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Mastitis is considered the most common and problematic disease, resulting in significant economic losses due to reduced milk yields, reduced quantity and quality of milk, treatment costs, and premature culling of animals. One of the traditional methods of treating mastitis in cows is using antibiotics, which leads to the emergence of polyresistant strains of microorganisms, the so-called Superbugs. The emergence of Superbugs, which are not sensitive to most existing antibiotics, is a major concern in veterinary and humane medicine. This study aimed to identify pathogens isolated from the secretion of the mammary gland of cows with mastitis to determine their spread and sensitivity to antibiotics. The samples of secretion from the udder were examined by bacteriological method. The isolates were identified by conventional methods and by the modern method – mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates to antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The results of studies of cow mammary gland secretion samples indicate that 49.2% of the isolates are contagious, and 50.8% are environmental ones. The most common among the isolates of mastitis-causing pathogens were Streptoccocus аgalactiae – 16.9%, Streptococcus uberis – 10.9%, Staphylococcus aureus – 10.7%, E. Coli – 9.6%, Corynebacterium bovis – 7.3%, Staphylococcus haemolyticus – 4.8%, Staphylococcus chromogenes – 3.6%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae – 3.4%. Mastitis is caused by algae and yeast – 1% of all detected pathogens, respectively. According to the results of the determination of the sensitivity of isolates of mastitis-causing pathogens to antibiotics, it was found that most isolates were sensitive to Amoxicillin, Ceftiofur, and Rifampicin, and least of them – to Neomycin, Tylosin, Tilmicosin, Bacitracin.

On the global scale of the zoonoses problem, leptospirosis is among the five diseases that pose the greatest threat to humankind today. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. In general, leptospirosis has been registered in more than 150 species of mammals. There are about 300 serovars of Leptospira spp. Serovar Hardjo is one of the most common causes of leptospirosis among cattle globally. In cows, the infection can be completely asymptomatic or cause abortions, stillbirths, infertility, and mastitis. The study's relevance is determined by the negative impact on the economy – productivity loss, and high cost of medical-preventive activities. Leptospirosis also affects humans. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in tank milk samples from cows selected from farms in different regions of Ukraine. The method of indirect enzyme-multiplied immunoassay was used for this problem to be investigated. We have investigated 114 tank samples from 66 Ukrainian farms, 63.2% positive, and 36.8% negative. It was established that antibodies to the causative agent of leptospirosis were recorded in different regions of Ukraine. It has been established that the largest number of positive samples was from Kyiv and Cherkasy regions. Our study results complement the study results of other authors and indicate the circulation of this causative agent among the cows in Ukraine, as well as being of practical value for diagnosing and controlling leptospirosis among the cattle.

Mastitis is one of the most common diseases on dairy farms. It causes significant economic damage associated with the cost of treating sick cows, reduced milk yield and quality indicators of dairy products, and the risk of premature culling of animals. Treatment of cows with mastitis on dairy farms is carried out mainly with antimicrobial drugs, which are usually used without a preliminary test to identify the causative agent of the disease and determine its sensitivity to antimicrobial substances, which is an important part of the effectiveness of therapy. Increasing the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial substances poses a threat not only to the animal but also to humans, as a consumer of dairy products. The availability of data on the sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antimicrobial drugs makes it possible for veterinary doctors to choose the most effective antibiotic for treating animals with the shortest duration of treatment. The presented results of studies of breast secret samples taken from cows indicate that in 57.5% of cases, contagious pathogens of mastitis were identified. In particular, Streptococcus agalactiae made 24.1%, Staphylococcus aureus – 18.4%, Corynebacterium spp. – 7.2%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae– 5.6%, Streptococcus uberis – 2.2%. Environmental pathogens accounted for 42.5% of the total number of isolated isolates, among which Streptococci represented gram-positive microflora at 11.5 Streptococcuscus spp. (6.2% Streptococcuscus parauberis (4.4% Streptococcuscus Bovis (0.9%) and Staphylococcus spp. – 10.3%. Gram-negative microflora is 20.6%, among which the largest percentage belongs to E. coli – 8.4% and Klebsiella pneumonia – 1.9%. Mastitis caused by yeast accounted for 1.4% of all diagnosed pathogens. Antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). According to the results of determining the sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antimicrobial substances, it was found that the highest sensitivity of the isolated isolates was to Ceftiofur, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Rifampicin, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Cephalexin, Cloxacillin, Enrofloxacin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Oxytetracycline, Lincomycin. The least sensitive – to Spiramycin, Tylosin, streptomycin, neomycin, Marbofloxacin, Tilmicosin, and Danofloxacin.

On the global scale of the zoonoses problem, leptospirosis is among the five diseases that pose the greatest threat to humankind today. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. In general, leptospirosis has been registered in more than 150 species of mammals. There are about 300 serovars of Leptospira spp. Serovar Hardjo is one of the most common causes of leptospirosis among cattle globally. In cows, the infection can be completely asymptomatic or cause abortions, stillbirths, infertility, and mastitis. The study's relevance is determined by the negative impact on the economy - productivity loss, and high cost of medical-preventive activities. Leptospirosis also affects humans. In this regard, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in tank milk samples from cows selected from farms in different regions of Ukraine. The method of indirect enzymemultiplied immunoassay was used for this problem to be investigated. We have investigated 114 tank samples from 66 Ukrainian farms, of which 63.2% were positive, and 36.8% negative. It was established that antibodies to the causative agent of leptospirosis were recorded in different regions of Ukraine. It has been established that the largest number of positive samples was from Kyiv and Cherkasy regions. Our study results complement the study results of other authors and indicate the circulation of this causative agent among the cows in Ukraine, as well as being of practical value for diagnosing and controlling leptospirosis among the cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the most common diseases on dairy farms. It causes significant economic damage associated with the cost of treating sick cows, reduced milk yield and quality indicators of dairy products, and the risk of premature culling of animals. Treatment of cows with mastitis on dairy farms is carried out mainly with antimicrobial drugs, which are usually used without a preliminary test to identify the causative agent of the disease and determine its sensitivity to antimicrobial substances, which is an important part of the effectiveness of therapy. Increasing the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial substances poses a threat not only to the animal but also to humans, as a consumer of dairy products. The availability of data on the sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antimicrobial drugs makes it possible for veterinary doctors to choose the most effective antibiotic for treating animals with the shortest duration of treatment. The presented results of studies of breast secret samples taken from cows indicate that in 57.5% of cases, contagious pathogens of mastitis were identified. In particular, Streptococcus agalactiae made 24.1%, Staphylococcus aureus - 18.4%, Corynebacterium spp. - 7.2%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae-5.6%, Streptococcus uberis - 2.2%. Environmental pathogens accounted for 42.5% of the total number of isolated isolates, among which Streptococci represented gram-positive microflora at 11.5 Streptococcuscus spp. (6.2% Streptococcuscus parauberis (4.4% Streptococcuscus Bovis (0.9%) and Staphylococcus spp. - 10.3%. Gram-negative microflora is 20.6%, among which the largest percentage belongs to E. coli - 8.4% and Klebsiella pneumonia - 1.9%. Mastitis caused by yeast accounted for 1.4% of all diagnosed pathogens. Antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). According to the results of determining the sensitivity of mastitis pathogens to antimicrobial substances, it was found that the highest sensitivity of the isolated isolates was to Ceftiofur, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Rifampicin, Amoxicillin, Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Cephalexin, Cloxacillin, Enrofloxacin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Oxytetracycline, Lincomycin. The least sensitive - to Spiramycin, Tylosin, streptomycin, neomycin, Marbofloxacin, Tilmicosin, and Danofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]