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Objective: To investigate whether there was a difference in pregnancy outcomes between modified natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer (NC-FET) cycles and artificial cycles (AC)-FET in women who all had regular menstrual cycles., Materials and Methods: One hundred seventy patients who met the inclusion criteria and had at least two cryopreserved embryos were included in a prospective randomized controlled trial. Eighty-five patients were randomized based on Bernoulli distribution into the following two groups: 1) Modified NC-FET using human chorionic gonadotropin for ovulation induction and 2) AC-FET, in which endometrial timing was programmed with estrogen and progesterone. The main studied outcome measure was the clinical pregnancy rate per cycle., Results: No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to the chemical, clinical, and ongoing pregnancy rates (48.2% vs 45.9%, p>0.05; 38.9% vs 35.3%, p>0.05; and 37.6% vs 34.1%, p>0.05, respectively), as well as the live birth or miscarriage rates per cycle (35.3% vs 31.8%, p>0.05; and 1.2% vs 1.2%, p>0.05, respectively)., Conclusion: These findings suggest that although both FET protocols are equally effective in terms of pregnancy outcomes in women with regular menstrual cycles, NC-FET is more favorable because it requires no medication, has no adverse events, and has a significant cost reduction., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartially of the research reported.

Objective: To investigate the histologic and hysteroscopic findings of post-menopausal women with uterine bleeding and asymptomatic women with increased endometrial thickness equal or more than 5 mm., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed between May 2014 and June 2015 on 110 post-menopausal women aged 40-82 years. The women were divided into two groups: Women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB group) and asymptomatic women with increased endometrial thickness (asymptomatic group)., Results: Among the participants, 67 women had AUB and 43 women were asymptomatic. In the AUB group sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hysteroscopy for normal findings were 98%, 100%, 100% and 90%, respectively. In the asymptomatic group, the same parameters were 98%, 100%, 100% and 85%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hysteroscopy for polyps and myomas were 100%. Also, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 100% in hyperplasia cases found during hysteroscopy in both groups., Conclusion: Increased endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women with or without AUB is mostly due to benign lesions such as polyps and submucosal myomas. Hysteroscopy is a safe and reliable method for evaluating and treating these lesions., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of urea, creatinine, prolactin, and the beta sub-unit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) of vaginal fluid in the diagnosis premature preterm rupture of membranes (PROM)., Materials and Methods: In this observational study, 160 pregnant women with gestational age of 28 to 40 weeks were divided into two equal groups: investigation (documented PROM) and control (intact membrane) groups. Five cubic centimeters of normal saline was poured into the vagina of all participants and the liquid was extracted after a few minutes using a syringe. The liquid was sent to a laboratory for examination. Data were analyzed using a t-test., Results: The volume of urea, creatinine, prolactin, and β-hCG was significantly different in the two groups (p<0.001). Based on receiver operating characteristic curve and cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of β-hCG for detecting PROM were 87.5%, 86%, 86.4%, and 87.3%, respectively. Also, the same factors for urea in detecting PROM were 79.7%, 82.5%, 81.8%, and 80.4%, respectively. Creatinine had 74.6% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and 83% and 77.2% positive and negative predictive values for detecting PROM. Finally, prolactin had 87.5% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 90% positive and 88% negative predictive values for detecting PROM., Conclusion: Prolactin and β-hCG have more diagnostic value than urea and creatinine in detecting PROM, and can be used in suspected cases., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.