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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 6-week sensorimotor or resistance training on maximum trunk strength and response to sudden, high-intensity loading in athletes. Forty-three healthy, well-trained participants were randomized into sensorimotor (SMT; n = 11), resistance training (RT; n = 16) and control groups (CG; n = 16). Treatment groups received either sensorimotor training (SMT) or resistance training (RT) for 6 weeks, 3 times a week. At baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention, participants' maximum isokinetic strength in trunk rotation and extension was tested (concentric/eccentric 30 -/s). In addition, sudden, high-intensity trunk loading was assessed for eccentric extension and rotation, with additional perturbation. Peak torque [Nm] was calculated as the outcome. Interventions showed no significant difference for maximum strength in concentric and eccentric testing (p > 0.05). For perturbation compensation, higher peak torque response following SMT (Extension: + 24 Nm 95 %CI + 19 Nm; Rotation: + 19 Nm 95 %CI + 13 Nm) and RT (Extension: + 35 Nm 95 %CI + 16 Nm; Rotation: + 5 Nm 95 %CI + 4 Nm) compared to CG (Extension: -4 Nm 95 %CI ± 16 Nm; Rotation: -2 Nm 95 %CI ± 4 Nm) was present (p < 0.05). This study showed that isokinetic strength gains were small, but that significant improvements in high-intensity trunk loading response could be shown for both interventions. Therefore, depending on the individual's preference, therapists have two treatment options to enhance trunk function for back pain prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]