumptions in the methodology as well as measurement errors in household budget surveys. I examine how elasticity can be used in “top–down” assessment of the global distribution of carbon footprints.

International audience; In this paper, we analyze the recessionary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital platform workers. The crisis has been described as a great work-from-home experiment, with platform ecosystems positing as its most advanced form. Our analysis differentiates the direct (health) and indirect (economic) risks incurred by workers, to critically assess the portrayal of platforms as buffers against crisis-induced layoffs. We submit that platform-mediated labor may eventually increase precarity, without necessarily reducing health risks for workers. Our argument is based on a comparison of the three main categories of platform work – “on-demand labor” (gigs such as delivery and transportation), “online labor” (tasks performed remotely, such as data annotation) and “social networking labor” (content generation and moderation). We discuss the strategies that platforms deploy to transfer risk from clients onto workers, thus deepening existing power imbalances between them. These results question the problematic equivalence between work-from-home and platform labor. Instead of attaining the advantages of the former in terms of direct and indirect risk mitigation, an increasing number of platformized jobs drift toward high economic and insuppressible health risks.

International audience; Assembly lines are production lines used to manufacture products, ranging from mass-production products to mass-customisation with low unit products. Assembly lines consume the largest parts of investment funds and involve the largest proportion of companies' labour force. However, workers in assembly lines are exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and ergonomics problems. Poor distribution of workloads reduces the performance of assembly lines and causes workers MSDs and injuries, largely affecting the economics of production systems and resulting in high workers' compensation and absenteeism costs. Furthermore, ergonomics problems and MSDs impact product quality and decrease productivity. We propose a methodology for taking physical ergonomics into account as early as in the design phase of assembly lines. This methodology is based on Integer Linear Programming for the assembly line balancing problem with consideration of ergonomics with a quantitative fatigue and recovery criterion. As solving approach, we develop a dedicated exact algorithm, denoted Iterative Dichotomic Search, to solve low and medium-size instances of the problem. We validate our approach by proposing numerical experiments and analysis on instances from the literature.

In the context of Industry 4.0, smart factories use advanced sensing and data analytic technologies to understand and monitor the manufacturing processes. To enhance production efficiency and reliability, statistical Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning and data mining are used to detect and predict potential anomalies within manufacturing processes. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of industrial data, sometimes the knowledge extracted from industrial data is presented in a complex structure. This brings the semantic gap issue which stands for the lack of interoperability among different manufacturing systems. Furthermore, as the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are becoming more knowledge-intensive, uniform knowledge representation of physical resources and real-time reasoning capabilities for analytic tasks are needed to automate the decision-making processes for these systems. These requirements highlight the potential of using symbolic AI for predictive maintenance. To automate and facilitate predictive analytics in Industry 4.0, in this paper, we present a novel Knowledge-based System for Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0 (KSPMI). KSPMI is developed based on a novel hybrid approach that leverages both statistical and symbolic AI technologies. The hybrid approach involves using statistical AI technologies such as machine learning and chronicle mining (a special type of sequential pattern mining approach) to extract machine degradation models from industrial data. On the other hand, symbolic AI technologies, especially domain ontologies and logic rules, will use the extracted chronicle patterns to query and reason on system input data with rich domain and contextual knowledge. This hybrid approach uses Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) rules generated from chronicle patterns together with domain ontologies to perform ontology reasoning, which enables the automatic detection of machinery anomalies and the prediction of future events’ occurrence. KSPMI is evaluated and tested on both real-world and synthetic data sets.

Comme dans de nombreux domaines technologiques et industriels, l’exploration et l’exploitation minières s’appuient sur des instruments censés prévoir et organiser les développements futurs et leurs conséquences. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à trois formes de mobilisation du futur dans le cadre de ces activités et de leurs contestations : 1) l’investissement, caractérisé par le calcul des profits futurs et la place centrale accordée aux risques susceptibles de les remettre en cause ; 2) l’anticipation, qui associe l’activité extractive à des considérations plus larges susceptibles de faire émerger des questionnements nouveaux et une autre définition des risques ; 3) la planification, qui consiste à organiser l’activité minière en fonction d’objectifs à atteindre, tels que le développement territorial, par exemple. En se fondant sur plusieurs terrains (France métropolitaine, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Guyane), cet article propose de montrer qu’une analyse des formes de mobilisation du futur permet de repenser le problème bien connu des relations entre les entreprises minières, l’environnement et les populations concernées., As in many technological and industrial sectors, mining exploration and extraction rely on instruments designed to anticipate and organize future developments and their consequences. In this article, we focus on three ways of mobilizing the future in the context of these activities and their contestation. Investment is characterized by the calculation of future profits and the central place given to risks that are likely to threaten them. Anticipation combines the appraisal of extractive activity with wider considerations likely to give rise to new questions and a different definition of risks. Planning consists in organizing mining activity according to objectives to be achieved, such as territorial development. Building on fieldwork in metropolitan France, New Caledonia, and French Guiana, this article shows that an analysis of the mobilization of the future makes it possible to rethink the well-known problem of the relations between mining companies, environment and the affected populations.

International audience; In many countries, electricity prices on day-ahead auction markets result from a market clearing designed to maximize social welfare. For each hour of the day, the market price can be represented as the intersection of a supply and demand curve. Structural market models reflect this price formation mechanism and are widely used in prospective studies guiding long-term decisions (e.g. investments and market design). However, simulating the supply curve in these models proves challenging since estimating the sell orders it comprises (i.e. offer prices and corresponding quantities) typically requires formulating numerous techno-economic hypotheses about power system assets and the behaviors of market participants. Due to imperfect competition, real market prices differ from the theoretical optimum, but modeling this difference is not straightforward. The objective of this work is to propose a model to simulate prices on day-ahead markets that account for the optimal economic dispatch of generation units, while also making use of historical day-ahead market prices. Inferring from historical data is especially important when not all information is made public (e.g. bidding strategies) or due to difficulty in accurately accounting for qualitative notions in quantitative models (e.g. market power). In this paper we propose a method for the parametrization of sell orders associated with production units. The estimation algorithm for this parametrization makes it possible to mitigate the requirement for analytic formulation of all of the above-mentioned aspects and to take advantage of the ever-increasing volume of available data on power systems (e.g. technical and market data). Parametrized orders also offer the possibility to account for various factors in a modular fashion, such as the strategic behavior of market participants. The proposed approach is validated using data related to the French day-ahead market and power system, for the period from 2015 to 2018.

International audience; We implement the hybrid (energy-economy) recursive-dynamic multisector IMACLIM model with important adaptations to Saudi macroeconomics. We design two scenarios reflecting both the Saudi Vision 2030 economic development program and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to greenhouse gas mitigation: Continuity of previous plans to expand energy-intensive activities under maintained energy-pricing policies, versus Transformation by economic diversification away from hydrocarbon-related activities and fiscal and energypricing reforms. We show that, compared to Continuity, Transformation improves activity, employment and public budget outlooks, while considerably abating the energy intensity of GDP and total CO2 emissions. Our results thus point at the relevance of economic diversification as both a hedging strategy against international climate change mitigation depressing oil markets and a national climate mitigation strategy for Saudi Arabia. However, the successful advancement of the reforms necessary for diversification remains conditional to setting a suitable institutional framework for a competitive economy.

e-book published, 26-11-2021Prix Mobilthèse 2021- Forum Vie MobilesPrix de thèse Lumière Lyon 2- 2021; International audience; This book, based on extensive original research, explores the lives and the social, economic and emotional activities of Chinese migrant women during their migrations and mobilities in China, from China to Taiwan, from Taiwan to China and in between the two countries. It illustrates how women on the move experience social contempt, misrecognition and economic marginalization; how women migrants seek autonomy, economic independence, upward social mobility and modernity, but discover the Chinese inegalitarian social order and labour regimes which produce obstacles and impede their ambitions; and how old and new forms of subalternity are re-produced. Overall, the book emphasises what it feels like for the women migrants as they negotiate their way between subalternity and resistance, between subordinated labour and independent entrepreneurship, and between an inegalitarian labour market and new opportunities for business and commerce.

International audience; In this paper, we evaluate the French balance-of-paymentsconstrained growth rate and we compare it with the effectivegrowth rate. Empirically, we show that France is experiencing,simultaneously to its European integration, a substantial increasein the income elasticity of demand for imports and a collapse in thegrowth rate of its exports. Within the balance-of-paymentsconstrained growth approach, this twofold negative effect is amajor obstacle to true economic recovery and full employment.

Why did historical anti-poverty programs in Britain, Denmark and France differ so dramatically in theirgoals,beneficiariesandagentsfor addressing poverty? Different cultural views of poverty contributed to how policy makers envisioned anti-poverty reforms. Danish elites articulated social investments in peasants as necessary to economic growth, political stability and societal strength. British elites viewed the lower classes as a challenge to these goals. The French perceived the poor as an opportunity for Christian charity. Fiction writers are overlooked political agents who engage in policy struggles. Collectively, writers contribute to a country's distinctive ‘cultural constraint’, or symbols and narratives, which appears in the national-level aggregation of literature. To assess cross-national variations in cultural depictions of poverty, this article uses historical case studies and quantitative textual analyses of 562 British, 521 Danish and 498 French fictional works from 1770 to 1920.

We present a projection theory on the space of idiosyncratic histories for heterogeneous-agents models. This allows solving for optimal Ramsey policies in heterogeneous-agent models with aggregate shocks, using a Lagrangian approach. In addition, it allows improving current simulation methods using perturbation techniques, by using more steady-state information. We apply this to study the optimal level distorting tax on labor and unemployment insurance over the business cycle in a production economy. In the quantitative exercise, the average optimal replacement rate is 10% higher than the one implies by a sufficient-statistics approach, due to saving distortions. Moreover, the optimal replacement rate is countercyclical.

This paper proposes universal provision of information about the income inequality involved in the creation of a good as a means of moderating income inequality. Existing evidence suggests that a section of the population would be willing to pay more for goods whose production involves less excessive income inequality. We show, on a simple model, that supplying inequality information to such a population under competitive markets will in general lead to a reduction in global income inequality. The effect will be stronger the more inequality averse the population. Moreover, the outcome will be socially efficient. Possibilities for (de-centralized) implementation are also discussed.

Industrial economics cannot be solely based on market prices, as this could lead to incorrect academic results and policy recommendations because the prices could provide distorted signals and thus diverge from socially efficient prices. To understand this fundamental principle of price formation in industrial economics, it is necessary to better integrate the social dimension of value and the determination of prices. This paper aims to present the thoughts of an underestimated social scientist from the turn of the nineteenth century, Albion W. Small. Essentially based on Small’s personal archives, our aim is to demonstrate to what extent his vision of the relationship between value, valuation, and price is relevant to industrial economics and to pave the way for new research in this field. Although Small considered that price depends on both the remuneration of factors and the relative scarcity of goods, he also determined that price formation always has a social dimension, which must be considered by economists.; L’économie industrielle ne saurait se baser uniquement sur les prix du marché au risque d’aboutir à des résultats académiques et à des recommandations politiques incorrects. Il en est ainsi car les prix effectifs peuvent fournir des signaux déformés et ainsi diverger des prix socialement efficaces. Pour comprendre les principes fondamentaux de la formation des prix en économie industrielle, il est en effet nécessaire de mieux intégrer la dimension sociale de la valeur. Cet article vise ainsi à présenter les pensées d’un sociologue sous-estimé du début du XIXe siècle, Albion W. Small. Essentiellement basé sur les archives personnelles de Small, notre objectif est de montrer en quoi sa vision de la relation entre valeur, valorisation et prix est pertinente pour l’économie industrielle et d’ouvrir, ce faisant, la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans ce sous-champ disciplinaire de l’économie. Bien que Small ait considéré que le prix dépend à la fois de la rémunération des facteurs et de la rareté relative des biens, il a également proposé une argumentation rationnelle montrant que la formation des prix a toujours une dimension sociale, qui doit être scientifiquement considérée par les économistes.

The introduction of a universal point-based system modifies the link between labour income and pension benefits. In this paper, we showthat for private-sectorworkerswith full careerswhose earnings fall belowthe social security contribution ceiling, the new system effects a redistribution in favour of the lowest-wage trajectories ; immediate conversion of pension rights acquired under the previous system into points is also more advantageous for low-wage trajectories than under the multiple calculation rules of earlier schemes ; careers with low-contribution years can be expected to incur significant declines in benefits ; and for low-wage careers, subsequent increases in the minimum pension may in some cases lead to a higher perceived effective pension., L’adoption d’un système universel de retraite par points modifie le lien entre revenus du travail et pension de retraite. Dans cet article, pour des salariés du secteur privé aux carrières complètes (sous plafond de sécurité sociale), nous montrons que : une redistribution s’observe en faveur des carrières moins dynamiques ; une conversion immédiate en points des droits acquis dans l’ancien système, contrairement à une imbrication des règles de calcul, s’avère être une méthode qui avantage plutôt les carrières les moins dynamiques ; pour des carrières comportant de mauvaises années cotisées, des baisses de pension significatives sont possibles ; pour les carrières à faibles salaires, une hausse de la pension minimum peut conduire à une pension finale plus élevée., Gannon Frédéric, Le garrec Gilles, Lenfant Gautier, Touzé Vincent. Pension d’un salarié du secteur privé et transitions vers un système universel de retraite par points : étude d’impact sur des profils-types de carrière complète sous plafond. In: Économie & prévision, n°218, 2021. pp. 1-22.

International audience; The artificial textile industry employed during almost one century up to several tens of thousands of workers in France. The production relies on artificial fibres produced through a chemical treatment of natural substances like cotton or wood cellulose. There was talk of “artificial silk” until the prohibition of this designation by a 1934 law and its replacement by the term “rayon”. After tracing the dramatic increase of production sites in France during the 1900’s-1920’s, sometimes ephemeral ones because of the Great Depression, this paper studies the largely feminine and migrant recruitment of the working force between the two wars through the population of working-class cities from two factories. The hard sanitary working conditions in those firms are notably at the origin of several important strikes, even if the level conflict appears to be rather weaker than in the whole textile industry.; L’industrie des textiles artificiels a employé pendant près d’un siècle jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes en France. La fabrication repose sur des fibres artificiellement produites à partir d’un traitement chimique de matières naturelles comme le coton ou la cellulose de bois. On a parlé de « soie artificielle » avant que la dénomination ne soit interdite par une loi de 1934 et remplacée par celle de « rayonne ». Après avoir retracé la multiplication spectaculaire des implantations, parfois rendues éphémères par la Grande Crise, de cette industrie en France dans les décennies 1900-1920, cet article étudie le recrutement largement féminin et migrant de la main-d’œuvre dans l’entre-deux-guerres à travers la population des cités ouvrières de deux usines. Les dures conditions sanitaires de travail dans ces entreprises sont notamment à l’origine de plusieurs mouvements de grèves importants, même si la conflictualité apparaît plutôt moins forte que dans l’ensemble de l’industrie textile.

This article analyses the development of inequalities across ages and generations in France using a pseudo-panel developed from the successive waves of the French Household Expenditure Survey that took place between 1979 and 2011. The standard of living of individuals, evaluated using individualized disposable income or private consumption, including housing expenditure and imputed rent, is decomposed by sex and educational attainment. The estimation of Age-Period-Cohort models reveal that men with lower education attainments who were born after 1950 experienced a significant decline in disposable income with respect to those who were born between 1918 and 1950. Conversely, when the whole population of men is considered, no decline in disposable income is observed. The evolution is rather different for women: those with lower education attainments did not experienced any decline whereas the whole population of women benefitted from a strong increase in disposable income across generations.

Background Mobility of workers living in one country and working in a different country has increased in the European Union. Exposed to commuting factors, cross-border workers (CBWs) constitute a potential high-risk population. But the relationships between health and commuting abroad are under-documented. Our aims were to: (1) measure the prevalence of the perceived health status and the physical health outcomes (activity limitation, chronic diseases, disability and no leisure activities), (2) analyse their associations with commuting status as well as (3) with income and health index among CBWs. Methods Based on the ‘Enquête Emploi’, the French cross-sectional survey segment of the European Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), the population was composed of 2,546,802 workers. Inclusion criteria for the samples were aged between 20 and 60 years and living in the French cross-border departments of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The Health Index is an additional measure obtained with five health variables. A logistic model was used to estimate the odds ratios of each group of CBWs, taking non-cross border workers (NCBWs) as the reference group, controlling by demographic background and labour status variables. Results A sample of 22,828 observations (2456 CBWs vs. 20,372 NCBWs) was retained. The CBW status is negatively associated with chronic diseases and disability. A marginal improvement of the health index is correlated with a wage premium for both NCBWs and CBWs. Commuters to Luxembourg have the best health outcomes, whereas commuters to Germany the worst. Conclusion CBWs are healthier and have more income. Interpretations suggest (1) a healthy cross-border phenomenon steming from a social selection and a positive association between income and the health index is confirmed; (2) the existence of major health disparities among CBWs; and (3) the rejection of the spillover phenomenon assumption for CBWs. The newly founded European Labour Authority (ELA) should take into account health policies as a promising way to support the cross-border mobility within the European Union.

International audience; The claims of the coordinations of Kamour de Douleb, Samoud 2, Redeyef, Gafsa and Gabes are rooted in a demand for equality, social justice and territorial redistribution of wealth. In the narrative of the young protesters, the unjust state must repair their original exclusion by providing them with permanent jobs in the public sector. In doing so, the protesters are following, in renewed forms, the clientelist functioning of the distribution of resources of the authoritarian regimes of Bourguiba and Ben Ali. The young demonstrators from the interior have an ambivalent relationship with the state: it is an institution that is hated by an elite (Tunisian and Sahelian) who would divert the abundant wealth of their region to their detriment. At the same time, they express a desire for the state. The objective is then for the protesters to recover a share of the "spoils" appropriated by those in power. Kamour-type protests, such as those by professional groups who made strong demands at the end of the year, are said to be a symptom of an impotent state that is unable to find the financial leeway to address regional inequalities and to ensure the effective functioning of public services such as health and justice. For some, budgetary expenditures for the maintenance of infrastructure and public buildings would be sacrificed in favour of increasing salaries and the volume of direct employment in the public and parapublic sector. If in the analysis of the causes and effects of the professional protest movements, the impotence of state institutions is put forward, the same cannot be said about the protest campaigns. The Hasebhom movement tends to denounce the empowerment of the "right hand of the state", i.e. the affirmation of a security apparatus with authoritarian intentions. It is true that there is no incompatibility between the hypertrophy/autonomy of the repressive state apparatus and the weakness not only of the welfare state, but also of the strategic state; Les revendications des coordinations de Kamour de Douleb, de Samoud 2, Redeyef, Gafsa et Gabès s’ancrent dans une exigence d’égalité, de justice sociale et de redistribution territoriale des richesses. Dans le récit des jeunes protestataires, l’État injuste doit réparer leur exclusion originelle en leur fournissant des emplois pérennes dans le secteur public. Ce faisant, les protestataires s’inscrivent, sous des formes renouvelées, dans le cadre du fonctionnement clientéliste de la distribution des ressources des régimes autoritaires de Bourguiba et de Ben Ali. Les jeunes manifestants de l’intérieur ont un rapport ambivalent vis-à-vis de l’État : il est une institution honnie aux mains d’une élite (tunisoise et sahélienne) qui détournerait les abondantes richesses de leur région à leur détriment. Dans le même temps, ils expriment un désir d’État. L’objectif est alors pour les protestataires de récupérer une part du « butin » que se sont appropriés les détenteurs du pouvoir. Les mouvements de protestation du type Kamour comme ceux des groupes professionnels qui ont revendiqué avec force à la fin de l’année seraient le symptôme d’un État impotent, incapable de dégager des marges de manœuvre financière pour pallier les inégalités régionales et assurer le fonctionnement efficace des services publics comme la santé ou la justice. Pour certains, les dépenses budgétaires d’entretien des infrastructures et des bâtiments publics seraient sacrifiées au profit de l’augmentation des salaires et du volume de l’emploi direct dans le secteur public et parapublic. Si dans l’analyse des causes et des effets des mouvements de protestation des professionnels, l’impotence des institutions étatiques est mise en avant, il n’en est pas de même à propos des campagnes de protestation. Le mouvement Hasebhom aurait plutôt tendance à dénoncer l’autonomisation de la « main droite de l’État », c’est-à-dire l’affirmation d’un appareil sécuritaire ayant des velléités de reprise en main autoritaire. Il est vrai qu’il n’existe pas d’incompatibilité entre l’hypertrophie/autonomie de l’appareil répressif d’État et la faiblesse non seulement de l’État providence, mais aussi de l’État stratège

Research SummaryThis article advances a theory to explain why a spell of entrepreneurship affects the future wages of entrepreneurs returning to the wage sector. We propose that entrepreneurship holds a low rather than a negative information value, increasing the uncertainty around a job applicant's future productivity. Employers respond to this uncertainty by discounting the offered wage. The theory predicts that uncertainty in hiring—and thus the wage penalty—is more pronounced for entrepreneurs (a) who were in the upper tail of the wage distribution before the entrepreneurial spell, (b) who exited entrepreneurship quickly, and (c) who are hired by small employers. We test and find empirical support for these predictions using a novel dataset of matched entrepreneurs and employees from Belgium.Managerial SummaryWe investigate the effect of past entrepreneurial experience on the future wages of entrepreneurs who go back to paid employment. We propose that former entrepreneurs receive a pay cut because employers consider them as risky hires. In line with our theory, we find that former entrepreneurs are penalized the most (a) if they were highly paid employees before becoming founders, (b) if they were entrepreneurs only for a few years, (c) and if they are hired by small employers. Our findings caution star employees from experimenting with an entrepreneurial career, as failing fast is costly. Moreover, we suggest that firms value probationary contracts to lower the risk of hiring entrepreneurs while learning about their skills.

We develop a normative approach to optimal environmental compensation in a spatial framework. We determine both the location and the level of compensation that minimize the total cost of restoration while maintaining the social welfare unchanged. In our framework, the policy maker implements a No Net Loss policy that meets the No Worse-Off principle as well as a location constraint on the offset. We describe the additional ecological cost induced by the No Worse-Off principle and how the spatial distribution of individuals, the environment and land costs affect the compensation location. The location constraint is shown to give rise to a trade-off between the compensation cost and the inequality among individuals induced by the policy.

Les taillis à courte rotation (TCR) peuvent occasionner des risques d’appauvrissement des sols et nécessitent un apport de fertilisants pouvant être source de pollution et diminuer la rentabilité économique du système. Une solution est d’associer une espèce fixatrice d’azote à l’espèce d’intérêt (Acacia/Eucalyptus, Aulne/Peuplier, Robinier/Peuplier…). L’apport d’azote résultant de l’introduction d’une espèce fixatrice d’azote pourrait améliorer la production primaire et modifier la partition du carbone entre la croissance des parties aériennes et des parties souterraines. Les études en cours permettront de préciser les effets positifs ou négatifs qui dominent au sein d’une plantation mixte de Peuplier et Robinier.

International audience; Purpose. Mining of raw materials have both positive (e.g. creation of values and jobs along their supply chains and the supply chains they enter) and negative social impacts (e.g. affecting safe and healthy living conditions of the local community or through the risk of corruption). A new mining paradigm, small-scale "switch-on switch-off" (SOSO) mining, is based on the design of a flexible and modular mining plant (MMP), aims at exploiting quickly and safely European small high grade deposits of raw materials, including critical. The goal of this study is to assess the social implications of this new mining paradigm on the value chain of the MMP. Methods. A social hotspots assessment is conducted on pilot-scale operations of an MMP led in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the production of lead concentrate. The assessment is conducted using the performance reference point method. The background system is modeled through the PSILCA v2.0 database, while the foreground system is modeled using on-site data completed with PSILCA information. Results. The assessment reveals six main hotspots induced by both the foreground and the background systems and occurring mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These hotspots can be divided into three groups: 1) local preoccupations within the community: "contribution to environmental load" and "public sector corruption", 2) measures that can be put in place by the MMP operator: "social responsibility along the supply chain" and "certified environmental management", and 3) the conditions prevailing in the country: "sanitation coverage" and "workers affected by natural disasters". Two sensitivity assessments are conducted in order to test the operating conditions of the MMP: switching from a diesel generator to a renewable source of energy supply and switching the country of operation to Greece, host of a similar deposit that could be potentially exploited thanks to the MMP. Switching the electricity supply system increases the overall risk due to the increase in potential impacts occurring on the renewable energy supply chain (e.g. battery manufacturing). When switching the country of operation to Greece, the overall potential impacts are predicted to decrease. Conclusions. This study performed on pilot-scale operations provides information on potential social and socioeconomic impacts and recommendations to limit these impacts in case of widespread use of the SOSO approach. In a broader perspective, having better knowledge of social implications linked to the mining and metals sector will help better understanding their implications in the various value chains they enter.

International audience; The latest shift in the industry, known as industry 4.0, has introduced new challenges in manufacturing. The main characteristic of this transformation is digital technologies' effect on the way production processes occur. Due to the technological growth, knowledge and skills on manufacturing operations are becoming obsolete. Hence, the need for upskilling and reskilling individuals urges. In collaboration with other key entities, educational institutions are responsible for raising awareness and interest of young students to reach a qualified and equal workforce. Drawing on a thorough literature review focused on key empirical studies on learning factories and fundamental industry 4.0 concepts, trends, teaching approaches, and required skills, the goal of this paper is to provide a gateway to understand effective learning factories’ approaches and a holistic understanding of the role of advanced and collaborative learning practices in the so-called education 4.0.

International audience; This paper proposes new estimates of potential growth for 5 major industrialized countries. We use a state-space approach to obtain joint estimates of potential growth and the natural interest rates. The model is a reduced-form of a partial equilibrium model with a Phillips curve and an IS curve. In addition to the usual determinants of prices and business fluctuations, we consider financial variables as a determinant of the business cycle.

Research has shown that the knowledge worker, the decisive driver of the knowledge economy, works increasingly longer hours. In fact, it would appear that instead of working to live, they live to work. There appears to be three reasons for this living-to-work development. First, the knowledge worker ‘has to’ on account of the pressure to become ever more efficient. Such pressure translates into internalized coercion in the case of the self-responsible knowledge worker. Secondly, working is constant, because the Internet and smart technologies and mobile devices have made it ‘possible’. It gives the worker the capacity and management omnipotent control. In the final instance, the neoliberal knowledge worker works all the time because s/he paradoxically ‘wants to’. It is a curious phenomenon, because this compulsive working is concomitant with a rise of a host of physical, emotional, and psychological disorders as well as the erosion of social bonds. The paradox is exacerbated by the fact that the knowledge worker does not derive any of the usual utilities or satisfactions associated with hard work. Elsewhere I have ascribed this apparent contradiction at the heart of the living-to-work phenomenon to the invisible thumotic satisfaction generated by knowledge work. In the present article, I argue that neoliberal governmentality has found a way to tether thumos directly to the profit incentive. I draw on Foucault’s 1978-1979 Collége de France lecture course in which he analysed neoliberal governmentality with specific emphasis on the work of the neoliberal theorist of human capital, Gary Becker.

The stakeholder (or responsible) firm is defined in this paper as one that maximizes the (weighted or unweighted) sum of the surpluses of its customers and suppliers (including workers). We show that, although this objective is hard to empirically measure, it can be pursued by simple management rules that rely on constrained profit maximization. We find that unconstrained profit maximization gives a competitive edge to ordinary firms, but that stakeholder firms are better for social welfare and internalize several important effects of their activities on society. We also show that long term entry decisions should rely on profit modified by Pigouvian pricing of externalities, incidentally providing a novel justification for the polluter-pays principle.

We analyse the elasticity of the household consumption expenditure (HCE) deflator to the exchange rate, using world input-output tables (WIOT) from 1995 to 2019. In line with the existing literature, we find a modest output-weighted elasticity of around 0.1. This elasticity is stable over time but heterogeneous across countries, ranging from 0.05 to 0.22. Such heterogeneity mainly reflects differences in foreign product content of consumption and intermediate products. Direct effects through imported consumption and intermediate products entering domestic production explain most of the transmission of an exchange rate appreciation to domestic prices. By contrast, indirect effects linked to participation in global value chains play a limited role. Our results are robust to using four different WIOT datasets. As WIOT are data-demanding and available with a lag of several years, we extrapolate a reliable estimate of the HCE deflator elasticity from 2015 onwards using trade data and GDP statistics.

This paper investigates the influence of corporate tax avoidance (CTA) on industry concentration in the U.S. since the mid-1990s. A simple model shows CTA increases concentration if (i) CTA gives a competitive advantage to avoiding firms, and (ii) CTA of large relative to small firms increases. We find a positive and causal impact of CTA on firm-level sales using three alternative identification strategies. We then show CTA increases more among the largest firms in most industries, which reinforces their dominant position. In key industries, the differences in tax aggressiveness between large and small firms explain 10% to 30% of the increase in concentration over the last 25 years. CTA-induced changes in the CR4 index influence industrial real output to an extent that is relevant at the macroeconomic scale.

International audience; A real challenge for manufacturing industry is to be able to control not only the manufacturing process but also the production quality. Products that are suspected to be faulty are deviated from their nominal path in the production line and inspected more closely. The fact that some products deviate from the nominal path and others fail at some check operations can be used as an indicator of poor product quality. Based on this idea, this paper proposes a method to compute a product quality index or more exactly a penalty index taking into account both product path and production batches. The method relies on categorizing the products according to how they follow the production path and process mining techniques. The originality of the proposed index is to be built from advanced data analysis techniques enhanced by expert know-how. The quality index highlights risk of customer return, which is highly relevant information for the after sales service. The significance of the method is illustrated on a printed circuit board production line using surface mount technology at Vitesco Technologies. Data is collected from the real manufacturing execution system. The results obtained over more than 10000 single electronic boards show that 91.7% of the products are in good compliance with respect to the requirements. For the other products, the method identifies the root causes of poor quality that may call for maintenance or reconfiguration actions.

International audience; In this study, we investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs), represented by ICT capital services, on total entrepreneurial activity (TEA) in developing, emerging and developed countries with particular attention on countries’ absorption capacities over the period 2006-2016. First, our results suggest a positive relationship between ICT capital services and entrepreneurship in the whole sample. Second, while the results concerning subsamples are larger in developing and emerging countries than in developed countries, the comparisons do not reveal statistically significant differences in the contribution of ICT capital services to entrepreneurship in these three groups of countries. Thus, regarding the benefits of ICTs in promoting entrepreneurship, developing and emerging countries are not earning more than the developed economies. This challenges the argument that these countries are ‘leapfrogging’ through ICT. Concerning the absorption capacity, we find that secondary school enrolment is the best channel of ICT entrepreneurial effect, not tertiary school enrolment, and innovation is a complement to ICT in promoting entrepreneurship only in emerging countries and developed countries, but not in developing countries.

This paper presents the impacts of Nkol’Ossananga sand harvesting on social live and local economy based on field investigations and data analysis. Laboratory analysis of sand samples from the site has shown that the cleanliness of the Nkol’Ossananga sand nears 100%. This means that Nkol’Ossananga sand is pure and clean, most appropriate for house constructions and building engineering. The activity produces incomes to all actors of the chain value and government. Incomes generated are used by artisans to build their houses, buy some electronic devices, and take care of their families or to capitalize in their business investigation. In spite of the positive impacts presumed, Nkol’Ossananga sand harvesting also stands as the origin of many negative impacts including cultural brewing, delinquency, precocious abandon of studies and abandon of agriculture. The exploitation is done with rudimentary tools and poor technics thereby exposing artisans to several risks and illnesses. For sustainable exploitation, a mechanized operation has to be implemented. This kind of exploitation is the one that will improve the working conditions, increase production and incomes of workers as similar as that of government, and also reduces negative environmental impacts. Key words: Nkol’Ossananga sand, rudimentary tools and poor technics, incomes, negative impacts, sustainable exploitation, mechanized operation. Cet article présente les impacts sociaux et économiques de l’exploitation artisanale du sable de Nkol’Ossananga sur la base d’enquêtes de terrain et d’analyses de données. L’analyse en laboratoire des échantillons de sable collectés sur le site a montré que la propreté du sable de Nkol’Ossananga avoisine 100%. Ce qui signifie que le sable de Nkol’Ossananga est approprié pour le BTP et le génie civil. L'activité génère des revenus importants à tous les acteurs de la chaîne de production et le gouvernement. Les revenus générés sont utilisés par les artisans pour se faire construire leur maison d’habitation, acheter des appareils électroniques, prendre soin de leur famille ou alors sont capitalisés dans le commerce. Malgré les impacts positifs susmentionnés, l’exploitation artisanale du sable de Nkol’Ossananga est également source du brassage culturel, de la délinquance juvénile et de l’abandon précoce des études. Pour une exploitation durable, l’exploitation semi-mécanisée est envisageable. Ce type d'exploitation est celui qui pourra améliorer les conditions de travail des artisans, augmenter leur production et leurs revenus au même titre que ceux du gouvernement, et réduira par ricochet les impacts négatifs.

International audience; This paper studies the effects of globalization on the employment growth volatility by investigating the relationship between firms’ export intensity and labor demand volatility across skills. Based on detailed firm-level administrative French data for the period 1996–2007, we show that firms with intense export activity exhibit lower volatility of labor demand for skilled, compared to unskilled workers. Both the theoretical and empirical analysis point to the importance of skill-intensive fixed export costs in explaining this effect. Our identification strategy is based on an instrumental variable approach to provide evidence of causal effects. Our findings show that a higher level of export intensity increases the employment growth volatility for unskilled relative to skilled workers.; Cet article étudie les effets de la mondialisation sur la volatilité de la croissance de l'emploi en examinant la relation entre l'intensité des exportations des entreprises et la volatilité de la demande de travail en fonction des compétences. Sur la base de données administratives françaises détaillées au niveau des entreprises pour la période 1996-2007, nous montrons que les entreprises ayant une activité d'exportation intense présentent une volatilité plus faible de la demande de travail pour les travailleurs qualifiés, par rapport aux travailleurs non qualifiés. L'analyse théorique et empirique souligne l'importance des coûts fixes d'exportation à forte intensité de compétences pour expliquer cet effet. Notre stratégie d'identification est basée sur une approche de variable instrumentale afin de fournir des preuves d'effets causaux. Nos résultats montrent qu'un niveau plus élevé d'intensité d'exportation augmente la volatilité de la croissance de l'emploi pour les travailleurs non qualifiés par rapport aux travailleurs qualifiés.

Après avoir évoqué le concept de la subjectivation politique et la manière dont la subjectivité politique a été abordée dans les études migratoires, l’article se penche sur les réflexions de migrant-e-s acteurs de la mobilisation dans le quartier de la Chapelle à Paris en juin et juillet 2015. Tout en revenant sur le choix des migrant-e-s de se positionner en tant que demandeurs d’asile face à des soutiens les incitant à rejoindre la lutte des sans-papiers pour des régularisations collectives, ces prises de parole soulignent la pluralité de points de vue des migrant-e-s, ainsi que les paradoxes de l’autonomie politique dans un contexte de forte dépendance. After having raised the concept of political subjectivation and the way migration studies have highlighted the political subjectivity of migrants, the article examines the reflections of migrants involved in the mobilization of La Chapelle neighborhood in Paris in June and July 2015. While returning to the choice of migrants to position themselves as asylum seekers despite the encouragements by undocumented migrants to join their struggle for collective regularizations, these speeches underline the plurality of points of view of migrants, as well as the paradoxes of political autonomy in a context of heightened dependence. La política de los refugiados. Volver a la lucha en los campamentos in Norte de París (junio-julio 2015)Después de haber evocado el concepto de subjetivación política y la forma en que se ha abordado la subjetividad política en los estudios migratorios, el artículo se focalizara en las reflexiones de los migrantes como actores comprometidos en la movilización en el distrito de la Chapelle en París en junio y julio de 2015. Aunque los colectivos de apoya animen a los refugiados para sumarse a la lucha de los migrantes sin papel para pedir regularizaciones colectivas, ellos se posicionan como solicitantes de asilo para obtener protección y alojamiento. Estos discursos subrayan la pluralidad de puntos de vista de los migrantes, así como los paradojas de la autonomía política en un contexto de fuerte dependencia.

International audience; "Among the recent or revisited assumptions in the literature, the “dependent capitalism” hypothesis has met growing interest and relevance in the context of the 2008 economic and financial crisis. The purpose of the present article is first to expand the scope of the dependence analysis to the Balkan countries, both members and non-members of the EU, and second, to demonstrate that dependence also appears in these countries in a differentiated way through another institutional form, not included in the initial theoretical framework of Hall and Soskice, monetary regimes. A monetary regime can be considered as a structuring institutional form, expressing the power relations between national and foreign actors. In the dependent capitalism case, where foreign capital prevails and the trade balance dynamics is determined by the capital account, one could expect that monetary regimes would be implemented in a way to protect the capital and interests of foreign investors in the long term, hence to delegate monetary sovereignty to the investor’s country of origin. In the first part of the paper, some theoretical and methodological aspects of the dependent capitalism in post-socialist countries and of the specific monetary regime on which it is based, are discussed. Then, in the second part, the dependence analysis is illustrated by the case studies of monetary regimes in the Balkans during the period from 1990 to 2015."

L’investigation des formes de compensation proposees aux victimes de la traite des etres humains en France constitue logiquement le terme d’un parcours montrant comment les institutions se saisissent de cette categorie. En analysant le role de la Commission d’indemnisation des victimes d’infractions (CIVI), cet article interroge des enjeux de valeur se situant au croisement entre des techniques d’evaluation de dommages subis, des pratiques d’affectation a ces dommages d’une valeur fiduciaire et des mobilisations – d’avocat.e.s, de juges, de medecins, de victimes – visant a faire valoir des droits. Le travail a l’œuvre dans cette institution apporte un eclairage neuf sur la trajectoire de la victime, consideree desormais comme le beneficiaire d’une reparation monetaire. Il permet aussi d’etendre la reflexion a un plus vaste eventail d’acteurs impliques dans la gestion des victimes de traite, en suscitant la mobilisation de savoirs legaux et medicaux dans le cadre d’une procedure civile et non penale.

International audience; In this paper, we look at the connection between the stock market and the unemployment rate in the United States. Using a recent time-varying Granger causality framework covering the period from January 1960 to October 2020, tests reveal that lagged realizations of the stock market have predictive power regarding unemployment, and vice et versa, but that the predictive ability only occurs sporadically over time, particularly during ‘crash’ periods. These results are in line with the literature on the information spillover between finance markets and the real-life economy, with changes of causality across time.

International audience; This paper analyses the change in spatial income inequality across the departments of metropolitan France since 1922. Its most significant contribution is the reconstruction of average fiscal income per department, before and after the payment of income tax, based on an unprecedented use of archives from the Ministry of Finance. We highlight the following stylised facts: (i) a very significant reduction in interdepartmental average fiscal income inequality over the last century, with two periods of continuous decline, between 1922 and 1939 and from 1948 onwards; (ii) a significant contribution, albeit varying over time, of income tax to the reduction in inter-departmental inequality; (iii) an improvement in the situation in all departments lying along a line running from Calvados to Gard since 1948.; Cet article analyse l’évolution des inégalités spatiales de revenu entre les départements de la France métropolitaine depuis 1922. La contribution la plus notable est la reconstruction du revenu fiscal moyen par département, avant et après paiement de l’impôt sur le revenu, grâce à une exploitation inédite d’archives du ministère des Finances. Nous observons les faits stylisés suivants : (i) une très forte baisse des inégalités interdépartementales de revenu fiscal moyen sur un siècle, avec deux périodes de baisse continue, entre 1922 et 1939 et depuis 1948 ; (ii) une contribution significative, mais variable dans le temps, de l’impôt sur le revenu à la baisse des inégalités interdépartementales ; (iii) une amélioration de la situation relative de tous les départements se trouvant sous une ligne allant du Calvados au Gard depuis 1948.

International audience; Entrepreneurship research views context as central to understanding entrepreneurship as a fluid social construction. Our study answers recent call to focus on a diversity of organizational forms to deepen theorizing and to broaden the domain of what is considered entrepreneurship. Worker cooperatives are a type of social enterprise under exposed in the entrepreneurship literature. Thus, we investigate how context impacts collective social entrepreneurial processes over time by exploring how worker cooperative entrepreneurs view their contexts and their own entrepreneurial initiatives’ purposes. We introduce the term ‘participative social entrepreneurship’, which we define as ‘democratic and collaborative action, amongst both similar and diverse actors to foster positive societal change’. Findings based on a longitudinal study of worker cooperative entrepreneurs from two European territories over 2011-2020 highlight the relevance of context and purpose interplay in shaping worker cooperative entrepreneurs’ perceptions and so, the construction of participative social entrepreneurship. The study reveals that while, in theory, the worker cooperative form has a prosocial purpose naturally embedded in its democratic governance structure, social entrepreneurship in action does not always translate into voices that contest the status quo and highlights the necessity of paying attention to the factors that make participative social entrepreneurship dynamic and real.

We introduce a minimalist dynamical model of wealth evolution and wealth sharing among $N$ agents as a platform to compare the relative merits of altruism and individualism. In our model, the wealth of each agent independently evolves by diffusion. For a population of altruists, whenever any agent reaches zero wealth (that is, the agent goes bankrupt), the remaining wealth of the other $N-1$ agents is equally shared among all. The population is collectively defined to be bankrupt when its total wealth falls below a specified small threshold value. For individualists, each time an agent goes bankrupt (s)he is considered to be "dead" and no wealth redistribution occurs. We determine the evolution of wealth in these two societies. Altruism leads to more global median wealth at early times; eventually, however, the longest-lived individualists accumulate most of the wealth and are richer and more long lived than the altruists., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, IOP format

This study analyses the innovative performance of 5,273 companies across 64 different economic sectors and 32 different regions in Colombia. We assess the effects of education and open economy variables on the innovative performance of firms by analyzing firm, sectoral, and regional level determinants. The study takes the multilevel approach of the innovation process considering the structure and behavior of innovation systems in developing countries. We furthermore focus on technology transfer from foreign trade and the role of education in the process of innovation. We find that education and open economy variables have a significant relationship with innovation performance at the firm and regional levels. We finally conclude that Colombia has a fragmented innovation system with a weak institutional structure, and low interaction between policymakers, industry, universities, research centers.

What are the drivers of collective bargaining to achieve gender equality in companies? Although much research has been done on this question, answers tend to focus exclusively on the institutional perspective and to neglect the social and power relations at work. We address this deficiency in this article by taking a micro-political perspective. We trace the trajectory of a collectively bargained gender equality policy in a French company over 14 years and examine how management and unions contribute to the process. Our results show that the construction of a coalition between management and unions around gender equality, as well as the form taken by the bargained policy, are closely linked to the capabilities that these actors possess and mobilise. This study contributes to the understanding of gender equality bargaining and, more generally, to the micro-politics of collective bargaining. In doing so, it aims to connect organisation studies and industrial relations.

In this paper, we investigate the impact of liquidity requirements on bank risk. We take advantage of the implementation of the Liquidity Balance Rule (LBR) in the Netherlands in 2003 and analyze its impact on bank default risk. The LBR was imposed on Dutch banks only and did not apply to other banks operating elsewhere within the Eurozone. Using this differential regulatory treatment to overcome identification concerns, we find that following the introduction of the LBR, the risk of Dutch banks declined relatively to counterparts not affected by the rule. Concomitantly, despite the lower cost of funding driven by the LBR, the profitability of Dutch banks decreased in comparison with other banks in Europe, as a result of a decrease in income accruing from interest-bearing activities. Our findings also indicate that relatively to unaffected banks, Dutch banks might not have actively tried to offset their loss in interest income by increasing interest rates of loans. However, better financing conditions allowed Dutch banks to increase the shares of deposits and capital on the liability side of their balance sheets.

International audience; Lean management is a way for companies to improve their productivity and bring down their costs. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) aims to meet the expectations of stakeholders concerning a company’s impact on the environment and society. Despite their importance, and sometimes their coexistence, companies tend to tackle these two approaches separately. In this study, which employs a qualitative survey of seven companies, we attempt to understand the synergies and possible contradictions between Lean and CSR approaches. Firstly, it is clear that Lean, like CSR, concerns the economy, the environment, and stakeholder relations. Secondly, when combined, these two approaches compensate for their respective shortfalls: Lean management makes it possible to justify CSR on economic and financial levels, and provides CSR with a rigorous methodology in terms of operational management. CSR brings Lean management a way to consolidate its social and environmental benefits, and brings meaning that fosters employee engagement and extends the intervention scope of Lean to external stakeholders. This study also highlights a common key success factor, i.e., a corporate culture aimed at excellence. On this basis, the study recommends the combined implementation of both approaches in order to maximize their respective benefits. Seen from this perspective, CSR could be considered as continuous improvement of the company’s overall performance, the first step of which would be Lean.

International audience; This paper extends the economic-sociological concept of embeddedness to encompass not only social networks of, for example, friendship or kinship ties, but also economic networks of ownership and control relationships. Applying these ideas to the case of digital platform labour pinpoints two possible scenarios. When platforms take the role of market intermediaries, economic ties are thin and workers are left to their own devices, in a form of 'disembeddedness'. When platforms partake in intricate inter-firm outsourcing structures, economic ties envelop workers in a 'deep embeddedness' which involves both stronger constraints and higher rewards. With this added dimension, the notion of embeddedness becomes a compelling tool to describe the social structures that frame economic action, including the power imbalances that characterize digital labour in the global economy.