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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a syndrome characterized by various neurological findings such as headache, visual disturbances, seizures and altered consciousness, and imaging findings of edema in the posterior cerebral regions. Clinical and radiological findings are often reversible. Etiology may include hypertension, cytotoxic drugs, and autoimmune diseases. It often develops on the background of eclampsia and high blood pressure in the postpartum period. In this article, two cases of PRES, which developed under normal blood pressure values during pregnancy and postpartum period and characterized by seizure, are presented.

Hypersomnolence or narcolepsy may be the initial finding in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD); therefore, it is important in clinical evaluation. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is densely located in the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus, where hypocretin is concentrated. Therefore, anti-AQP4 antibodies in NMOSD may cause damage to this zone, resulting in decreased hypocretin and hypersomnia or narcolepsy. In our study, 10 NMOSD patients diagnosed with clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings were compared with 22 multiple sclerosis patients selected as the control group and 22 healthy individuals. The Epworth sleepiness scale and the Stanford sleepiness scale were used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness. Our study supports the fact that hypersomnolence is higher in the NMOSD group, independent of other factors that may cause the tendency to sleep.

Sports activities are of physiological, social, and psychological importance for people with epilepsy as well as for every other person. However, participation in sports activities is less common in people with epilepsy. Patients usually tend to refrain from participating in sports activities for several reasons such as the risk of injuries, the risk of physical exercise inducing seizures, stigmatization, prejudice, or lack of efficient medical advice. In this review, we specified the sports branches with their possible risks, precautions to be taken and their related advice for people with epilepsy. The sports branches are examined in the headings as martial arts, outdoor sports, collective ground sports, and gymnastics. The possible risk of injury, risk of the particular sports branch to precipitate a seizure, and the necessary precautions in each sports branch are discussed separately. A detailed clinical evaluation is required to make an appropriate decision on whether an individual with epilepsy can practice the mentioned sport. The type of sport, the type and frequency of seizures, presence of aura, seizure triggers, drug compliance, presence of efficient supervision, and presence of protective equipment should be evaluated. In this review, we have evaluated these topics for each sports branch separately. When appropriate precautions are taken in patients with epilepsy, sports will be accepted as a therapeutic entity rather than a ban.