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International audience; The paper offers a study of the contributions of Nicolas Sarkozy and Gordon Brown to a dominant culturalist discourse on identity in Europe. In recent years, issues about immigration and integration have been central across the European community, concurrent with a general feeling of cultural insecurity. In this paper, I argue that mainstream political discourse has shifted from common sense nationalism into an even more ambiguous discourse by also taking over aspects of national-populism. The aim of the paper is consequently to show that common sense representations of nationalism tend to go beyond 'banal nationalism'. I suggest how a culturalist shift has occurred in their more overt use of nationalist representations. Thus, despite the formal aim to render a new social cohesion, the cultural references inherent to nationalism seem to generate an exclusionary imaginary, which not only allows the reproduction of nationalism but also promotes forms of exclusions, which foster introverted assertions of identities.

Conference proceedings : ESSLLI 2013, ESSLLI 2012 (European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information); International audience; This paper addresses the question of propositional attitude reports within Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT). In line with most SDRT discussions on attitudes reports, we argue that reported speech should be segmented as the rest of the discourse is, but we identify several issues raised by such a segmentation: first, the nature of some relations crossing the boundaries between main and embedded speech remains unclear. Moreover, such constructions are introducing a conflict between SDRT's Right Frontier Constraint (RFC) and well established facts about accessibility from factual to modal contexts. We propose two solutions for adapting discourse structure to overcome these conflicts. The first one introduces a new ingredient in the theory while the second one is more conservative and relies on continuation-style semantics for SDRT.

International audience; The Modern Armenian Aorist With a remarkably stable morphology since Classical Armenian, the aorist has a very special place in the TMA system of Modern Armenian: since all tenses need either a particle or an auxiliary to be actualized, the aorist is the only synthetic, self-actualized form. The aim of this paper is to account for the variety of contextual meanings that the Armenian aorist can display, refuting generalizations previously made by grammarians and typologists. Foregrounding enunciative criteria (following A. Culioli) rather than referential ones (durativity, temporal meaning, chaining of events, etc.), we identify three parameters able to explain the specificity of the aorist in Modern Armenian with regard to other tenses, and with regard to the aorist in other Indo-European languages.This paper is the updated Russian version of Donabedian A., The Aorist in Modern Armenian: core value and contextual meanings, in Guentchéva, Zlatka (ed.), Aspectuality and Temporality. Descriptive and theoretical issues, John Benjamins, 2016, 375-411

International audience; Over the past two decades, research has emphasised a shift from city government to urban gov- ernance. Such a shift brings about its very own challenges, namely governance gaps, uncertain configurations in governance and a limited capacity to act. In this paper, we argue that the concur- rent rise of strategy documents in city administration addresses these challenges. Our central claim is that strategy documents can be understood as a distinct discursive device through which local governments enact aspired governance configurations. We illustrate our argument empiri- cally using two prominent examples that, while showing similar features and characteristics, are anchored in different administrative traditions and institutional frameworks: the city administra- tions of Sydney, Australia, and Vienna, Austria. The contribution of the paper is to show how strategy documents enact governance configurations along four core dimensions: the setting in space and time, the definition of the public, the framing of the res publica and legitimacy issues. Moreover, our comparative analysis of Sydney and Vienna gives evidence of differences in govern- ance configurations enacted through strategy documents.

Cet article revient d’abord, par-delà le caractère convergent des définitions du paradigme, sur un certain nombre de difficultés relatives à l’opération de substitution, à ses relations avec celle de commutation, et, plus largement, avec la notion de « rapports associatifs », en insistant sur la survalorisation des critères morphologiques et lexicologiques et sur une substituabilité variable selon les critères fonctionnels, selon les genres et les situations de discours, avant de s’interroger de savoir quand et pour qui le concept de paradigme peut faire sens. L’article propose ensuite un détour par la critique épistémologique de la notion de paradigme scientifique afin de montrer que cette critique invite à rechercher des points aveugles dans l’approche saussurienne du paradigme, à l’aune du déplacement de la langue vers la parole, dans des textes ou des discours inscrits dans des genres, des situations, qui prennent en compte la dimension globale du sens, qui considèrent que les rapports associatifs ne naissent pas seulement en fonction du stock de mots qui figurent dans notre mémoire, mais se construisent dans le texte. L’article cherche ensuite, à partir de l’analyse entrecroisée des paradigmes de l’énonciation et du point de vue, à illustrer cette nouvelle approche de la dualité paradigme/syntagme à partir de la problématique du point de vue et de l’énonciation, dans la perspective de cumuls de significations et de continuums.L’auteur met en avant les termes suivants : paradigme, paradigmatisation, substitution, commutation, énonciation, point de vue. Going beyond the convergent nature of the definitions of paradigm, the present paper re-examines a number of problems related to the operation of substitution, to its relationships to commutation and, more generally, to the notion of “associative relationships”. The article stresses the overevaluation of morphological and lexicological criteria and a substitutability which varies according to functional criteria, genres and discourse situations, and this before considering when and to whom the concept of paradigm makes sense. The paper then proposes a digression through the epistemological critique of the notion of scientific paradigm; it thus shows that this critique encourages the research for blind spots in Saussure’s approach to paradigm in respect to the shifting from the “langue” (language as a system) to the “parole” (language in use) in texts, discourses within genres or situations which take into account the global dimension of meaning and argue that associative relationships are not conceived only according to the stock of words in our memory but are also created in the text. Finally, based on the interwoven analysis of the paradigm with that of the enunciation and of the point of view, the paper tries to illustrate this new approach of the duality paradigm/syntagm with a view to the accumulations of significations and continuums.The author puts forward the following words: paradigm, paradigmatisation, substitution, commutation, enunciation, point of view.

International audience; When learning mathematics, mistakes can serve as productive occasions if a mistake is followed by a process of negotiation and insight. This paper addresses the question of the extent to which the informal occasion of a "mistake" leads to productive interactions in inclusive mathematics classrooms. Within the context of the project LUIS-M video-based qualitative analysis of cooperative learning situations in inclusive classrooms are made with focus on formal and informal occasions for productive interaction. In the paper the negotiation processes which follow mistakes are exemplified and discussed with respect to opportunity for learning processes.

International audience; What "Mara" signifies and how this is constitutive of the quest for a conscious but problematic postcolonial transnational subjectivity has rarely reverberated in the burgeoning critical commentary on Amma Darko's Beyond the Horizon. This paper explores how 'Mara' functions in Beyond the Horizon as a name and concept that summons a specific biblical discourse that foregrounds female migratory subjectivity, vulnerability, dispossession and redemption, and a Fanti concept of a beleaguered and ethical subjectivity that emerges from complicity, radical decision and agency. The paper demonstrates that these discourses are pertinent in determining how Mara reconstitutes her subjectivity at the margins of Empire. The paper contributes to our understanding of how literary names designate and conceptualise experience, function as archetypal and intertextual coda that gesture, to borrow Judith Butler's words for our purposes, to "a world beyond themselves [and] their boundaries," and therefore have rhetorical and thematic force. How Mara negotiates the problematics of capture is therefore crucial to Darko's narrative of awakening.

International audience; Despite the proliferation of strategy process and practice research, we lack understanding of the historical embeddedness of strategic processes and practices. In this paper, we present three historical approaches with the potential to remedy this deficiency. First, realist history can contribute to a better understanding of the historical embeddedness of strategic processes; in particular, comparative historical analysis can explicate the historical conditions, mechanisms, and causality in strategic processes. Second, interpretative history can add to our knowledge of the historical embeddedness of strategic practices, and microhistory can specifically help to understand the construction and enactment of these practices in historical contexts. Third, poststructuralist history can elucidate the historical embeddedness of strategic discourses, and genealogy can in particular increase our understanding of the evolution and transformation of strategic discourses and their power effects. Thus, this paper demonstrates how in their specific ways historical approaches and methods can add to our understanding of different forms and variations of strategic processes and practices, the historical construction of organizational strategies, and historically constituted strategic agency.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to understand the treatment of complex environmental issues by the press, both general and special interest publications, to determine how different types of press fulfil their mediator role to inform the public. The adopted approach is qualitative and based on discourse analysis in a short corpus, composed of papers published in four publications from the USA and dealing with the immediate coverage of the Fukushima disaster. The analysis of the corpus evidences that the treatment of specialised information is remarkably similar in both types of press. The discourse conveys little specialised knowledge, popularisation is generally absent and explanations are meaningful in the context of the paper only. This paper's main value resides in the discourse analysis approach adopted to understand the issue of specialisation and popularisation in the press, combined to an understanding of the professional environment of journalists in the USA.

Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour l’extraction de termes multi-mots à partir de publications scientifiques. Notre stratégie est fondée sur la combinaison de deux approches : une première liste de termes « candidats » est d’abord extraite à partir de critères de fréquence et de spécificité. Cette liste est ensuite classée suivant la position du terme dans le Résumé : (en ayant recours à un étiquetage de la valeur « argumentative » des phrases, selon une analyse de type text zoning). Cette approche permet de classer les termes en différentes catégories, et notamment de distinguer le vocabulaire conceptuel des éléments d’ordre méthodologique. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à l’extraction des termes utilisés en traitement automatique des langues à partir de l’analyse d’un corpus (ACL Anthology) s’étendant de 1980 à 2008. Nous montrons ainsi qu’il est possible de suivre les méthodes utilisées, comment elles sont introduites dans le domaine, par quel type d’auteur et pour quel usage, etc. Nous observons ainsi plusieurs faits marquants de l’évolution du domaine sur une période de plus de 30 ans., We propose a new method to extract multiword expressions from scientific papers. Our approach is made of two major steps: a first list of candidates is extracted based on a score using frequency and specificity information. This list is then filtered based on the status of the term in the abstract of the scientific papers under investigation. These abstracts are annotated using a text zoning analyser. The terms are then classified in different categories according to the text zoning analysis: we make a difference between terms appearing in the method section of the abstract vs terms appearing in other zones. This method is applied to the ACL Anthology collection, containing the papers published by the ACL between 1980 and 2008. We show that the technique we use allows us to model interesting facts concerning the evolution of the domain and of the methods used in computational linguistics.

National audience; This paper examines the problem of the ambiguity between clausal extraposition (CE) and clausal right-dislocation (CRD) with –ing clauses, for instance in "It's quite hard hitting reports in some way". We give syntactic, discourse-pragmatic and prosodic criteria which can be used to make the distinction between the two structures. As far as prosody is concerned, we show that CRDs are pronounced mainly with one tone unit (TU) and a nucleus on the main clause (and a fall), or with two TUs and a fall in each part of the sentence. On the contrary, when pronounced with only one TU, CEs display a nucleus on the rightmost (extraposed) constituent. This paper includes a study of the prosody of extraposed that or infinitive clauses and of noun-phrase right-dislocations.; Cet article s'intéresse au problème de l'ambiguïté entre propositions extraposées et disloquées en ING, du type "It's quite hard hitting reports in some way". Des critères syntaxiques, pragmatiques et prosodiques permettant de distinguer les deux structures sont dégagés. En ce qui concerne la prosodie, cet article montre que les disloquées sont prononcées soit avec une seule unité intonative avec un nucleus (en chute) sur la proposition principale, soit avec deux unités intonatives (et une chute dans chaque unité). A l'inverse, les propositions extraposées, lorsqu'elles sont prononcées en une seule unité intonative, comprennent un nucleus sur la proposition extraposée elle-même. Cet article inclut une analyse prosodique des dislocations à droite de groupes nominaux ainsi que des propositions en THAT et à l'infinitif extraposées.

Adopting Berrendonner's (1990) and Berrendonner et al.'s (fc) distinction between "micro-syntax" and "macro-syntax", as well as the orthogonal dichotomy between foregrounded and backgrounded discourse segments (cf. Khalil, 2005), this paper aims to examine certain "non-canonical" interactions amongst these domains. In particular, it analyses instances where a potential referent is evoked within a highly presupposed, discursively backgrounded text segment, but where that referent is targeted either via an "anadeictically"-used or a non-anaphorically-used indexical expression and (in the latter case) made into a discourse entity in its own right. This last-mentioned use is characteristic of discourse deixis, but not of anaphora as such. The paper also examines larger stretches of text, which relate to each other discursively in terms of "macro-syntax". The overall aim is to characterise the limits of discourse-anaphoric reference as a function of the degree of backgrounding or foregrounding of the discourse units in terms of which the referent is determined and targeted.

Resumo Se as relações dos adultos com o bairro estão relativamente bem estudadas pela literatura sobre a gentrificação, não se pode dizer o mesmo a respeito das crianças que, no entanto, constituem uma população muito visível de numerosos bairros gentrificados. Contribuindo para preencher esta lacuna, este artigo analisa as representações, as práticas e as sociabilidades de crianças com idade entre 9 e 11 anos em três bairros gentrificados de Paris, Londres e São Francisco. As análises apresentadas estabelecem que os bairros gentrificados (quando colocam famílias em jogo) são lugares plenamente habitados pelas crianças, que praticam mais a “mistura social” do que seus pais e, de modo mais amplo, do que os adultos que residem nesses bairros. Ao mesmo tempo, o artigo mostra que as maneiras de habitar das crianças nos bairros gentrificados são perpassadas por fortes diferenciações, que derivam em parte dos contextos em que residem e, em parte, das características sociais das crianças (meio social, sexo, idade, posição em relação aos irmãos/irmãs...). Résumé Si les rapports au quartier des adultes sont relativement bien étudiés par la littérature sur la gentrification, on ne peut pas en dire autant en ce qui concerne les enfants, qui, pourtant, constituent une population très visible de nombreux quartiers gentrifiés. Pour contribuer à combler cette lacune, cet article examine les représentations, les pratiques et les sociabilités d’enfants âgés de 9 à 11 ans dans trois quartiers gentrifiés de Paris, Londres et San Francisco. Les analyses présentées établissent que les quartiers gentrifiés (lorsqu’ils mettent en jeu des familles) sont des lieux pleinement habités par les enfants, qui pratiquent davantage « la mixité sociale » que leurs parents et, plus généralement, que les adultes qui résident dans ces quartiers. En même temps, l’article montre que les manières d’habiter et de cohabiter des enfants, dans les quartiers gentrifiés, sont traversées par de fortes différenciations, qui tiennent pour partie aux contextes dans lesquels ils résident, et pour partie aux caractéristiques sociales des enfants (milieu social, sexe, âge, position dans la fratrie...). Abstract The gentrification literature has developed a quite extensive knowledge of the neighborhood experience of adult residents. However, the same is not true about children who are still understudied despite their visibility in many gentrified neighborhoods. This paper is aimed to fill this gap by examining the discourse, practice and sociability of children aged 9 to 11 in three gentrified neighborhoods of Paris, London and San Francisco. The analyses show that gentrified neighborhoods (when families are in play) are fully occupied by children, and that they are more exposed to “social diversity” than their parents and, more broadly, than the adults who live in these neighborhoods. Simultaneously the paper shows that the children’s ways of living and of co-existing in gentrified neighborhoods are marked by important differences. This results partly from their residential geographies and partly from their own social characteristics (social class, gender, age, position within the siblings...).

Adopting Berrendonner's (1990), (2002) and Berrendonner et al.'s (forthcoming) distinction between "micro-syntax" and "macro-syntax", as well as the orthogonal dichotomy between foregrounded and backgrounded discourse segments (cf. Khalil 2005), this paper aims to examine certain "non-canonical" interactions amongst these domains. In particular, it analyses instances where a potential referent is evoked within a highly presupposed, discursively backgrounded text segment, but where that referent is targeted via an "anadeictic" indexical expression and may be made into a discourse entity in its own right. This last-mentioned use is characteristic of discourse deixis, but not of anaphora as such. The paper also examines larger stretches of text, which relate to each other discursively in terms of "macro-syntax". The overall aim is to characterise the limits of discourse-anaphoric reference as a function of the degree of backgrounding or foregrounding of the discourse units in terms of which the referent is determined and targeted.

In the past decades, we have witnessed the global re-emergence of the political meaning of both nationalism and religion. This paper explores contemporary fragments of this trend across three European countries: Britain, France and Poland. The discursive occurrences brought into the analysis are taken from the state-centred political arenas as well as more diffused or marginal sociological elements. While the approach is primarily set in the perspective of nationalism studies, the final aim of the paper is to nourish the reflection on the negotiations of political and social significations which transpire through the occurrences presented in the analysis. To what extent are religious discourses inherent to the resurgence of nationalist discourses and social practices? Reversely, are nationalistic phenomena inherently religious in nature, hence favourable to combinations between religious and nationalist discursive elements? Are the contemporary forms presented in this paper, tokens of a new (or renewed) syncretism of a would-be dominant reactionary grid of social significations?

International audience; In recent proposals for the crucial internal structure of the framing Contextual Component within Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie 2006,2008) -- for example by Rijkhoff (2008:88-97) and Connolly (2007) --, what is here called text is considered as equivalent to discourse within an account of the NP (Rijkhoff) or of context (Connolly). The article purports to show that this conflation of text and discourse is not adequate to the task of describing and accounting satisfactorily for discourse-anaphoric reference in actual texts, in particular, and that a principled distinction between the two is needed. Discourse anaphora is a particularly good diagnostic of context, since it clearly involves a (co-)textual dimension, but also a discourse one, relating to the world of referents, properties and states of affairs. The context relevant for a given act of utterance is in constant development: the discourse derived via the text both depends on the context and at the same time changes it as the discourse is constructed on line. So both the (co-)text and the discourse (a provisional, hence revisable, interpretation of the preceding co-text and/or context), as well as the anchoring situation of utterance, must be represented within the Contextual Component within an FDG representation of a given communicative event.

International audience; The DiET project provides systematically constructed and annotated test items and associated tools, enabling fast system debugging and evaluation, and automatic linkage from test items to real corpora instances. This paper concentrates on the discourse test suite and its use. The discourse test suite covers discourse phenomena such as pronouns, def-inites and ellipsis. These can be used to evaluate the coverage and accuracy of implementations of anaphora resolution algorithms. We also examine the text prooling support within the Diet tools. Text Prooling identiies typical and salient corpus characteristics, e.g. the frequency and distribution of part of speech tags and vocabulary richness. Prooling also provides candidate sentences instantiating predeened syntactic phenomena. Prooling enables users to select test-items appropriate to their domain speciic corpus. The paper shows how the corpus search engine can be used to identify discourse phenomena in a corpus and presents concrete results of this evaluation scenario.

This paper analyzes Cuban religious fundamentalist discourse on same-sex marriage and comprehensive sex education, over May and June, 2021, in a corpus composed of four statements by churches. Based on semantic discourse analysis and ideological discourse analysis, the study has two moments: first, a quantitative, lexicometric analysis; and second, a qualitative analysis focused on identifying and describing four discursive representations. During the analysis, discourse and ideological structures are also related, when necessary. Results show that this kind of discourse is built on antagonistic oppositions, and it reduces the discourse field to two conflicting positions. The speakers present themselves as victims, as (representatives of) a majority, and as moral and rational authorities; and they construct their ideological Other as attackers and as an immoral, irrational, non-representative minority. It’s a connotative discourse, seeking to persuade by means of emotions, although it incorporates appeals to rationality. It presents itself as heir and defender of national history and identity, and suggests a hierarchical organization of religious fundamentalist ideology, where cultural hegemony takes precedence., El artículo analiza el discurso fundamentalista religioso cubano sobre el matrimonio igualitario y la educación sexual integral, durante mayo y junio de 2021, en un corpus formado por cuatro declaraciones de iglesias. Partiendo del análisis semántico del discurso y del análisis del discurso ideológico, se realiza un estudio en dos momentos: primero, un análisis cuantitativo lexicométrico; y luego, un análisis cualitativo, centrado en la identificación y descripción de cuatro representaciones discursivas. Durante el análisis, se vinculan también, cuando corresponde, las estructuras discursivas e ideológicas. Los resultados muestran que se trata de un discurso construido sobre oposiciones antagónicas, que reduce el campo discursivo a dos posicionamientos enfrentados. Los emisores se presentan como víctimas, como (representantes de una) mayoría y como autoridad moral y racional; y construyen a su Otro ideológico como victimarios y como una minoría inmoral e irracional no representativa. Es un discurso connotativo, que busca persuadir por medio de emociones, aunque incorpora también llamados a la racionalidad. Se presenta como heredero y defensor de la historia e identidad nacionales, y sugiere una organización jerárquica de la ideología fundamentalista religiosa, donde tiene prioridad la hegemonía cultural.

Western Austronesian symmetrical voice languages exhibit at least two basic transitive constructions. This paper investigates what factors influence speakers’ choice of one voice over another in natural spoken discourse. It provides a thorough assessment of all factors that have been proposed to be relevant for voice choice in the literature on symmetrical voice systems. Using the Indonesian language Totoli as a case study, we show that unlike in languages with asymmetrical voice alternations, argument-related properties such as topicality, activation state, animacy, etc. do not play a major role in voice choice in symmetrical voice languages. We argue that for symmetrical voice alternations other factor groups are relevant than for asymmetrical voice alternations and that the clear structural differences between the two alternation types are mirrored in functional differences.

International audience; In this paper, we show how game-theoretic work on conversation combined with a theory of discourse structure provides a framework for studying interpretive bias and how bias affects the production and interpretation of linguistic content. We model the influence of author bias on the discourse content and structure of the author's linguistic production and the influence of interpreter bias on the interpretation of ambiguous or underspecified elements of that content and structure. Interpretive bias is an essential feature of learning and understanding but also something that can be exploited to pervert or subvert the truth. We develop three types of games to understand and to analyze a range of interpretive biases, the factors that contribute to them, and their strategic effects.

Depuis trente ans, The Killing Joke a subi d’importants changements dans ses différentes versions : les couleurs et les traits varient, ainsi que la qualité du papier, le format, mais aussi la longueur et la structure même de l’œuvre. Cette bande dessinée en particulier révèle à quel point la réception peut être guidée par les éditeurs, parfois indépendamment de la volonté des artistes. Cet article examine quelques-unes des variations de cette bande dessinée et montre comment les propriétés matérielles et esthétiques d’une œuvre peuvent varier, à la fois en fonction du public visé par les maisons d’édition et de la lecture que celles-ci souhaitent mettre en avant. Le discours tenu par les fans et les experts peut également modifier l’horizon d’attente et, selon l’intention éditoriale, peut être ou non intégré à la composition de l’œuvre. Finalement, The Killing Joke nous rappelle à quel point les éditeurs peuvent réellement être considérés comme co-créateurs d’une bande dessinée. Throughout its 30-year history, The Killing Joke has undergone major changes in its different editions: colors and linework differ, as do paper quality, formats, but also the length and the actual structure of the piece. This comic in particular reveals how reception can be guided by editors, sometimes independent from artists’ will. This article explores a few of the comic’s outings and shows how depending on what audience publishers want to attract and what kind of reading they want to emphasize, a comic’s material and esthetic properties may be changed. Fan and expert discourse may alter the horizon of expectation, as well, and, depending on editorial intent, can be incorporated into the piece’s composition or not. In the end, The Killing Joke reminds us to what extent editors can truly be considered co-creators of a comic.

International audience; China claims that it's rise is different from other great powers: a benign and responsible power striving for just order and peaceful development. This paper raises question that why has China resorted to soft power mechanisms? What are the strategies that it employs to project soft image? And finally, how is soft power helpful in portraying China as a power distinct from the status quo powers? While utilising qualitative content analysis, this study focuses upon the origins of soft power conception, characteristics of Chinese soft power discourse and strategies that it has adopted to attain its objectives. Under the leadership of Xi Jinping, has paid a profound attention to soft power as a means to realise the 'China Dream'. China's efforts to enhance regional and trans-regional connectivity, infrastructure investment and formula for poverty alleviation have contributed to brilliance of China.; La Chine prétend que son ascension est différente des autres grandes puissances: une puissance bénigne et responsable luttant pour un ordre juste et un développement pacifique. Cet article soulève la question de savoir pourquoi la Chine a-t-elle eu recours à des mécanismes de puissance douce? Quelles stratégies utilise-t-il pour projeter une image douce? Et enfin, en quoi le soft power est-il utile pour présenter la Chine comme une puissance distincte des puissances du statu quo? Tout en utilisant une analyse de contenu qualitative, cette étude se concentre sur les origines de la conception du soft power, les caractéristiques du discours chinois du soft power et les stratégies qu'elle a adoptées pour atteindre ses objectifs. Sous la direction de Xi Jinping, a accordé une profonde attention au soft power comme moyen de réaliser le «rêve chinois». Les efforts de la Chine pour améliorer la connectivité régionale et transrégionale, les investissements dans les infrastructures et la formule de réduction de la pauvreté ont contribué à l'éclat de la Chine.

The ‘post-functionalist’ view that growing politicisation constrains further integration (‘constraining dissensus’) occupies a prominent place in contemporary European studies. However, in the case of the euro crisis, we observe a rise in contentious politics concomitant with a deepening of EU integration, namely in the areas of economic governance. This paper argues that the intervention of the ‘Troika’ in the struggles over the framing of the southern European crises is a key to this puzzle. The analysis of over 1200 public declarations produced by the three institutions from 2009 to 2016 shows that the Troika actively ‘responded’ to processes of heightened politicisation, reproducing the dominant crisis narrative of the southern European periphery and making the case for the adequacy and inevitability of austerity. The Troika’s success in framing the euro crisis as a result of domestic failure and moral hazard contributed to the legitimation of further integration of European economic governance.

International audience; How are depoliticising discourses on water issues produced and rendered effective? Research on discursive depoliticisation has focused on the ability of different types of policy networks to generate powerful and reasonably coherent depoliticised narratives. In the paper, by tracing the depoliticisation of poor water quality in a wastewater reuse project in Marrakesh, Morocco, we suggest that depoliticised discourses can also be produced in a much more dispersed, less coordinated way. In the case analysed here, depoliticisation occurred through an 'ambiguous agreement' around a highly polysemic idea, that of innovation. All the key actors understood that the project was innovative but that water quality was not a significant part of the innovation. This encouraged each actor to frame poor water quality as a strictly private matter that the golf courses needed to tackle on their own; however, each actor also had their own, idiosyncratic interpretation of exactly what this innovation was about and why poor water quality was in the end not that important. Showing how depoliticisation can be the product of mechanisms with varying degrees of coordination helps account for the ubiquity of the phenomenon.

International audience; This volume explores the use of demonstratives in the structuring and management of discourse, and their role as engagement expressions, from a crosslinguistic perspective. It seeks to establish which types of discourse-related functions are commonly encoded by demonstratives, beyond the well-established reference-tracking and deictic uses, and also investigates which members of demonstrative paradigms typically take on certain functions. Moreover, it looks at the roles of non-deictic demonstratives, that is, members of the paradigm which are dedicated e.g. to contrastive, recognitional, or anaphoric functions and do not express deictic distinctions. Several of the studies also focus on manner demonstratives, which have been little studied from a crosslinguistic perspective. The volume thus broadens the scope of investigation of demonstratives to look at how their core functions interact with a wider range of discourse functions in a number of different languages. The volume covers languages from a range of geographical locations and language families, including Cushitic and Mande languages in Africa, Oceanic and Papuan languages in the Pacific region, Algonquian and Guaykuruan in the Americas, and Germanic, Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages in the Eurasian region. It also includes two papers taking a broader typological approach to specific discourse functions of demonstratives.

This paper presents a model of causality based on force dynamics. Causal relations are conceptualized as interactions between two entities: Agonist and Antagonist. We conceive of causality as a region of conceptual structure, and we address its main features and its ontology. The possible outcomes of the interactions between the two participants, along with other criteria, provide the basis for a typology of causal scenarios. We discuss other semantic information used in the linguistic expression of causality: the semantic fields in which causal relations are constructed and the focalization of the participants. The model allows us to formulate problems that go beyond the analysis of causative verbs or conjunctions., Este artículo presenta un modelo de la causalidad basado en la dinámica de fuerzas. Las relaciones causales se conceptualizan como interacciones entre dos entidades: agonista y antagonista. Concibo la causalidad como una región de la estructura conceptual y analizo sus características generales y su ontología. Los resultados posibles de las interacciones entre ambos actantes, junto con otros criterios, sirven de base a una tipología de escenarios causales. Trato otros contenidos que intervienen en la expresión lingüística de la causalidad: campos nocionales en los que se construyen relaciones causales y la focalización de los actantes. El modelo permite formular problemas que trascienden el análisis de verbos o conjunciones causativas.

International audience; This paper interrogates the recent designation of the Borobudur heritage site (Central Java, Indonesia) as saujana budaya by a network of Indonesian activists and academics. Saujana budaya is a newly coined compound term that serves as a translation of the international heritage concept of “cultural landscape”. I argue that this translation, far from representing a perfect correspondence between the source and the target language, entails the assemblage of a localised version of the cultural landscape with Indonesian characteristics. In the context of the Reformasi, which facilitated the emergence of new forms of cultural localism in Indonesia, activists and academics assume that the power to translate, and therefore to produce heritage concepts, empowers heritage advocates, giving them further agency in the heritage arena. Hence, translation is an act of political defiance, representing a critique of the narrowness of governmental approaches to heritage. It also seeks to transform heritage management practices, making them more inclusive and representative of the sacred, spiritual, and religious legacies of the syncretic Hindu-Buddhist traditions linked with the Borobudur Temple and the surrounding territory.; Cet article examine la récente désignation du site patrimonial de Borobudur (Java centrale, Indonésie), en tant que saujana budaya, par un réseau d’activistes et chercheurs indonésiens. Saujana budaya est un nouveau terme qui traduit « paysage culturel », un concept patrimonial international inclus dans les guides opérationnels de l’UNESCO depuis 1992. Cet article démontre que la traduction, loin d’être un processus linéaire qui aboutit dans une correspondance parfaite entre termes, implique l’agencement d’un concept localisé du paysage culturel qui prend en compte un ensemble de spécificités indonésiennes. Dans le contexte de la Reformasi, qui a contribué à l’émergence de nouvelles formes de localisme culturel en Indonésie, les activistes et les chercheurs présument que le pouvoir de traduire, étroitement associé à celui de produire des concepts, est susceptible d’augmenter leur pouvoir d’agir dans les arènes patrimoniales. Dans ce sens, la traduction est vue comme un act politique de défi : elle permet de critiquer l’étroitesse des approches gouvernementales du patrimoine. Elle a aussi l’objectif de transformer les pratiques de gestion, en les rendant plus inclusives et représentatives des héritages sacrés, spirituels et religieux issus de la tradition syncrétique hindou-bouddhiste, qui a guidé la construction de Borobudur et l’aménagement du territoire l’environnant.

This research paper proposes to analyse the issue of male homosexuality in a rural context. Homosexual identification, described here on the basis of individual life stories, constitutes a socioanthropological point of investigation with the culture of belonging - here/in this context the villages of the "Grand Est", the french eastern region - as well as its incorporation, in particular through the prism of discourse, also crosses., Ce travail de recherche propose d’analyser la question de l’homosexualité masculine en contexte rural. L’identification homosexuelle, ici décrite à partir de récits de vie individuels, constitue un point d’investigation socio-anthropologique dans lequel traverse la question de l’identification à la culture d’appartenance - ici les villages du Grand Est - ainsi que son incorporation, en particulier à travers le prisme du discours.

International audience; Research on the inclusion of visually impaired (VI) pupils in mainstream classrooms is underdeveloped in mathematics education. This paper investigates mathematical discourses of a teacher and a VI pupil in a classroom episode on number sequences. We see that, while the teacher considers the pupil’s enthusiastically demonstrated mathematical contribution which differs from the institutional one, she draws on it to guide him in responding within the institutional mathematical discourse. We then see the pupil responding within the teacher’s expectations but less enthusiastically. We explore the teacher’s reaction in terms of whether it evidences valuing of the pupil’s initial mathematical contribution and whether it is potentially excluding. We propose an alternative, more explicitly inclusive way forward in which the teacher can play along with non-prevalent mathematical contributions and bring these also to the whole class, to the benefit of all.

International audience; Levering on the influence and use of social media in students' perception of learning mathematics, this project has a twofold purpose: the research aim is to contribute in breaking away from the idea that digital culture can be considered as opposed to school culture, investigating the epistemic and didactical affordances of mathematical Internet memes, combined with Augmented Reality technology. The coupled educational aim is to cultivate classroom discourse and maximize linguistic and cognitive meta-awareness in high school students. The project is a work in progress of which this paper presents the theoretical background used to frame the study, the results of a first exploratory teaching experiment - conducted with a group of 24 students attending the 12th grade of Liceo Scientifico in Milan - and the methodology and the next steps of the study.

International audience; The research presented deals with the process of learning rational numbers. Assuming that at the end of a successful learning process the formal routines taught at the school become useful for practical activities, we have documented the activities of children from different grade levels regarding school assignments and daily practical tasks. We document the participants' activities from their entrance to the 1st grade, where they have no school experience with fractions, all the way through the sixth grade, where they are expected to arrive at the fully satisfactory mastery of rational numbers. In analyzing the data, we examined how the formal routines for performing certain fractions-related school assignments changed over time and how (if at all) they converge with routines for daily practical tasks. In this paper, we present findings from two school tasks: (1) locating a fraction on the number line, and (2) naming a point on the number line.

International audience; Research summary The attention-based view (ABV) has highlighted the role of organizational attention in strategic decision-making and adaptation. The tendency to view communication channels as “pipes and prisms” for information processing has, however, limited its ability to address strategic change. We propose a broader role for communication as a process by which actors can attend to and engage with organizational and environmental issues and initiatives and argue that such a view can significantly advance understanding of strategic change. On this basis, we offer suggestions for future research on communication practices, vocabularies, rhetorical tactics, and talk and text in shaping organizational attention in strategic change. We also maintain that this enhanced view of the ABV can help advance research on dynamic capabilities, strategy processes, strategy-as-practice, and behavioral strategy. Managerial summary To further enhance our capabilities to manage strategic change and renewal processes in organizations, we need a better understanding of how to manage organizational attention. In this paper, we highlight the importance of understanding the role of communication and discuss the use of different communication practices, vocabularies, rhetorical tactics, and talk and text as possible levers that can be used to dynamically shape organizational attention. We call for further research to advance the understanding of how these levers can be used to influence the ways in which different sets of strategic issues, initiatives, and action alternatives are handled. We believe that such an enhanced view of organizational attention can enable the development of new, improved strategy practices to manage strategic change and renewal processes.

International audience; Drawing on theoretical and descriptive works, mainly from the fields of semantics, text linguistics and discourse analysis, this paper aims at laying the foundations of a discursive approach to meaning, called “discursive semantics” (sémantique discursive). First, the authors draw up a list of six postulates that intend to describe how semantics and discourse are interconnected. Then, the authors detail two of these postulates: the first one states that meaning is a multi-dimensional reality and the other one being that it is dynamic by nature, shifting between stability and instability.; En nous basant sur d’écrits théoriques et descriptifs, principalement en sémantique, en linguistique textuelle et en analyse du discours, nous dessinons, dans cet article, la démarche d’une « sémantique discursive ». Pour ce faire, six postulats sont énoncés, destinés à montrer les modalités de l’articulation entre sémantique et discours. En nous appuyant sur des exemples, nous détaillons deux des postulats : le premier porte sur le caractère multidimensionnel du sens, et la pluralité des niveaux de l’analyse ; le second sur la nature dynamique du sens et la dialectique stabilité/instabilité dont il relève.

KRAZEM Mustapha, professeur au CREM Université de Lorraine, Metz et chercheur associé Laboratoire CPTC - Université de Bourgogne.; International audience; Thanks to the notion of discourse genre, this paper aims to account for the use of .e in French. By looking at the non-linear characteristics and at the pronunciation of this specific spelling, referred to as “inclusive”, we address the issue of the representation of the feminine this spelling conveys. What does the spelling "cher.e.s collègues" mean, for example in academic emails?The theoretical framework known as Grammaire Seconde (Blanche-Benveniste) is discussed and replaced by a dynamic system designed to test the logics behind the fact of taking the feminine away from the masculine. In other words, we try to understand the way in which grammatical and/or discursive genericity is motived.; Cet article explicite le .e à travers la notion de genre de discours. En observant la non linéarité de cette orthographe dite « inclusive » et, sa prononciation, nous questionnerons la représentation linguistique du féminin dans, par exemple, un courriel universitaire. Que signifie ce .e dans « Cher.e.s collègues » ? Le marqueur du masculin sera également interrogé. La pratique théorique de la grammaire seconde de Blanche-Benveniste sera discutée et remplacée par un système dynamique qui éprouvera la logique analogique de la déféminisation du masculin. Autrement dit, il s’agira de comprendre la motivation de la généricité grammaticale et/ou discursive.

International audience; In this paper, we address the problem of generating English tag questions (TQs) (e.g. it is, isn't it?) in Machine Translation (MT). We propose a post-edition solution, formulating the problem as a multi-class classification task. We present (i) the automatic annotation of English TQs in a parallel corpus of subtitles and (ii) an approach using a series of classifiers to predict TQ forms, which we use to post-edit state-of-the-art MT outputs. Our method provides significant improvements in English TQ translation when translating from Czech, French and German, in turn improving the fluidity, naturalness, grammatical correctness and pragmatic coherence of MT output.

International audience; Given the nature of investigating bilingual mathematics learners and learning environments, a key concern is how we can ensure that the rigor of our research is matched by the rigor of methodological frameworks and approaches employed. Our goal is to develop a theoretical framework and associated methodology and methods, in practice, in order to ascertain their suitability for investigating bilingual mathematics learners in an educational context. Moschkovich (2016) identified four key recommendations for conducting research on language: utilising interdisciplinary approaches, defining central constructs, building on existing methodologies, and recognizing central distinctions. Utilising Moschkovich's framework, this paper provides an appraisal of the methodology and methods to be employed in a research project examining bilingual mathematics learners.

Our thesis proposes to analyse a sports-related phenomenon deeply rooted in the social environment – the football – by looking into its linguistic dimension. Our thesis is part of a comparative framework developed at two levels. Thus, a first level aims at a comparison between bilingual corpora made up of commentaries of League 1 football matches (season 2014-2015, in France and in Romania) and of commentaries of football matches of the World Cup in Brazil (2014), in French and in Romanian. These corpora are described by means of the criteria for their selection, collection and constitution. The second level – which constitutes the specificity of our approach – lies in the comparison of the materialities of these corpora : the print newspaper (the traditional newspaper) and the digital one, that is the commentaries of football matches as they appear on the web pages of the sports newspapapers. This double materiality of the corpus calls for a theoretical and analytical approach materialised firstly in a clarification of the notions used in this analysis. The digital is presented in terms of its characteristics, pointing out at the same time its advantages as well as its disadvantages. Secondly, the study extends to the micro-linguistic and textual/discursive level, on the basis of discourse and textual analysis. It is at this level that the different recurring configurations occur in these two types of commentaries, as well as the mechanisms turning football into a generator of emotions and metaphors as a linguistic resource taken over – by borrowing or migration – by other fields and disciplines in order to revive their own language and means of expression. The affiliation of our corpus to the media field constitutes the third level of our study and intends to identify the differences caused by the advent of a new staggering as far as its effects are concerned, both at the level of the newspaper’s architecture and at the level of the paper and digital fragmented commentaries., Cette thèse se propose d’analyser un phénomène sportif fortement ancré dans le social – le football – en se penchant sur sa dimension linguistique. Elle s’inscrit dans une logique comparative se développant à deux niveaux. Ainsi, un premier volet vise une comparaison entre des corpus bilingues rassemblant des commentaires de matchs de football de Ligue 1 (saison 2014-2015, en France et en Roumanie) et des commentaires de matchs de football relevant de la Coupe du Monde de Brésil (2014) en français et en roumain. Ces sous-corpus sont décrits à travers les critères pris en considération pour leur sélection, recueil et constitution. Le deuxième volet, qui fonde la spécificité de la démarche, réside dans la mise en regard des matérialités de ces corpus : le papier (le journal traditionnel) et le journal numérique, c’est-à-dire les commentaires des matchs de football tels que ceux-ci paraissent sur les sites internet des journaux sportifs. Cette double matérialité du corpus appelle une démarche à la fois théorique et analytique concrétisée, dans un premier temps, dans un éclaircissement des notions mises à contribution dans l’analyse. Le numérique est présenté à travers ses caractéristiques tout en mettant en évidence ses avantages et inconvénients. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude s’étend au niveau micro-linguistique et textuel / discursif des deux types de commentaires en s’appuyant sur l’analyse du discours et sur l’analyse textuelle. C’est à ce niveau que surgissent à la fois les différentes configurations récurrentes dans ces deux types de commentaires, et les mécanismes qui font du football un générateur d’émotions et de métaphores, celles-ci servant de ressource linguistique dont s’emparent – par emprunt ou par migration – d’autres domaines et disciplines pour raviver leur propre langage et leur mode d’expression. Le rattachement du corpus au domaine médiatique constitue le troisième volet de l’étude et sert à repérer les différences engendrées par l’avènement d’une nouvelle matérialité renversante en termes d’effets, tant au niveau de l’architecture du journal qu’au niveau de la structure linguistique des commentaires papier et numériques fragmentés.

Our thesis proposes to analyse a sports-related phenomenon deeply rooted in the social environment – the football – by looking into its linguistic dimension. Our thesis is part of a comparative framework developed at two levels. Thus, a first level aims at a comparison between bilingual corpora made up of commentaries of League 1 football matches (season 2014-2015, in France and in Romania) and of commentaries of football matches of the World Cup in Brazil (2014), in French and in Romanian. These corpora are described by means of the criteria for their selection, collection and constitution. The second level – which constitutes the specificity of our approach – lies in the comparison of the materialities of these corpora : the print newspaper (the traditional newspaper) and the digital one, that is the commentaries of football matches as they appear on the web pages of the sports newspapapers. This double materiality of the corpus calls for a theoretical and analytical approach materialised firstly in a clarification of the notions used in this analysis. The digital is presented in terms of its characteristics, pointing out at the same time its advantages as well as its disadvantages. Secondly, the study extends to the micro-linguistic and textual/discursive level, on the basis of discourse and textual analysis. It is at this level that the different recurring configurations occur in these two types of commentaries, as well as the mechanisms turning football into a generator of emotions and metaphors as a linguistic resource taken over – by borrowing or migration – by other fields and disciplines in order to revive their own language and means of expression. The affiliation of our corpus to the media field constitutes the third level of our study and intends to identify the differences caused by the advent of a new staggering as far as its effects are concerned, both at the level of the newspaper’s architecture and at the level of the paper and digital fragmented commentaries., Cette thèse se propose d’analyser un phénomène sportif fortement ancré dans le social – le football – en se penchant sur sa dimension linguistique. Elle s’inscrit dans une logique comparative se développant à deux niveaux. Ainsi, un premier volet vise une comparaison entre des corpus bilingues rassemblant des commentaires de matchs de football de Ligue 1 (saison 2014-2015, en France et en Roumanie) et des commentaires de matchs de football relevant de la Coupe du Monde de Brésil (2014) en français et en roumain. Ces sous-corpus sont décrits à travers les critères pris en considération pour leur sélection, recueil et constitution. Le deuxième volet, qui fonde la spécificité de la démarche, réside dans la mise en regard des matérialités de ces corpus : le papier (le journal traditionnel) et le journal numérique, c’est-à-dire les commentaires des matchs de football tels que ceux-ci paraissent sur les sites internet des journaux sportifs. Cette double matérialité du corpus appelle une démarche à la fois théorique et analytique concrétisée, dans un premier temps, dans un éclaircissement des notions mises à contribution dans l’analyse. Le numérique est présenté à travers ses caractéristiques tout en mettant en évidence ses avantages et inconvénients. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude s’étend au niveau micro-linguistique et textuel / discursif des deux types de commentaires en s’appuyant sur l’analyse du discours et sur l’analyse textuelle. C’est à ce niveau que surgissent à la fois les différentes configurations récurrentes dans ces deux types de commentaires, et les mécanismes qui font du football un générateur d’émotions et de métaphores, celles-ci servant de ressource linguistique dont s’emparent – par emprunt ou par migration – d’autres domaines et disciplines pour raviver leur propre langage et leur mode d’expression. Le rattachement du corpus au domaine médiatique constitue le troisième volet de l’étude et sert à repérer les différences engendrées par l’avènement d’une nouvelle matérialité renversante en termes d’effets, tant au niveau de l’architecture du journal qu’au niveau de la structure linguistique des commentaires papier et numériques fragmentés.

International audience; Participation in mathematical practices is widely accepted as important for students' meaningful learning of mathematics. But how do students learn to adequately participate in these practices? This paper addresses the question for the specific case of oral explaining practices in whole class discussions. The study is theoretically based on merging an interactionist and an epistemological perspective to describe explaining practices as interactive processes in a classroom microculture while simultaneously keeping in mind the development of the broached mathematical content. The identified implicit and explicit processes of establishing explaining practices are exemplified and discussed with respect to ambivalences in the differing learning opportunities they offer.

International audience; The Modern Armenian AoristWith a remarkably stable morphology since Classical Armenian, the aorist has a very special place in the TMA system of Modern Armenian: since all tenses need either a particle or an auxiliary to be actualized, the aorist is the only synthetic, self-actualized form. The aim of this paper is to account for the variety of contextual meanings that the Armenian aorist can display, refuting generalizations previously made by grammarians and typologists. Foregrounding enunciative criteria (following A. Culioli) rather than referential ones (durativity, temporal meaning, chaining of events, etc.), we identify three parameters able to explain the specificity of the aorist in Modern Armenian with regard to other tenses, and with regard to the aorist in other Indo-European languages.

International audience; This paper studies students' unexplained answers and how teachers respond. The data is from observations of teaching in five different classrooms at Norwegian upper primary schools. Using frameworks and concepts usable to describe classroom discourse on a turn-by-turn basis, it is found that teachers more often attend to details of how and why when responding to unexplained answers than in general. This creates opportunities to learn for the students and opportunities for teachers to gather information usable for formative assessment. It is also observed that these teachers rarely attend to details of how and why when students answers incorrectly and by this limiting opportunities to learn.

International audience; This contribution consists of a short presentation of the way in which several university level grammars embed macrosyntactic and discourse aspects in their descriptions of the grammatical facts. The present paper looks at Italian, Spanish, Romanian, European Portuguese and Serbian, and outlines to what extent the books selected for this purpose introduce pragmatic and textual examples – from written and oral corpora – to support their explanations. The main hypothesis put forward here is that the inclusion of the grammar-discourse interface modifies to some degree the descriptive categories commonly used in such works.

International audience; Interactions in the mathematics classroom affect both the mathematical learning and the identities of those involved. In this paper, we draw upon Discursive Psychology to examine how identities can be developed and altered in whole class interactions. In this sense, identity is not an attribute of a person but is something that is co-constructed through and in interaction. We demonstrate how these identities can shift moment-to-moment within an interaction. Importantly, these identities shift within the same interaction. These changes in identity development have important consequences for mathematical learning and continuing participation and contribute to our understanding of the variance in identities that students self-report.

International audience; This paper represents the ongoing project in ecolinguistics titled " ECOWord. " The main objective of the project is to bring about suitable answers to the questions of human-nature relationships reflected in eco-related texts.

International audience; Two broad lines of research have developed on code alternation or code-switching. One line focuses on structural issues related mostly to intra-sentential code-mixing and is based in formal syntactic and psycholinguistic approaches to language. The other line of research focuses on identifying the types of code-switching patterns, their social functions and meanings and the social motivations for code-switching. It applies methods of discourse and conversation analysis. Despite similar goals, these lines of investigation have proceeded separately without much cross-fertilization. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the main tenets of these approaches in the light of data from one contact setting involving related languages and to highlight ways in which the two approaches might complement each other. It argues that since code-switching is an important meaning making resource, analysis of its functions should precede analysis of structural issues as the latter impact on the structure of code-switching practices

This paper proposes a study on the role and the place of the biodiversity in the communication of the French companies. From an analysis of Web sites, it questions the presence of organizational conceptions of the biodiversity and the commensuration by the companies of the biodiversity.

International audience; Data journalism has emerged as a trend worthy of attention in newsrooms the world over. Previous research has highlighted how elite media, journalism education institutions, and other interest groups take part in the emergence and evolution of data journalism. But has it equally gained momentum in smaller, less-scrutinized media markets? This paper looks at the ascent of data journalism in the French-speaking part of Belgium. It argues that journalism, and hence data journalism, can be understood as a socio-discursive practice: it is not only the production of (data-driven) journalistic artefacts that shapes the notion of (data) journalism, but also the discursive efforts of all the actors involved, in and out of the newsrooms. A set of qualitative inquiries allowed us to examine the phenomenon by first establishing a cartography of who and what counts as data journalism. It uncovers an overall reliance on a handful of passionate individuals, only partly backed up institutionally, and a limited amount of consensual references that could foster a shared interpretive community. A closer examination of the definitions reveal a sharp polyphony that is particularly polarized around the duality of the term itself, divided between a focus on data and a focus on journalism, and torn between the co-existing notions of “ordinary” and “thorough” data journalism. We also describe what is perceived as obstacles, which mostly pertain to broader traits that shape contemporary newsmaking; and explain why, if data journalism clearly exists as a matter of concern, it has not transformed in concrete undertakings.

International audience; This paper presents a corpus study of four non-canonical English structures used for information packaging –extrapositions, right dislocations, it-clefts, wh-clefts. We study the relations between the information structure and the prosodic patterns (tonality, tonicity and tones) and show that the canonical (expected) prosody of these structures is not the most frequent one in semi-spontaneous speech, meaning that the canonical use of these structures might not be canonical at all in terms of frequency. It is argued that in discourse the pragmatic functions of the non-canonical structures studied derive from the complex interactions between syntax and prosody. Tonality reveals the informativeness (relevance at this point of discourse) of each part of the structure, adding meaning to that of the syntactic structure. Inside the intonation phrase, tonicity indicates what is old or new information, sometimes countering the canonical use of syntax, and can be used for highlighting or contrastive purposes. As for tones, their function is to mark contrast, emphasis or implication on the part of the speaker.

This paper explores the controversy around two contemporary American plays by acclaimed playwright Terrence McNally, Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991) and Corpus Christi (1998). By detailing the ways these two plays were attacked by politicians and conservative religious groups, it becomes apparent that censorship is still at the heart of American democracy as is manifested by the ferocious debates around free speech as a result of the conservative revolution. Attitudes to homophobia then appeared to be a litmus test for free speech. The reception of these plays also highlighted the inner mechanism of censorship as a productive discourse that entails the risk of suppressing the artistic distance that provides a dissenting voice and a necessary criticism of the human condition. Cet article explore les controverses soulevées par deux pièces, Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991) et Corpus Christi (1998), du célèbre dramaturge américain Terrence McNally. L’examen détaillé de la façon dont ces deux pièces ont été attaquées par des politiciens et des groupes religieux conservateurs démontre que la censure est toujours au cœur de la démocratie américaine. On peut y voir là le résultat de la révolution conservatrice qui se manifeste par des débats féroces autour de la liberté d’expression. Dans ce contexte, l’homophobie s’est révélée un cas symbolique de cette liberté. La réception de ces pièces a aussi mis au jour les mécanismes internes de la censure en tant que discours productif qui risque d’engendrer la suppression de la distance artistique qui permet de faire entendre une voix dissidente et une critique nécessaire de la condition humaine.

International audience; This paper explores a fruitful convergence between the distributive and procedural dimensions of environmental justice theory and current debates in the field of development studies over capitals and capabilities, institutions, and discourse formation to shed new light on natural resource management projects in the developing world. Specifically, we document the planning and implementation of two types of water interventions in two contrasting regions: watershed development programmes in northeast India and small reservoirs in sub-Saharan West Africa.We find that there is a contradiction between the inherently political nature of water interventions and the fact that such projects remain grounded in apolitical, technical and managerial narratives. In contrast to the new semantic of development, this depoliticization results in the near absence of attention paid to procedural (participation and empowerment) and distributive (equity) justice concerns and in local actors having to revert to covert ways to achieve their ends. A constructive dialogue between development studies and environmental justice scholars can offer a fresh look on the society-environment nexus in the developing world.