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We report the case of a patient who was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital with acute left upper quadrant abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed perforated cholecystitis and two synchronous incidental solid mass lesions in the right kidney. The patient had situs inversus totalis anomaly. The patient was evaluated by a multidisciplinary board, and simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) were planned 3 months after cholecystostomy and antibiotic therapy. After uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy, synchronous renal masses were successfully treated with LPN. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature concomitant two synchronous renal masses with situs inversus totalis, which were treated with LPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to review the parameters affecting tumour recurrence, tumour progression and cancer survival of patients with low-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 262 patients with primary, low-grade Ta bladder cancer. Recurrence was defined as the occurrence of a new tumour in the prostatic urethra or bladder. Tumour progression was defined as confirmed high-grade Ta, all T1 or carcinoma in situ, upper tract recurrence or progression to T2. The associations between factors that affect recurrence and progression were analysed. Results: Tumour recurrence and progression occurred in 119 (45.4%) and 25 (9.5%) patients during follow-up (median follow-up: 50.9±36.3 months), respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrate that smoking, multiple tumours and large tumours (3 cm<) were significant. A Cox regression analysis revealed that progression was identified as a significant risk factor on survival. There was no effect of smoking on recurrence-free survival. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that one-, five- and ten-year progression-free survival rates were 99.6%, 88.2% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: Multiple tumours, large tumours (>3 cm) and smoking were risk factors for recurrence and progression. Prevention of smoking and routine cystoscopic examination are essential in bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ischaemia techniques on short-term and one year renal function following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). Materials and Methods: Data of 359 patients who underwent LPN between November 2009 and April 2018 were reviewed, retrospectively. A total of 287 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to type of ischaemia as follows: group A (n=33) was warm ischaemia time (WIT) >20 minute, group B (n=202) was WIT =20 minute, group C (n=16) was selective arterial clamping and group D (n=36) was off-clamp. Demographic data, preoperative and postoperative outcomes were compared. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Change in eGFR according to group and time was evaluated using two-way analysis of variance. P values <0.05 were adopted as significant. Results: The mean tumour size was 46, 34, 36 and 25 mm (p=0.001), and operation time was 123, 92, 100 and 79 minute (p=0.001) for groups A, B, C and D, respectively. There was no need for open surgery in any of the patients. Blood loss, intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were found to be nonsignificantly different (p>0.05) between groups. Only 4 patients in group B had positive surgical margin. The percentage of relative eGFR (% of eGFR) decline 1 year after LPN was significantly (p=0.001) higher in the ischaemic groups (A and B: 9.3% and 7.5%) compared to the zero-ischaemia groups (C and D: 5% and 3.7%). Conclusion: This study revealed that after LPN, cumulative renal function decreases to a certain extent regardless of the technique. However, it was found that cumulative renal functions are better preserved when ischaemia time is reduced to =20 min or eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the treatment of choice for benign tumours of less than 6 cm. However, there is still an ongoing debate regarding the exact cut-off value of the tumour size. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tumour size on intraoperative and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing LA and also to estimate the learning curve for large adrenal tumours. Materials and Methods: The data of 102 patients who underwent LA from April 2010 to October 2018 was retrospectively analysed. The patients were allocated to 2 groups according to tumour size: <6 cm (group 1 =76) and =6 cm (group 2 =26). Both groups were compared in terms of age, gender, body mass index, tumour characteristics, operative data and complication rates. The patients were also allocated to four groups (A, B, C and D) according to the chronological order of their surgery in order to evaluate the learning curve. Results: The mean age, gender, tumour laterality and BMI were similar in both groups. Tumour size (32.7 vs 79.5 mm, p=0.001), operation time (53.3 vs 72.6 minute, p=0.001), blood loss (65.8 vs 86.35 mL, p=0.042) were significantly different between groups 1 and 2, respectively. Intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were also found to be significantly higher in group 2. The first 25 cases were sufficient to complete the initial learning curve. It showed that surgical experience increased and operation time and blood loss decreased as the mean tumour size that is managed by LA increases. Conclusion: LA is a reliable approach for the management of large adrenal tumours. However, we can conclude that the most important factor determining the safety and efficacy of LA is the surgical experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyomas are rare, benign and solid tumors of the kidney. Although the developments in radiological imaging methods provide early detection of kidney tumors, it is difficult to differentiate leiomyomas radiologically from other malignant renal tumors. Moreover, the definitive diagnosis of leiomyomas can only be achieved by histopathological and also immunohistochemical evaluation after surgical intervention. Immunohistochemically, positive staining with smooth muscle actin and vimentin, whereas negative staining with cytokeratin, S100, Mart1 and HMB45 are the methods used in the differential diagnosis of leiomyomas. In this case series, after preoperative radiological evaluation, two female and two male patients between 45 and 89 years of age underwent laparoscopic treatment with the diagnosis of a malignant mass in the kidney. We aimed to illustrate the clinical, radiological and histopathological relationship of four adult patients who were managed by laparoscopic approach and diagnosed with renal leiomyoma. Renal leiomyomas should be kept in mind in patients with a renal mass before definitive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the short- and long-term protective effects of oral sirolimus therapy on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)-induced kidney tissue damage in an experimental rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Spraque-Dawley rats were used in the study. A total of 1000 shock waves (SWs) were applied to the left kidney of all rats at 15 kV, 60 SW/min. Two main groups, ESWL (group 1) and ESWL sirolimus (group 2), were formed. Each group was divided into two subgroups as early (E) and late (L). Left nephrectomy was performed on the 15th day in E groups and on the 60th day in L groups. Tubular injury, interstitial changes, as well as scar formation, were scored semi-quantitatively for at least 10 cortical fields in each sample. An average score was calculated for each subject. Independent samples t-test was used for statistical analysis. The statistical significance was accepted as p<0.05. Results: The mean histopathological score was 0.08±0.94 and 0.15±0.65 (p=0.332) in group 1E and 2E and it was 0.27±0.17 in group 1L and 0.05±0.06 in group 2L, respectively (p<0.05). When group 1E and group 1L were compared, the mean score was 0.08±0.94 and 0.27±0.17, respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was also a statistically significant difference in mean histopathological score between group 2E and group 2L. The mean score was 0.15±0.65 vs 0.05±0.06 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Depending on SW power and frequency, ESWL may cause significant histopathological changes in rat kidneys in the chronic period. In this experimental study, it has been thought that sirolimus treatment may have a tissue protective effect against long-term renal tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active Surveillance (AS) is an alternative modality to radical treatment in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. There is a considerable role for AS in carefully selected patients. However the differentiation of clinically important prostate cancer from low risk disease is a major problem. Although more accurate grading was provided with the developments in prostate biopsy techniques, imaging and tumor markers still there is no standard method. This review was aimed to evaluate new developments that might affect the treatment decision in AS patients with prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis and treatment of üreteral obstructions are important in terms of protection of renal function. Ureteral strictures which have benign or malignant etiology, can take place a lot of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. The primary objective is decompression of existing urinary obstruction. Treatment option should be based on according to general conditon and life expectancy of patient, etiology, length and localisation of stricture and renal function. In benign uretral stricture extensive use of endourologic, laparoscopic and robot-assisted treatment options, aplicability and treatment results were reported in various studies, the preference of minimally invasive methods have increased instead of open surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the surgical and functional outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) in patients with renal angiomyolipoma (RAML). Materials and Methods: From April 2014 to February 2018, the data of a total of 346 patients who underwent LPN were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-one patients with final pathology report indicating RAML were included in the study. Demographic data, operative indications, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes as well as complications were evaluated. Results: Eighteen female (85.7%) and 3 male (14.3%) patients were included in this study. The mean age was 55.14±11.95 years. Of the RAMLs, 52.4% were in the right kidney and 47.6% in the left kidney. The mean tumor size was 31.38±16.72 mm and the mean RENAL Nephrometry score was 5.90±1.51 (4-10). RAML could not be differentiated from RCC in 12 patients (57.1%) by preoperative computer tomography and/or magnetic resonance images. In 4 patients, LPN was implemented by off-clamp technique whereas, in 17 patients it was implemented by global ischemia technique. The mean operation duration was 67.86±20.77 (40-110) minutes (min) and the mean estimated blood loss was 117.14±59.7 (30-220) milliliters. In 17 patients who underwent LPN by global ischemia technique, the mean warm ischemia time was 10.88±5.19 (6-22) min. According to the Modified Clavien-Dindo classification, grade 1 complications were detected in 3 patients, postoperatively. The most considerable renal functional changes were detected between preoperative and postoperative- 1st day levels. However, at the end of the first year, the difference was found to decrease. Conclusion: LPN is a safe and effective treatment option for the treatment of RAMLs that are not able to be distinguished from renal cell carcinoma radiologically. Besides the definitive treatment, the exact pathological diagnosis can be ensured by LPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]